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This chapter first reviews the linear first-order non-homogeneous ordinary differential equation. Introduction to statistics and stochastic processes follows. Afterward, it explains the stochastic fluid continuum concept, associated control volume, and spatial- and ensemble-representative control volume concepts. It then uses the well-known solute concentration definition as an example to elucidate the volume- and spatial-, ensemble-average, and ergodicity concepts. This chapter is to provide basic mathematics and statistics knowledge necessary to comprehend the themes of this book. Besides, this chapter’s home works demonstrate the power of the widely available Microsoft Excel for scientific investigations.
Over the past several decades, analyses of solute migration in aquifers have widely adopted the classical advection-dispersion equation. However, misunderstandings over advection-dispersion concepts, their relationship with the scales of heterogeneity, our observation and interest, and their ensemble mean nature have created furious debates about the concepts' validity. This book provides a unified and comprehensive overview and lucid explanations of the stochastic nature of solute transport processes at different scales. It also presents tools for analyzing solute transport and its uncertainty to meet our needs at different scales. Easy-to-understand physical explanations without complex mathematics make this book an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and professionals performing groundwater quality evaluations, management, and remediation.