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106128 results in Materials Science

Page 36 of 5307

Electromigration in Metals
  • Fundamentals to Nano-Interconnects
  • Paul S. Ho, Chao-Kun Hu, Martin Gall, Valeriy Sukharev
  • Published online:
    05 May 2022
    Print publication:
    12 May 2022
  • Learn to assess electromigration reliability and design more resilient chips in this comprehensive and practical resource. Beginning with fundamental physics and building to advanced methodologies, this book enables the reader to develop highly reliable on-chip wiring stacks and power grids. Through a detailed review on the role of microstructure, interfaces and processing on electromigration reliability, as well as characterisation, testing and analysis, the book follows the development of on-chip interconnects from microscale to nanoscale. Practical modeling methodologies for statistical analysis, from simple 1D approximation to complex 3D description, can be used for step-by-step development of reliable on-chip wiring stacks and industrial-grade power/ground grids. This is an ideal resource for materials scientists and reliability and chip design engineers.

  • Calendar of Short Courses and Workshops

  • Gang Wang
  • Journal:
    Powder Diffraction / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / March 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2022, p. 49
    • Article
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  • PDJ volume 37 issue 1 Cover and Front matter

  • Journal:
    Powder Diffraction / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / March 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2022, pp. f1-f3
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  • Convolution and deconvolutional treatment on sample transparency aberration in Bragg–Brentano geometry

  • Takashi Ida
  • Journal:
    Powder Diffraction / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / March 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2022, pp. 13-21

  • Exact and approximate mathematical models for the effects of sample transparency on the powder diffraction intensity data are examined. Application of the formula based on the first-order approximation about the deviation angle is justified for realistic measurement and computing systems. The effects of sample transparency are expressed by double convolution formulas applying two different scale transforms, including three parameters, goniometer radius R, penetration depth μ−1, and thickness of the sample t. The deconvolutional treatment automatically recovers the lost intensity and corrects the peak shift and asymmetric deformation of peak profile caused by the sample transparency.

  • New year: new changes for PDJ

  • Nicole Ernst Boris
  • Journal:
    Powder Diffraction / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / March 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2022, p. 1
    • Article
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  • Calendar of Forthcoming Meetings

  • Gang Wang
  • Journal:
    Powder Diffraction / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / March 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2022, pp. 47-48
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  • PDJ volume 37 issue 1 Cover and Back matter

  • Journal:
    Powder Diffraction / Volume 37 / Issue 1 / March 2022
    Published online by Cambridge University Press:
    02 May 2022, p. b1
    • Article
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  • 3 - Matrices

  • Frank R. Jones, University of Sheffield
  • Book:
    Composites Science, Technology, and Engineering
    Published online:
    14 April 2022
    Print publication:
    21 April 2022, pp 76-130

  • Summary

    In this chapter we describe the resins used for the manufacture of composite artefacts. The concept of curing is discussed with respect to the chemistry of typical polymer matrices. The advantages and disadvantages of thermosets and thermoplastics are also discussed.

    In the case of thermosets, the importance of thermoplastic and rubber toughening is considered. While we concentrate on polymer matrix materials, ceramic and metal matrices are referred to for completeness.

  • 1 - Introduction

  • Frank R. Jones, University of Sheffield
  • Book:
    Composites Science, Technology, and Engineering
    Published online:
    14 April 2022
    Print publication:
    21 April 2022, pp 1-21

  • Summary

    Fibrous reinforcement of materials has been employed over many centuries to increase performance. Many early plastics materials of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries relied on ‘fibrous’ inclusions, while the development of glass fibres for polymer reinforcement in the 1930s introduced the material known as fibreglass. Eventually, with the development of boron fibres for metal reinforcement and the discovery of high-strength carbon fibres in 1964, the term composites came into general use. More recently, carbon nanotubes and related materials and graphene have led to the development of nano-composites. The Composites Age has arrived.

  • 2 - Fibres and Particulate Reinforcements

  • Frank R. Jones, University of Sheffield
  • Book:
    Composites Science, Technology, and Engineering
    Published online:
    14 April 2022
    Print publication:
    21 April 2022, pp 22-75

  • Summary

    This chapter describes the synthesis of the principal fibres and provides the range of acicular reinforcing particles, nanofibres, nanotubes, and nanosheets. The properties of the most common fibres – carbon, glass, ceramics, and natural and advanced polymers – are considered. The differing grades and their structural property relationships are also discussed. Surface treatments for adhesion and compatibility are described.

  • 8 - Environmental Effects

  • Frank R. Jones, University of Sheffield
  • Book:
    Composites Science, Technology, and Engineering
    Published online:
    14 April 2022
    Print publication:
    21 April 2022, pp 269-301

  • Summary

    Polymeric matrices absorb moisture, so here we examine how this affects the performance of a composite material. For an aerospace artefact, absorption and desorption is an important issue. For example, on the tarmac the relative humidity (RH) is high, whereas in flight the RH is low. Also, the ambient temperature can vary significantly, whereas the skin of a military aircraft may reach temperatures of 120 °C in flight. Therefore, we consider the effects of RH, temperature, and thermal excursions on moisture absorption and how they influence the micromechanics. Initially we can assume that the fibres are insensitive to water, which is realistic for most common reinforcements apart from aramid fibres.

Page 36 of 5307