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Rochette’s comment reflects a scholarly view on code-switching in the two heavy-weights of Roman epistolography: Pliny’s Greek is thought to be technical, carefully delimitated and literary, whereas Cicero’s, at least at times, is considered to be freer and representative of spoken language.
A reader of the correspondence of Fronto, a character known essentially only through his letters, may at times feel voyeuristic, as if trespassing into a personal realm not designed for publication.
The code-switching in Cicero’s letters has been foundational to both the epistolary language of the other authors in this volume and to modern understandings of ancient code-switching.
The Greek in Suetonius is a vivid, multifaceted and at present under-exploited resource and one that helpfully extends the parameters of this volume. In terms of chronology and thematic content, the Suetonian corpus sits squarely with the others we consider, but the dimensions of its code-switching are unique.
In a letter to Suetonius, written in 98 AD before Suetonius had embarked on a career in the imperial administration, Pliny dissects Suetonius’ fears about an upcoming lawsuit in which Pliny was due to act on the younger man’s behalf.
In an awkward letter to Atticus (Att.I.1), Cicero has to defend his decision not to speak against one of his own clients, Caninius Satyrus, who has allegedly defrauded Atticus’ uncle, Caecilius.
Roman letters demonstrate that language has imperium: the power to resolve problems, to negotiate relationships and to construct identities. This book combines sociolinguistic and historical approaches to explore how that power is deployed by the bilingual elite of the Roman Republic and Empire, offering the first systematic analysis of Greek code-switches in the letters of Cicero, Pliny, Marcus Aurelius and Fronto and in the Lives of Suetonius. Greek was a subtle tool within Latin epistolary communication, and an analysis of letter writers' bilingual practices reveals their manipulation of language to manage relationships between peers and across hierarchical or political divides, uncovering the workings of politics and society. Comparative analysis of Roman and modern code-switching contributes to the debate on how bilingual strategies in letters evolve and how they relate to oral and literary language. The language of letters illuminates the Roman world and its entanglements with Greek language and culture.