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Since the late 1990s, scholars have shown a growing interest in new patterns of exclusion and fortification in cities (Marcuse, 1997). Seminal literature like Blakely and Snyder's Fortress America (1997) provided the language and key typologies and identified the main drivers of gated communities in the US. Davis's City of Quartz (1990) and McKenzie's Privatopia (1994) warned about the risks and challenges of the privatisation of urban and residential life, and Caldeira's City of Walls (2000) and Low's Behind the Gates (2003) alerted readers to fortification as a response to the fear of crime. This chapter explores discussions since the 1990s and how gated communities have been central to the broader normalisation of urban fragmentation as experienced in cities today.
The normalisation of gated communities
Since the 1990s, scholarly work about the gating phenomenon has flourished just as gated residential spaces have become a common housing choice. The fascination with these fortified enclaves has become part of popular culture. Since the 1990s, gated communities have become the setting for hundreds of movies and television series portraying segregation, social injustice, fear, and exclusion. In some cases, it is not only a setting but plays a major role in the plot. The Mexican-Spanish film La Zona (2007) by director Rodrigo Plá describes how residents of a gated community decide to take justice into their own hands after a couple of young boys break into the enclave. The British TV series Safe (2018) addresses the perception of security, demonstrating that living in an exclusive, highly securitised area does not guarantee immunity from crime.
Examining the environmental impacts of digitalisation in smart cities, this book asks how we can reconcile the adoption of smart technologies into sustainable projects. It traces the material and environmental costs of daily realities for smart cities and asks how promises are broken when cities become 'smart'.
Ben Moore presents a new approach to reading urban modernity in nineteenth-century literature, by bringing together hidden, mobile and transparent features of city space as part of a single system he calls 'invisible architecture'. Resisting narratives of the nineteenth-century as progressing from concealment to transparency, he instead argues for a dynamic interaction between these tendencies. Across two parts, this book addresses a range of apparently disparate buildings and spaces. Part I offers new readings of three writers and their cities: Elizabeth Gaskell and Manchester, Charles Dickens and London, and Émile Zola and Paris, focusing on the cellar-dwelling, the railway and river, and the department store respectively. Part II takes a broader view by analysing three spatial forms that have not usually been considered features of nineteenth-century modernity: the Gothic cathedral, the arabesque and white walls. Through these readings, the book extends our understanding of the uneven modernity of this period.
This article proposes alternatives for the conceptual scaffolding needed to ecologise architecture production studies. It engages Sérgio Ferro’s seminal work O canteiro e o desenho and expands Ferro’s critique of design’s inherent role in the exploitation the building site by introducing the concept of negative accumulation, the recognition of combined human and nonhuman labour grounding value extraction, and the entropic potential of building technologies. Drawing from Denise Ferreira da Silva’s theory of labour in connection to the transduction of energy, the article reintroduces forms of labour that fall outside the juridical definition of wage work into the calculus of value, and amends Ferro’s original claim for the liberation of construction work with the notions of reparation and restitution. Additionally, it presents the rupture of ecological relations as the grounding action in turning humans and nonhumans into propertied property, as explored by Ferreira da Silva and Kathryn Yusoff. By recognising the combined human and nonhuman labour resulting from mutually exacerbating movements of extraction, the article presents the possibility that design also reassembles previously disaggregated nonhuman labour towards the production of architecture. Finally, it draws on Bernard Stiegler’s work to focus on the entropic tendencies of technics as expressed in the building site and on how the configuration of these sites impacts workers’ style of energy expenditure and individuation. It proposes that the economy of resources in construction should also be understood as an economy of gestures and an economy of energy, and that this perspective can be extended to other sites of production.
The Renaissance was pivotal in expanding, legislating, and transforming the meanings of the blush, as well as in construing it as a marker of racial difference. Tracking the blush across national and conceptual borders offers new perspectives on race-making in the early modern world, where an obsession with the dermal visibility of the blush indexed the construction of whiteness. Yet, by analyzing the use of cosmetic rouge and blushing Black Africans and Afro-diasporic people on stage, this essay also contends that the act of turning red could destabilize race-based hierarchies, even as the blush remains an embodied testament of racial trauma.