Thermal radiation is a ubiquitous aspect of nature, and this subject has developed for several centuries. In order to build a framework of macroscale thermal radiation, this chapter will give brief introductions of some fundamental theories and definitions of basic concepts of thermal radiation, such as blackbody radiation, radiative interactions at a surface, and radiative exchange between two or more surfaces. Besides, gas radiation as an important direction of thermal radiation will be introduced, including the molecular radiation theory, some gas spectral models, and some useful results in engineering applications.

Chapter 1 provides background and motivation for flow control that is used to achieve a positive outcome, such as drag reduction, enhanced mixing, reduced acoustic levels, or other performance metrics. It emphasizes exploiting fluid instabilities as a means of amplifying small flow actuator inputs in both passive and active approaches. Examples are introduced for a variety of flow fields. These are later detailed in subsequent chapters.

Gives a short description of the topics covered in the following chapters. The principles for limit states in wind the design of offshore structures are introduced. Further, the main working principles for horizontal-axis and vertical-axis wind turbines are discussed.

This Chapter first presents a minimal set of basic concepts about “dislocations.” After giving a brief overview of the dislocation theory, specific notions such as “Lomer-Cottrell sessile junction” and “stacking fault energy” are detailed, which are exceptionally important for a comprehensive understanding of many of the characteristics, particularly, dislocation-dislocation interactions and their strengths. The second part provides a simple introduction to metallurgy, especially regarding crystallographic structures, placing a special emphasis on the substantial distinction between face-centered cubic (FCC) and body-centered cubic (BCC) structures, which is expected to greatly facilitate further understanding of the associated contrasting features between the two.

In order to introduce hypersonic ground testing facilities, background information in hypersonics is presented to show to readers what we want to do, where we have been, and where we are going to go. These will provide with a good indication of the research needs that are called as hypersonic vehicle ground testing. It is of fundamental importance that a vehicle design must be carefully evaluated in ground test facilities before flight testing can proceed. Indeed, the development of hypersonic vehicles is related to the capability development of hypersonic ground testing facilities.

This chapter explains the background behind the book concept, e.g., the meaning of sustainability within the electric power generation context, energy transition, and decarbonization. Technologies that are covered in the book are described in brief. The concept of operability and how it pertains to the main theme of the book is addressed.

This chapter identifies systems where dispersed multiphase flow is important as well as the key fluid physics via important engineered and natural systems. This includes energy systems and propulsion systems, manufacturing, processing and transport systems, as well as environmental and biological systems. In addition, this chapter sets forth key terminology and assumptions for dispersed multiphase flow, the key velocity reference frames used for multiphase flow, and the assumption of continuum conditions.

This chapter first defines the scope for flexible aircraft dynamics. It reviews the historical evolution of airframe designs and of the analysis methods used to support them. It also reviews some basic concepts in dynamics, linear systems, and system identification that are of relevance to the book.

Gaining expertise in marine floating systems typically requires access to multiple resources to obtain the knowledge required, but this book fills the long-felt need for a single cohesive source that brings together the mathematical methods and dynamic analysis techniques required for a meaningful analysis, primarily, of large and small bodies in oceans. You will be introduced to fundamentals such as vector calculus, Fourier analysis, and ordinary and partial differential equations. Then you will be taken through dimensional analysis of marine systems, viscous and inviscid flow around structures, surface waves, and floating bodies in waves. Real-life applications are discussed and end-of-chapter problems help ensure full understanding. Students and practicing engineers will find this book an invaluable resource for developing problem-solving and design skills in a challenging ocean environment through the use of engineering mathematics.

In this chapter, basic concepts in fluid mechanics are introduced. Firstly, the definition of a fluid is discussed in depth with the conclusion that a fluid is such a substance that cannot generate internal shear stresses by static deformation alone. Secondly, some important properties of fluids are discussed, which includes viscosity of fluids, surface tension of liquids, equation of state for gases, compressibility of gases, and thermal conductivity of gases. Lastly, some important concepts in fluid mechanics are discussed, which includes the concept of continuum and forces in a fluid. Within these discussions, fluid is compared to solid in both microscopic and macroscopic to reveal the mechanism of its mechanical property. Viscosity of fluid is compared to friction and elasticity of solid to give readers a better idea how it works microscopically. Forces is classified as body force and surface force for further analysis. Finally, continuum hypothesis is introduced to deem the fluid as continuously separable, which tells the reader that fluid mechanics is a kind of macroscopic mechanics that conforms Newtonian mechanics and thermodynamics.

The crystal structure of ice is described, together with the concepts of elasticity and dissipation. The growth of ice on earth is analysed, including the effect of salinity on ice freezing. This leads to definitions of ice types on earth, and to definitions of first year and multiyear ice, as well as icebergs.

Illustrated examples are given of marine structures, taken from oil exploitation, floating wind production, and other offshore activities. Important parameters such as the Reynolds number and the Keulegan–Carpenter numbers are introduced and the concepts of large and small (or slender) bodies are defined. The separation between linear and nonlinear wave loads and responses is introduced. Finally a brief outline of the book is given.

This chapter surveys some of the principal developments of computational aerodynamics, with a focus on aeronautical applications. It is written with the perspective that computational mathematics is a natural extension of classical methods of applied mathematics, which has enabled the treatment of more complex, in particular nonlinear, mathematical models, and also the calculation of solutions in very complex geometric domains, not amenable to classical techniques such as the separation of variables.

The electrical systems in turboelectric and hybrid-electric aircraft provide unmatched flexibility, coupling the power turbines to the fan propulsors and facilitating tight propulsion system-airframe integration. Reduced noise, emissions, and fuel burn result. However, the associated weight and efficiency penalties offset these benefits. Luckily, studies have shown significant aerodynamic improvements from electrically sourcing a small fraction of propulsive power. Partially turboelectric and hybrid-electric propulsion systems provide an intermediate step between conventional turbofan and fully turboelectric or all-electric architectures. This chapter details the benefits of electrified propulsion for large aircraft, using numerous trade studies and analyses of concept vehicles. It presents a first-order breakeven analysis that reveals key electrical power system requirements, providing a framework for comparing electric drive system performance factors, such as electrical efficiency, in the context of electrified and traditional propulsion systems. This can guide electrical system component research and provide aircraft designers with rational component expectations.

Hypotheses and principles of Newtonian mechanics governing the dynamics of particles. Mach’s "empirical propositions” are presented as an alternative to Newton's laws, and the equivalences between both approaches is analyzed. The fundamental law governing particle dynamics (Newton’s second law) is presented both in Galilean and non-Galilean reference frames. A discussion of the frames which appear to behave as Galilean ones (according to the scope of the problem under study) is also included. The most usual interactions between particles are described. Formulation of forces associated with gravitation, springs, dampers, and friction phenomena are provided. Constraint forces on particles are introduced and characterized.

Various types of engineering structures have been developed over the course of human civilisation. One type is the ship-shaped offshore installation, which is a floating structural system located at sea. As a result of their multiple functionalities, these installations are widely used in the production, processing and storage of energy derived from marine sources and electrical power generation in a marine environment.

Solution of problems with friction are tackled graphically, by assuming slippage is present from the outset. Quasi-statical equilibrium therefore imposes a fixed inclination of frictional force components for reduced working and, thus, a graphical solution.