Stars and planets form from the same material, thus some of their properties are expected to be inter-connected. In order to characterise exoplanets, we need to investigate the planet-hosting stars. Carbon and oxygen are quite abundant and play an important role in stellar interiors by generating energy in thermonuclear reactions. Abundances of C and O may influence water availability on exoplanets. The C/O ratio also controls an amount of carbides and silicates that can be formed. Thus, we are performing a uniform study of C/O ratios in bright stars ( V < mag) located towards the northern ecliptic pole which will be targeted by the TESS and JWST space missions. The first results for a sample of 140 stars analysed are presented.

In this study, using the data of Istanbul University Observatory, general features of Solar Cycle 24 are presented.

We present ALMA observations of the circumstellar envelope around the AGB carbon star TX Psc in molecular CO(2–1) emission, and detect a previously unknown detached shell with filamentary structure and elliptical shape. Up to now, all observed detached shells are found around carbon AGB stars and are of remarkable spherical symmetry. The elliptical shell around TX Psc is the first clear exception to that rule, with TX Psc being classified as rather ’’fresh’’ carbon star, that most likely has only experienced very few thermal pulses yet. We investigate and discuss the 3D structure of the CSE and its most likely formation scenarios, as well as the link of this peculiar detached shell to the AGB evolutionary status of TX Psc.

Dwarf galaxies enable us to study early phases of galaxy evolution and are key to many open questions about the hierarchical structure of the Universe. The Large and Small Magellanic Cloud (LMC and SMC) are the most luminous dwarf galaxy satellites of the Milky Way (MW). They are most likely gravitationally bound to each other, and their last interaction occurred about 200 Myr ago. Also, they are in an early phase of minor merging with the MW and will impact the Galactic structure in the future because of their relatively large mass. However, there are still major uncertainties regarding their origin and their interactions with one another and with the Milky Way. We cross-correlated the VMC and Gaia DR2 data to select a sample of stars that likely belong to the Magellanic Bridge, a feature formed of gas and stars which is connecting the LMC and the SMC. We removed potential MW foregound stars using a combination of parallax and colour-magnitude criteria and calculated the proper motions of the Bridge member stars. Our analysis supports a motion of star towards the LMC, which was found to be in good agreement with a dynamical simulation, of the SMC being stripped by the LMC.

What are the formation channels of merging black holes and neutron stars? The first two observing runs of Advanced LIGO and Virgo give us invaluable insights to address this question, but a new approach to theoretical models is required, in order to match the challenges posed by the new data. In this review, I discuss the impact of stellar winds, core-collapse and pair instability supernovae on the formation of compact remnants in both isolated and dynamically formed binaries. Finally, I show that dynamical processes, such as the runaway collision scenario and the Kozai-Lidov mechanism, leave a clear imprint on the demography of merging systems.

Orbits of potential Trojans of different planets in the solar system were selected from the MPC catalog on February, 2017. The evolution of those orbits was calculated. The bodies on librating orbits around the points L4 and L5 were determined. The quantities of real Trojans in the MPC catalog are as follows: Mars - 5, Jupiter - over 4500, Saturn - none, Uranus - 2, Neptune - 15. A reasoned explanation of such distribution of Trojans in the solar system is proposed.

High-precision spectroscopy of large stellar samples plays a crucial role for several topical issues in astrophysics, such as studying the chemical evolution of the Milky Way Galaxy. Data are accumulating from instruments that obtain high-quality spectra of stars in the ultraviolet, optical and infrared wavelength regions on a routine basis. The interpretation of these spectra is often based on synthetic stellar spectra, either calculated on the fly or taken from a spectral library. One of the most important ingredients of these spectra is a set of high-quality transition data for numerous species, in particular neutral and singly ionized atoms. We rely heavily on the continuous activities of laboratory astrophysics groups that produce and improve the relevant experimental and theoretical atomic data. As an example, we briefly describe the efforts done in the context of the Gaia-ESO Public Spectroscopic Survey to compile and assess the best available data in a standard way, providing a list of recommended lines for analysis of optical spectra of FGK stars. The line data, together with specialised analysis methods, allow different surveys to obtain abundances with typical precisions of ∼0.1 dex on an industrial scale for ∼10 chemical elements. Several elements with urgent need for better atomic data have been identified.

Interactions and mergers have been known as key scenarios to enhance global star formation rates and to lower the metal content of galaxies. However, little is known on how interactions affect the spatial distribution of gas metallicities. Thanks to the SDSS-IV MaNGA survey we are able to statistically constrain the impact of interactions across the optical distributions of galaxies. In this study, we compare the radial distribution of the ionized gas metallicity from a sample of 329 interacting objects – covering different interaction stages – with a statistical robust control sample. Our results suggest that galaxies close to coalesce tend to have flat, lower metallicities than non-interacting star-forming galaxies.

Complete BVRCIC light curves of V1187 Her were obtained in May 2017 at the Dark Sky Observatory in North Carolina with the 0.81-m reflector of Appalachian State University. Earlier, spectra were taken at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory with the 1.8-m telescope. The spectral type was found to be F8±1 V (6250 K), so the binary is of solar-type. V1187 Her was previously identified as a low amplitude (V < 0.2 mag), short period, overcontact eclipsing binary (EW) with a period of 0.310726 d. Strikingly, despite its low amplitude, the early light curves show total eclipses (eclipse duration ≍31.5 minutes), which is a characteristic of an extreme mass ratio binary. A period study covering 11 years reveals a continuous period decrease dP/dt=–4.7×10–9 d yr–1. The multi-band Wilson-Devinney light curve solution gives a fill-out of 79% and a mass ratio of only 0.0440±0.0001. There is a cool spot region on the secondary component, which is 400 K hotter than the primary. The inclination is only 66.85±0.05 despite the system’s total eclipses.

The Magellanic Clouds offer the opportunity to obtain a spatially resolved view of external galaxies at reduced metallicity with no distance ambiguity. Our ALMA observations of the active star-forming region N83C in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) revealed subparsec-scale molecular structures in 12CO and 13CO (2-1) emission Muraoka et al. (2017). We found strong CO peaks associated with Young Stellar Objects(YSOs) and derived a typical gas density of ∽104 cm−3 and gas temperature of 40-60 K from the excitation analysis. The high gas density and temperature are presumably due to the effect of the HII region under the low-metallicity environment. We have found that the column density ratios N(CI)/N(CO) are generally high throughout the cloud compared with the Galaxy, ranging from 0.2 to 2.0. A peak of the ratio is observed toward a CO peak associated with a massive protostar.

The second (after Pluto) plausible target object for the New Horizons mission is 2014 MU69. It is a classical TNO, a primordial contact binary. Identifying any material in the vicinities of a target object is of an especial concern for planning cosmic fly-byes, as it is hazardous for a space probe. Luckily, no such material has been reported for MU69 up to now. The point of our report is that this lucky absence is just a dynamical consequence of the physical nature of MU69. Spinning gravitating dumbbells create zones of dynamical chaos around them, and this has a clearing effect: any material put in orbits around a rotating dumbbell (e.g., any material ejected from its surface) cannot be long-lived in such zones; it either escapes into space, or returns to the parent body’s surface. As the orbiting matter is removed in this way, a spinning gravitating dumbbell clears its vicinities. We show that MU69 is able to create such a clearing, making itself a safe and hospitable target for a space mission. Therefore, the guest probe is expected to be safe on arrival.

The Milky Way’s (MW) satellite population is a powerful probe of warm dark matter (WDM) models as the abundance of small substructures is very sensitive to the properties of the WDM particle. However, only a partial census of the MW’s complement of satellite galaxies exists because surveys of the MW’s close environs are incomplete both in depth and in sky coverage. We present a new Bayesian analysis that combines the sample of satellites recently discovered by the Dark Energy Survey (DES) with those found in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to estimate the total satellite galaxy luminosity function down to Mv = 0. We find that there should be at least $124_{ - 27}^{ + 40}$ (68% CL, statistical error) satellites as bright or brighter than Mv = 0 within 300 kpc of the Sun, with only a weak dependence on MW halo mass. When it comes online the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope should detect approximately half of this population. We also show that WDM models infer the same number of satellites as in ΛCDM, which will allow us to rule out those models that produce insufficient substructure to be viable.

Massive star evolution is dominated by key physical processes such as mass loss, convection and rotation, yet these effects are poorly constrained, even on the main sequence. We utilise a detached, eclipsing binary HD166734 as a testbed for single star evolution to calibrate new MESA stellar evolution grids. We introduce a novel method of comparing theoretical models with observations in the ‘Mass-Luminosity Plane’, as an equivalent to the HRD (see Higgins & Vink 2018). We reproduce stellar parameters and abundances of HD166734 with enhanced overshooting (αov=0.5), mass loss and rotational mixing. When comparing the constraints of our testbed to the systematic grid of models we find that a higher value of αov=0.5 (rather than αov=0.1) results in a solution which is more likely to evolve to a neutron star than a black hole, due to a lower value of the compactness parameter.

While the Sun is a quiet and well-balanced star now, during its first few million years it possessed a strong magnetic field and actively accreted material from its circumstellar environment. Theoretical models predict that under certain circumstances the interaction of a strongly magnetic star and its circumstellar disk may lead to short bursts of increased accretion onto the star (D’Angelo & Spruit 2012). Examples for this phenomenon may be the members of a group of young eruptive stars called EXors. Their prototype, EX Lup, had its historically largest outburst in 2008. Spectroscopic evidence suggests that the mass accretion proceeds through the same magnetospheric accretion channels both in quiescence and in outburst but with different mass flux (Sicilia-Aguilar et al. 2012). To characterize for the first time EX Lup’s magnetic field, we obtained spectropolarimetric monitoring for it with the CFHT/ESPaDOnS. We detected strong, poloidal magnetic field with a prominent cool polar cap and an accretion spot above it. We compared our results with numerical simulations, in order to check the applicability of the d’Angelo & Spruit model as an explanation of EX Lup’s accretion outbursts. If EX Lup is a good proxy for the proto-Sun, similar magnetic field-disk interactions and outbursts might have happened during the early evolution of the Solar System as well.

HIFI instrument onboard the Herschel satellite provided an unprecedented number of detections of rotational transitions of ammonia in circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars including massive red supergiants, Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB), and post-AGB stars. The chemistry of ammonia formation in the circumstellar envelopes of evolved stars is poorly understood. The mechanisms proposed for its formation are processes behind the shock front, photochemistry in the inner part of the clumpy envelope, and formation on dust grains. We present results of the non-local thermodynamical equilibrium (non-LTE) radiative transfer modeling of ammonia transitions, mainly of the ground-state rotational one NH3 JK = 10 – 00 at 572.5 GHz, in selected AGB stars, aiming at the quantitative estimation of the NH3 abundance. The model of ammonia includes IR radiative pumping via v2 = 1 vibrational band at 10 μm.

Condensation of circumstellar dust begins with formation of molecular clusters close to the stellar photosphere. These clusters are predicted to act as condensation cores at lower temperatures and allow efficient dust formation farther away from the star. Recent observations of metal oxides, such as AlO, AlOH, TiO, and TiO2, whose emission can be traced at high angular resolutions with ALMA, have allowed first observational studies of the condensation process in oxygen-rich stars. We are now in the era when depletion of gas-phase species into dust can be observed directly. I review the most recent observations that allow us to identify gas species involved in the formation of inorganic dust of AGB stars and red supergiants. I also discuss challenges we face in interpreting the observations, especially those related to non-equilibrium gas excitation and the high complexity of stellar atmospheres in the dust-formation zone.

One idea for the origin of magnetic fields in massive stars suggests that the magnetic field is the fossil remnant of the Galactic ISM magnetic field, amplified during the collapse of the magnetised gas cloud. A search for the presence of magnetic fields in massive stars located in active sites of star formation led to the detection of rather strong magnetic fields in a few young stars. Future spectropolarimetric observations are urgently needed to obtain insights into the mechanisms that drive the generation of kG magnetic fields during high-mass star formation.

Throughout the Hubble time, gas makes its way from the intergalactic medium into galaxies fuelling their star formation and promoting their growth. One of the key properties of the accreting gas is its angular momentum, which has profound implications for the evolution of, in particular, disc galaxies. Here, we discuss how to infer the angular momentum of the accreting gas using observations of present-day galaxy discs. We first summarize evidence for ongoing inside-out growth of star forming discs. We then focus on the chemistry of the discs and show how the observed metallicity gradients can be explained if gas accretes onto a disc rotating with a velocity 20 – 30% lower than the local circular speed. We also show that these gradients are incompatible with accretion occurring at the edge of the discs and flowing radially inward. Finally, we investigate gas accretion from a hot corona with a cosmological angular momentum distribution and describe how simple models of rotating coronae guarantee the inside-out growth of disc galaxies.

Energetic feedback by Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) plays an important evolutionary role in the regulation of star formation (SF) on galactic scales. However, the effects of this feedback as a function of redshift and galaxy properties such as mass, environment and cold gas content remain poorly understood. The broad frequency coverage (1 to 116 GHz), high collecting area (about ten times higher than the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array), and superb angular resolution (maximum baselines of at least a few hundred km) of the proposed next-generation Very Large Array (ngVLA) are uniquely poised to revolutionize our understanding of AGN and their role in galaxy evolution.

As the IAU heads towards its second century, many changes have simultaneously transformed Astronomy and the human condition world-wide. Amid the amazing recent discoveries of exoplanets, primeval galaxies, and gravitational radiation, the human condition on Earth has become blazingly interconnected, yet beset with ever-increasing problems of over-population, pollution, and never-ending wars. Fossil-fueled global climate change has begun to yield perilous consequences. And the displacement of people from war-torn nations has reached levels not seen since World War II.