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The story of Diognete, a late fifth-century Athenian woman, provides a lens for thinking about how to write the history of women in classical Athens. The introduction considers the value of biographical approaches and other tools which treat women as individual subjects rather than members of categories. It explains the author’s decision to assign names to women whose names are lost or suppressed in the evidence, repositioning them as subjects of their own lives. It argues that the texts on inscribed dedications and gravestones commissioned by women were determined by the women themselves, leaving us with myriad female-authored texts. These texts inform the book’s experiential approach, which focuses on women’s own experiences of their lives.
This chapter draws biographies of women out of sources chiefly concerned with their male relatives, beginning with analysis of the parallel lives of Diognete (Lysias 32) and Nikarete (Demosthenes 57). The diachronic, biographical approach illustrates how factors including age, wealth, and social status shaped these women’s relationships and their experiences of marriage, separation, widowhood, and remarriage. Bringing further women into the picture demonstrates women’s ability to construct, maintain, and make use of networks spanning the households in which they had lived, including the ability to maintain relationships with ex-husbands’ relatives after remarriage and to form help-networks including non-relatives. It shows how out of necessity, women’s social strategies differed from men’s, tending to diversification rather than consolidation. The chapter argues that a woman’s social identity was not exclusively tied to her immediate circumstances or her kyrios, but could be rich and cumulative, reflecting a lifetime of experiences and relationships.