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9772 results in Engineering: general interest

Page 141 of 489

Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood
  • Volume 1, Letters of Josiah Wedgwood 1762 to 1772
  • Josiah Wedgwood
  • Edited by Katherine Eufemia Farrer
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    20 January 2011
    First published in:
    1903
  • Josiah Wedgwood (1730–1795) was a master potter who pioneered the industrialisation of pottery manufacture during the early Industrial Revolution. His experimental work on ceramics resulted in many innovations in the production and decoration of pottery. This three-volume work, edited by his great-granddaughter Katherine Eufemia Farrer and first published between 1903 and 1906, contains Wedgwood's letters to his business partner, the Liverpool merchant Thomas Bentley (1730–1780). Wedgwood's highly successful partnership with Bentley is credited with the expansion and development of Wedgwood's reputation across Europe. The letters cover the years 1762 to 1794 and provide a lively account both of the growth of the business partnership and of Wedgwood's domestic life. Wedgwood and Bentley also maintained a keen interest in current affairs, and these volumes provide a fascinating glimpse into the society and domestic life of the late eighteenth century. Volume 1 covers 1762–1772.

Memoirs of the Life, Writings, and Discoveries of Sir Isaac Newton
  • Volume 1
  • David Brewster
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    16 December 2010
    First published in:
    1855
  • Sir David Brewster (1781–1868) was a Scottish physicist, mathematician, astronomer, inventor, and writer of international reputation. His biography of Sir Isaac Newton, published in 1855 and reissued in 1860, was the result of over twenty years' research, undertaken while publishing hundreds of scientific papers of his own. Brewster made use of previously unknown correspondence by Newton, and his own scientific interests, particularly in optics, meant that he was able to understand and explain Newton's work. It covered the many facets of Newton's personality and work, remaining the best available study of Newton for over a century. Brewster reveals much about the science of his own time in his handling of earlier centuries, and as a cleric was obviously uncomfortable about the evidence of Newton's unorthodox religious views and alchemical studies. Volume 1 covers the period up to about 1700, and includes disputes with Leibniz over the development of calculus.

Recollections of Forty Years
  • Volume 2
  • Ferdinand de Lesseps
  • Translated by C. B. Pitman
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    10 March 2011
    First published in:
    1887
  • The French diplomat and engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894) was instrumental in the successful completion of the Suez Canal, which reduced by 3000 miles the distance by sea between Bombay and London. This two-volume memoir, written towards the end of his life and dedicated to his children, was published in this English translation in 1887. In it, de Lesseps describes his experiences in Europe and North Africa. He includes reflections on European and colonial history and politics, an essay on steam power, and a report on the 1879 Paris conference that led to a controversial and abortive early attempt by a French company to build the Panama Canal. Volume 2 focuses on the Suez project, quoting extensively from de Lesseps' correspondence, and also contains facts and figures relating to the 'interoceanic canal', political essays, and the speeches for his inauguration into the Académie française.

The Suez Canal
  • Letters and Documents Descriptive of its Rise and Progress in 1854–1856
  • Ferdinand de Lesseps
  • Translated by N. D’Anvers
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    24 February 2011
    First published in:
    1876
  • In the early 1850s the French diplomat and engineer Ferdinand de Lesseps (1805–1894) revived earlier French plans to build a canal through the Isthmus of Suez. He saw the immense benefits such a canal would bring, reducing by 3000 miles the distance by sea between Bombay and London, and he was instrumental in its successful completion. These letters, published in this English translation in 1876, show how De Lesseps persuaded the Viceroy of Egypt to allow construction, and how he overcame opposition from Britain and Turkey. Letters to the Viceroy, Emperor Napoleon III, Members of Parliament, diplomats, and politicians throughout Europe, together with more personal letters to his wife, all illustrate his resolute determination to see his project succeed. This is an invaluable source, not only on the canal, but also on the politics of the major powers and European attitudes towards the Middle East and its people.

The Architectural History of Canterbury Cathedral
  • Robert Willis
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    02 December 2010
    First published in:
    1845
  • Canterbury Cathedral, at the heart of the Church in England since the arrival of Augustine in Kent in 597 C.E., is remarkable for its extent, beauty and importance, for the variety of its architectural styles and the many structural changes which it has undergone over the years. In this 1845 work, the Reverend Robert Willis, who was Jacksonian Professor of the University of Cambridge, reproduces historical accounts of the destruction and rebuilding of the cathedral, for example by the monk and chronicler Gervase of Canterbury on the disastrous fire in 1174. He connects these sources to his own informed opinions and interpretations of the historical documents, and includes many illustrative wood engravings to aid the discussion. The modern reader will obtain a great insight into the motives that dictated such changes of plan and structure of this incredible building.

The Creators of the Age of Steel
  • William Tulloch Jeans
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    19 May 2011
    First published in:
    1884
  • William Tulloch Jeans (1848–1907) was a parliamentary journalist with an interest in economics and technology. This book was first published in 1884, and comprises biographies of six men whom Jeans believed to have made significant contributions to the development of modern steel technology. The Bessemer process revolutionised steel-making, reducing the cost and allowing steel to replace the much more brittle iron in civil engineering projects such as bridges. Siemens' regenerative furnace allowed much more fuel-efficient manufacture of steel. Sir Joseph Whitworth developed a method of producing stronger steel by removing blowholes in the ingots. Sir John Brown's rolled steel was used in almost all the British navy's armour-plated ships. The work of Sidney Gilchrist Thomas and George Snelus on reducing phosphorus content in steel meant low-grade ores could be used. The combined researches of these men transformed modern industrial and engineering methods.

A History of Wireless Telegraphy
  • Including Some Bare-Wire Proposals for Subaqueous Telegraphs
  • John Joseph Fahie
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    19 May 2011
    First published in:
    1901
  • John Joseph Fahie (1846–1934) was an engineer for the Electric and International Telegraph Company before being posted overseas in the Indo-European Government Telegraph Department. He was also a respected historian whose History of Wireless Telegraphy (1899) sold out two impressions in little over a year. In this second edition (1901), he traces the development of wireless communication during the nineteenth century, drawing extensively from the correspondence and technical illustrations of inventors themselves. This edition was fully updated to take account of the latest advances in radio technology, including Marconi's latest public demonstrations. As a practising telegraph engineer, Fahie was in the perfect position not only to understand the significance of these developments, but to explain them to a non-specialist audience. Contemporary reviews indicate he did this with great success. His book gives an eyewitness account of the rise of radio technology that still fascinates scholars and enthusiasts today.

The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
  • Volume 1
  • Silvanus Phillips Thompson
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    20 January 2011
    First published in:
    1910
  • The mathematician and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (1824–1907) was one of Britain's most influential scientists, famous for his work on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and for devising the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature. Silvanus P. Thompson (1851–1916) began this biography with the co-operation of Kelvin in 1906, but the project was interrupted by Kelvin's death the following year. Thompson, himself a respected physics lecturer and scientific writer, decided that a more comprehensive biography would be needed and spent several years reading through Kelvin's papers in order to complete these two volumes, published in 1910. Volume 1 covers Kelvin's life to 1871, including his student days, his election (aged 22) as professor in Glasgow, his ground-breaking theoretical research on thermodynamics, his applied work on telegraphs including the Atlantic cable, and his involvement in a geological controversy about the age of the earth.

Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood
  • Volume 3, Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood 1781 to 1794
  • Josiah Wedgwood
  • Edited by Katherine Eufemia Farrer
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    20 January 2011
    First published in:
    1906
  • Josiah Wedgwood (1730–1795) was a master potter who pioneered the industrialisation of pottery manufacture during the early Industrial Revolution. His experimental work on ceramics resulted in many innovations in the production and decoration of pottery. This three-volume work, edited by his great-granddaughter Katherine Eufemia Farrer and published between 1903 and 1906, contains Wedgwood's letters to his business partner Thomas Bentley (1730–1780) and others. Wedgwood's highly successful partnership with Bentley is credited with the expansion and development of Wedgwood's reputation across Europe. The letters cover the years 1762 to 1794 and provide a lively account both of the growth of the business partnership and of Wedgwood's domestic life. Wedgwood maintained a keen interest in current affairs, and these volumes provide a fascinating glimpse into the society and domestic life of the late eighteenth century. Volume 3 covers 1781–1794.

A New System of Chemical Philosophy
  • Volume 1
  • John Dalton
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    16 September 2010
    First published in:
    1808
  • The chemist and meteorologist John Dalton (1766–1844) published A New System of Chemical Philosophy in two volumes, between 1808 and 1827. Dalton's discovery of the importance of the relative weight and structure of particles of a compound for explaining chemical reactions transformed atomic theory and laid the basis for much of what is modern chemistry. Volume 1 was published in two parts, in 1808 and 1810. Part 1 offers an account of Dalton's atomic theory. It contains chapters on temperature, the constitution of bodies, chemical synthesis and a number of plates including his famous table of symbols for the atoms of various elements. Part 2 contains a chapter on elementary principles and twelve sections on different groups of two-element compounds. Dalton's work is a monument of nineteenth-century chemistry. It will continue to be read and enjoyed by anybody interested in the history and development of science.

Correspondence of Josiah Wedgwood
  • Volume 2, Letters of Josiah Wedgwood 1772 to 1780
  • Josiah Wedgwood
  • Edited by Katherine Eufemia Farrer
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    20 January 2011
    First published in:
    1903
  • Josiah Wedgwood (1730–1795) was a master potter who pioneered the industrialisation of pottery manufacture during the early Industrial Revolution. His experimental work on ceramics resulted in many innovations in the production and decoration of pottery. This three-volume work, edited by his great-granddaughter Katherine Eufemia Farrer and first published between 1903 and 1906, contains Wedgwood's letters to his business partner, the Liverpool merchant Thomas Bentley (1730–1780). Wedgwood's highly successful partnership with Bentley is credited with the expansion and development of Wedgwood's reputation across Europe. The letters cover the years 1762 to 1794 and provide a lively account both of the growth of the business partnership and of Wedgwood's domestic life. Wedgwood and Bentley also maintained a keen interest in current affairs, and these volumes provide a fascinating glimpse into the society and domestic life of the late eighteenth century. Volume 2 covers 1772–1780.

The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs
  • Volume 2
  • Silvanus Phillips Thompson
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    20 January 2011
    First published in:
    1910
  • The mathematician and physicist William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin, (1824–1907) was one of Britain's most influential scientists, famous for his work on the first and second laws of thermodynamics and for devising the Kelvin scale of absolute temperature. Silvanus P. Thompson (1851–1916) began this biography with the co-operation of Kelvin in 1906, but the project was interrupted by Kelvin's death the following year. Thompson, himself a respected physics lecturer and scientific writer, decided that a more comprehensive biography would be needed and spent several years reading through Kelvin's papers in order to complete these two volumes, published in 1910. Volume 2, beginning in 1871, covers not only Kelvin's mature research, but also more personal aspects of his life, including his love of music and sailing, his experiments with compasses and navigation, and the relationship between his scientific discoveries and his religious beliefs.

Records of a Family of Engineers
  • Robert Louis Stevenson
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    10 March 2011
    First published in:
    1912
  • Robert Louis Stevenson (1850–1894), novelist and poet, was descended from a famous Scottish engineering family. His grandfather Robert, his father Thomas, two uncles and a cousin were all noted engineers, particularly known for their lighthouses. This family history, focusing particularly on his grandfather, was written while R. L. Stevenson was living in Samoa, and was published posthumously in 1912. It first outlines the history of the name 'Stevenson' from the thirteenth century. Chapter 1 begins in the mid-eighteenth century, and records Robert Stevenson's birth in 1772, and his father's death. The young Robert worked with his stepfather for the Northern Lighthouse Board and was its sole Engineer from 1808 to 1843. Chapter 2 describes his experiences in that role. Chapter 3 reproduces substantial extracts from Robert's own diary of the construction (1807–1811) of his most famous structure, the Bell Rock lighthouse off Arbroath, which revolutionised lighthouse design.

Principles of Mechanism
  • Designed for the Use of Students in the Universities, and for Engineering Students Generally
  • Robert Willis
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    25 November 2010
    First published in:
    1841
  • Robert Willis (1800–1875) was a scientist, inventor and architectural historian of international repute. As Jacksonian Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at Cambridge, he demonstrated specially made mechanical devices to huge audiences. First published in 1841, Principles of Mechanism provided the theory behind the demonstrations. He defined mechanism as the means by which any relations of motion could be realised. The book was extremely influential, with all books in English, French, and German on the subject for the next generation adopting Willis' classification and nomenclature. He worked closely with William Whewell, whose Mechanics of Engineering was published in the same year. These two books established the science of mechanism, and provided study materials for the rapidly growing engineering profession. The work became a standard textbook for engineering and mathematics students, with a second edition issued in 1870.

The Opus Majus of Roger Bacon
  • Volume 2
  • Edited by John Henry Bridges
  • Roger Bacon
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    01 July 2010
    First published in:
    1897
  • Roger Bacon, the medieval natural philosopher who broke new ground in promoting scientific method, produced the encyclopedic Opus Majus or 'Greater Work' in the mid-thirteenth century. This 1897 publication in two volumes was the first complete edition of the work to appear in print. Written at the request of Pope Clement IV, the Opus Majus is the most significant and most influential of Bacon's works, containing his observations of the natural world and theories on knowledge acquisition. Bacon's text appears in the original Latin, and Bridges includes a substantial introduction and brief analysis of each chapter in English, as well as extensive footnotes and an analytical table to aid the reader. Volume 2 contains the last three parts of Bacon's treatise, on Optics, Experimental Science, and Moral Philosophy. This volume also incorporates a later supplement containing additional material and corrections.

Memoirs of Dr. Joseph Priestley
  • Volume 1
  • Joseph Priestley, Thomas Cooper
  • Published online:
    07 September 2011
    Print publication:
    10 June 2010
    First published in:
    1806
  • Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) was an eighteenth-century English polymath with accomplishments in the fields of science, pedagogy, philosophy and theology. Among his more notable achievements were the discovery of oxygen and his work in establishing Unitarianism. Often a controversialist, Priestley's efforts to develop a 'rational' Christianity and support for the French Revolution eventually made him unwelcome in his native land. His 1807 Memoirs relate the story of his life until the time of his 1794 emigration to America and include other biographical materials written by his son. This first volume also contains five appendices discussing his philosophy, scientific work and religious opinions. Priestley's memoirs are an important source for anyone interested in the state of epistemology, rationalism, and religious belief in the age of the Enlightenment, and in a man who, in the words of his son, 'gave unremitting exertions in the cause of truth'.

  • 9 - Responsible Authorship and Credit in Engineering and Scientific Research

  • Caroline Whitbeck, Case Western Reserve University, Ohio
  • Book:
    Ethics in Engineering Practice and Research
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    15 August 2011, pp 324-348

  • Summary

    What are the ways in which credit can be given for research contributions when writing a research report?

    Credit for research contributions is assigned in three principal ways in research publications: by authorship (of the research being published), citation (of previously published or formally presented work), and via a written acknowledgment (of some contribution to the present research).

    Good research practice also requires fulfilling responsibilities. As was discussed in the introduction, fulfilling responsibilities typically requires both creativity and more exercise of judgment than do fulfilling obligations, respecting others’ rights, or following rules of the form “Do X” or “Do not do Y.” Responsible authorship requires the concept of forward-looking responsibility. Forward-looking responsibility specifies the end (i.e., the good result) that is to be achieved, such as “the responsibility for the integrity of the research record.” To fulfill a responsibility one must figure out what to do or avoid doing to achieve the specified ends.

Page 141 of 489