In 2015, a Roman tombstone was unearthed in Cirencester in South West England. It bore a dedication to a 27-year-old woman named Bodicaca: a variant of the name Boudica. Though no firm dating is possible, the stone is likely to have been carved in the second century AD, some two generations after the uprising against Rome in South East England led by the Queen of the Iceni. Memories of the Queen lived on in Britain throughout the Roman period and beyond. The fifth-century author Gildas speaks of a ‘treacherous lioness’, leana dolosa , who butchered the rulers in Britain who had been appointed by Rome, and it is difficult not to see a gesture to the Icenian queen here. This reference is deeply hostile and there can be no doubt that it reflects Gildas’s own feelings. But these may not have been typical of his times. Gildas wrote to induce repentance in his audience and to do this he belittles the Britons at every opportunity, presenting them as a deeply flawed and ungrateful race who deserved to suffer. It is likely, therefore, that here he is deploying the rhetorical trope of refutatio : denigrating in advance an episode of history well known to his contemporary readers, which they would have used to counter his arguments. In short, the passage suggests that there was both a positive and a negative memory of Boudica in late-Roman and immediate post-Roman Britain.