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Tensors are essential in modern day computational and data sciences. This book explores the foundations of tensor decompositions, a data analysis methodology that is ubiquitous in machine learning, signal processing, chemometrics, neuroscience, quantum computing, financial analysis, social science, business market analysis, image processing, and much more. In this self-contained mathematical, algorithmic, and computational treatment of tensor decomposition, the book emphasizes examples using real-world downloadable open-source datasets to ground the abstract concepts. Methodologies for 3-way tensors (the simplest notation) are presented before generalizing to d-way tensors (the most general but complex notation), making the book accessible to advanced undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics, computer science, statistics, engineering, and physical and life sciences. Additionally, extensive background materials in linear algebra, optimization, probability, and statistics are included as appendices.
FD approximations of increasing orders of accuracy require correspondingly large stencil sizes. The limiting case of global stencils has numerous important applications, which have been extensively treated in the literature, under the acronym of pseudospectral (PS) methods. While the accuracy in certain cases can be very high, geometric flexibility typically becomes severely compromised. Our present summary aims mainly to provide some general insights into how PS methods relate to FD methods (rather than to describe PS implementation technicalities, such as, for nonperiodic problems, the necessity to cluster nodes very strongly toward the interval end points).
The most common reason for approximating derivatives by finite differences is to apply these to solve ordinary and patrial differential equations – ODEs and PDEs, respectively. In the case of ODEs, many of the well-established (and seemingly quite different) procedures are immediately related to FD approximations – often more closely than may be apparent from how these methods are customarily described. Together with some basic convergence and stability theory, this chapter surveys a variety of ODE solvers, with emphasis on their FD connection and on the computational advantages that high-order accurate approximations can provide.