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The annalistic account of Lucius Calpurnius Piso Frugi, as reported by Dionysius, attributes the institutionalisation of a registry system in Roman society to Servius Tullius. Under this system, births and deaths were recorded by means of fixed votive offerings (sums of money) made to the sanctuaries of Juno Lucina and Libitina respectively, and the passage from adolescence to manhood was recorded by a similar payment to the Temple of Juventas. The total amount of the offerings would have given a precise record of yearly births and deaths in archaic Rome, as well as the number of young men becoming eligible for military service. In addition, every citizen would have given a monetary valuation of his own property through a public oath.
Archaeological evidence allows us to propose a reconstruction of Roman trade activity during the sixth century BC as part of a broader mid-Tyrrhenian network which included the traders of the southern Etruscan coastal cities and Latium (Figure 53).
1. Introduction: Amorites, Their Legacy, and the Study of Identity
The legacy of Amorites in the ancient Near East is discussed as well as the various approaches employed in this study for addressing the archaeological, historical, and iconographic evidence. The purpose, scope, and aims of the discussions of discrete historical moments that compose this work are outlined.
The conquest of Veii in 396 BC produced a marked change in the Roman society. For the first time Rome had conquered not only a very important city, acquiring a large number of slaves to be sold, but also a large territory, characterised by a fertile volcanic plateau close to the Tiber Valley.
The system of festivals in the pre-Julian, or “Numan”, calendar represents one of the most important sources of information for our knowledge of archaic Roman culture. Among the most significant documents are fragments of works by Varro, the Fasti by Ovid and above all the epigraphic evidence, datable to around 60 BC, from the only calendar known to precede Julius Caesar’s reform, the Fasti Antiates maiores. In this text, which was found at Antium, a series of festivals from before the age of the Tarquinii is listed using capital letters, while, later cults, including that of Jupiter Capitolinus which was certainly introduced in the age of Tarquinii, are rigorously reported using lower case letters. Possible dating of the archaic calendar to the decemvirate period is therefore less credible, while the reforms introduced in the age of Appius Claudius would only have been concerned with the nundinal cycle and an updated definition of the fasti dies.