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2643 results in Civil and geotechnical engineering

Page 29 of 133

The Urban Ocean
  • The Interaction of Cities with Water
  • Alan F. Blumberg, Michael S. Bruno
  • Published online:
    10 October 2018
    Print publication:
    01 November 2018
  • This book introduces the new discipline of urban oceanography, providing a deeper understanding of the physics of the coastal ocean in an urban setting. The authors explore how the coastal ocean impacts with the humans who live, work and play along its shores; and in turn how human activities impact the health and dynamics of the coastal ocean. Fundamental topics covered include: the governing dynamical equations; tidal and circulation processes; variation of salinity and freshwater fluxes; watershed pollutants; observing systems; and climate change. Bridging the gaps between the fields of engineering, physical and social sciences, economics, and policy, this book is for anyone who wishes to learn about the physics, chemistry, and biology of coastal waters. It will support an introductory course on urban oceanography at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level, and will also prove invaluable as a reference text for researchers, professionals, coastal urban planners, and environmental engineers.

  • 5 - Deflection of beams and crack control

  • from Part 1 - Reinforced concrete
  • Yew-Chaye Loo, Griffith University, Queensland, Sanaul Huq Chowdhury, Griffith University, Queensland
  • Book:
    Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    26 July 2018, pp 94-122

  • Summary

    Introduction

    As discussed in Section 1.2, in addition to strength, durability and fire resistance, serviceability is a design requirement specified in the Standard. Practical recommendations are given in Clauses 8.5, 8.6 and 8.9 of the Standard, for the treatments of beam deflection, crack control and slenderness limits for beams, respectively. The Standard also touches very briefly on the vibration of beams, stating qualitatively in Clause 8.7 (and in Clause 9.5 for slabs) that ‘vibration of beams shall be considered and appropriate action taken where necessary to ensure that the vibrations induced by machinery, or vehicular or pedestrian traffic, will not adversely affect the serviceability of the structure’.

    Although vibration topics are not dealt with in this book, the reader may refer to articles published by Chowdhury and Loo (2001, 2006), and by Salzmann, Fragomeni and Loo (2003) for the damping characteristics of simple and continuous concrete beams.

    In this chapter, details are provided on short- and long-term deflection calculations, and on alternative design requirements of maximum span/effective depth ratio, in accordance with the Standard. The analysis of the total deflection of beams under repeated loading is also introduced as an advanced topic. For completeness, crack control of beams is discussed in some detail. All the deflection topics are supplemented by worked out examples. Recommendations for computing effective flange widths have been presented in Section 4.2.2. The reader is referred to the Standard for discussions on slenderness limits and vibrations.

    Deflection formulas, effective span and deflection limits

    Formulas

    The deflection analysis of beams is a topic normally dealt with in courses such as ‘mechanics of materials’ and ‘structural analysis’. Therefore, it is sufficient here to simply summarise the general formulas for computing beam deflections. There are three common types of support conditions for beams:

  • simply supported

  • continuous

  • cantilever.

    • Loading, on the other hand, includes concentrated or point load, distributed load and applied moment.

  • 4 - T-beams and irregular-shaped sections

  • from Part 1 - Reinforced concrete
  • Yew-Chaye Loo, Griffith University, Queensland, Sanaul Huq Chowdhury, Griffith University, Queensland
  • Book:
    Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
    Published online:
    12 December 2018
    Print publication:
    26 July 2018, pp 61-93

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The ultimate strength analysis and design of T-beams and other flanged sections as well as nonstandard or irregular-shaped sections are dealt with in this chapter. The procedures involved together with derivation of relevant formulas and the application of relevant Standard recommendations are presented, with illustrative examples. The treatment of continuous beams and other statically indeterminate structures is briefly described.

    T-beams and other flanged sections

    Definitions

    Beams with a cross-sectional shape of T, L, I or a box are referred to collectively as flanged beams. Flanged sections are a popular choice for major structures, such as road and railway bridges, due to their structural efficiency. A beam-and-slab building floor system may be considered as an assembly of T-beams. An example is shown in Figure 4.2(1)a.

    The analysis and design of flanged beams may seem to be comparatively more involved than the analysis and design of rectangular beams, due to more complicated geometry. However, using simple assumptions and some approximations, the formulas developed for singly and doubly reinforced rectangular sections can be adapted for use in the analysis and design of flanged beams.

    Effective flange width

    Figure 4.2(1) shows a typical T-beam. A three-dimensional stress analysis would indicate that, depending on the dimensions of the beam, the bending stress distribution over the width of the flange (b) is not uniform as it would be for a rectangular section. Instead, the stress varies from a maximum (f1) near the top of the web to a minimum (f2) at the two edges of the flange, as in Figure 4.2(1)b. However, the stresses f1 and f2 are statically indeterminate.

    To simplify the problem, the actual section in Figure 4.2(1)b may be replaced by an ‘effective’ one, as shown in Figure 4.2(1)c, in which the effective flange width is taken as

    where A is the area of the stress diagram E-A-B-C-F. In the effective section, the maximum stress (f1) is uniformly distributed over the effective width (bef) and can be computed in the usual way.

Page 29 of 133