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Complex fluids can be found all around us, from molten plastics to mayonnaise, and understanding their highly non-linear dynamics is the subject of much research. This text introduces a common theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the flow behavior of complex fluids. This framework allows for results including a qualitative understanding of the relationship between a fluid's behavior at the microscale of particles or macromolecules, and its macroscopic, viscoelastic properties. The author uses a microstructural approach to derive constitutive theories that remain simple enough to allow computational predictions of complicated macroscale flows. Readers develop their intuition to learn how to approach the description of materials not covered in the book, as well as limits such as higher concentrations that require computational methods for microstructural analysis. This monograph's unique breadth and depth make it a valuable resource for researchers and graduate students in fluid mechanics.
Using a welcoming and conversational style, this Student's Guide takes readers on a tour of the laws of thermodynamics, highlighting their importance for a wide range of disciplines. It will be a valuable resource for self-guided learners, students, and instructors working in physics, engineering, chemistry, meteorology, climatology, cosmology, biology, and other scientific fields. The book discusses thermodynamic properties such as temperature, internal energy, and entropy, and develops the laws through primarily observational means without extensive reference to atomic principles. This classical approach allows students to get a handle on thermodynamics as an experimental science and prepares them for more advanced study of statistical mechanics, which is introduced in the final chapter. Detailed practical examples are used to illustrate the theoretical concepts, with a selection of problems included at the end of each chapter to facilitate learning. Solutions to these problems can be found online along with additional supplemental materials.
Master the principles of flight dynamics, performance, stability, and control with this comprehensive and self-contained textbook. A strong focus on analytical rigor, balancing theoretical derivations and case studies, equips students with a firm understanding of the links between formulae and results. Over 130 step-by-step examples and 130 end-of-chapter problems cement student understanding, with solutions available to instructors. Computational Matlab code is provided for all examples, enabling students to acquire hands-on understanding, and over 200 ground-up diagrams, from simple “paper plane” models through to real-world examples, draw from leading commercial aircraft. Introducing fundamental principles and advanced concepts within the same conceptual framework, and drawing on the author's over 20 years of teaching in the field, this textbook is ideal for senior undergraduate and graduate-level students across aerospace engineering.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
In this chapter, the coupling of IBMs with turbulence and wall models is discussed to provide the reader with a guideline to apply these methods to high Reynolds number flows. In fact, is this context, the small thickness of the flow boundary layer, combined with the impossibility to benefit from a wall-normal mesh refinement, challenges the use of IBMs unless additional models are used at the wall.
The possibility to resort to adaptive wall refinement is presented, although it is also shown that it can be combined only with RANS models.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
As the textbook is concerned with the application of immersed boundary methods for complex flow simulations, some general preliminary considerations are necessary in order to make the book self-consistent.
Basic concepts about fluids, their governing equations and the fundamentals relating to numerical integration are introduced and discussed.
Using a simple numerical example of the flow around a square cylinder, the relation between spatial numerical resolution and smallest flow scale is introduced and explained in connection with the successive requirements of immersed boundary methods.
A final discussion of the concepts of verification and validation of a numerical model closes the chapter.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
When the flow and immersed object dynamics are two-way coupled, the problem is a fluid-structure interaction and additional changes are necessary to implement immersed boundary methods. Depending on the coupling between flow and structure solvers (loose or strong), the nature of the structure (rigid or deformable body) and the specific solution algorithms, several possibilities are available and this chapter aims at providing insights to guide the choice.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
This chapter is devoted to numerical examples and applications intended as tutorials for the interested reader. The possibility to download and use a computer code together with the book is given, and some of the described examples can be replicated using the provided code. The examples are of increasing complexity and they range from simple two-dimensional flows up to complex three-dimensional problems with fluid-structure interaction.
A detailed description of the computer code is also included in order to allow the readers to quickly get acquainted with the method and allow them to modify it according to their needs.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
This chapter begins with a motivation to use computational models in scientific and technical applications. An overview of the advantages and drawbacks of numerical simulations with respect to laboratory experiments is given and advancements in various fields are discussed.
After this general introduction, a historical overview of the subject is presented and the present state of the art is discussed. In particular, it is shown that immersed boundary methods are being used in all fields of computational science and the number of scientific publications per year has been increasing with a constant acceleration over the past two decades: This has resulted in an exploding research field in which a reference textbook is still missing.
Finally, the objective of the book and the plan of the various chapters is given.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
As IBMs have gained popularity, their use has expanded to multiphysics problems in which the Navier-Stokes equations are only one among many other possibilities. In this chapter, a list of advanced applications is described in which IBMs are used to solve heat transfer, phase change and chemical reaction problems. These examples are intended as suggestions to extend the application of immersed boundary methods to complex physics problems.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
The various forcing strategies to be implemented in the governing equations are described in this chapter. Two big categories are first introduced, namely continuous forcing and discrete forcing methods. The various techniques are then detailed and the steps needed to implement them into an existing flow solver are described.
As any immersed boundary method has to be coupled with a solution algorithm for the governing equations, pseudo-compressibility and fractional-step methods are described in detail and some issues related to their combination with IBMs illustrated.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
With this chapter, the technical part of immersed boundary methods is initiated. Here it is explained how to define in the most convenient way a complex geometry object and how, after having immersed it in a computational grid, it is possible to determine the position (tagging) of the Eulerian nodes with respect to the boundary of the body.
Several computational geometry theorems are used to design an efficient computational algorithm which makes possible the tagging step within limited CPU time even when the computational grid contains tens of millions of nodes and the immersed object is described by hundreds of thousands of elements. This efficiency is key in problems involving moving bodies, deformable objects or fluid-structure interaction problems.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
This chapter is devoted to the application of IBMs to problems with moving boundaries. Specific adaptations of the algorithms are needed in order to cope with the Eulerian nodes at the interface that change position from inside to outside the body within one time step.
In turn, the boundary reconstruction of the solution is also affected and the necessary changes to the method are described.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
In this chapter it is explained how to compute the hydrodynamic loads produced by pressure and viscous stresses over an immersed surface. Several procedures are illustrated that entail different computational costs and degree of precision. The choice depends on whether only the resultant of the forces is needed or if the local values of the loads are needed. Finally, a simple validation of the discussed methods for a body with prescribed kinematics is shown.
Roberto Verzicco, Università degli Studi di Roma ‘Tor Vergata’, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila, and University of Twente, Enschede,Marco D. de Tullio, Politecnico di Bari,Francesco Viola, Gran Sasso Science Institute, L’Aquila
Fluid mechanics, solid state diffusion and heat conduction are deeply interconnected through the mathematics and physical principles that define them. This concise and authoritative book reveals these connections, providing a detailed picture of their important applications in astrophysics, plasmas, energy systems, aeronautics, chemical engineering and materials science. This sophisticated and focused text offers an alternative to more expansive volumes on heat, mass and momentum transfer and is ideal for students and researchers working on fluid dynamics, mass transfer or phase transformations and industrial scientists seeking a rigorous understanding of chemical or materials processes. Accessible yet in depth, this modern treatment distills the essential theory and application of these closely related topics, includes numerous real world applications and can be used for teaching a range of related courses in physics, engineering and materials science departments.