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2126 results in Atomic Physics, Molecular Physics and Chemical Physics

Page 40 of 107

Atom-Field Interactions and Dressed Atoms
  • G. Compagno, R. Passante, F. Persico
  • Published online:
    12 November 2009
    Print publication:
    03 August 1995
  • This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the theory of the interaction between atoms and electromagnetic fields, an area which is central to the investigation of the fundamental concepts of quantum mechanics. The first four chapters describe the different forms of the interaction between atoms and radiation fields. The rest of the book deals with how these interactions lead to the formation of dressed states, in the presence of vacuum fluctuations, as well as in the presence of external fields. Also covered are the role of dressed atoms in quantum measurement theory, and the physical interpretation of vacuum radiative effects. Treating a key field on the boundary between quantum optics and quantum electrodynamics, the book will be of great use to graduate students, as well as to established experimentalists and theorists, in either of these areas.

Spectroscopy of Molecular Rotation in Gases and Liquids
  • A. I. Burshtein, S. I. Temkin
  • Published online:
    06 November 2009
    Print publication:
    21 July 1994
  • Spectroscopic studies can reveal a wealth of information about the rotational and vibrational behaviour of the constituent molecules of gases and liquids. This 1994 book reviews the fundamental concepts and important models which underpin such studies, dealing in particular with the phenomenon of spectral collapse, which accompanies the transition from rare gas to dense liquid. Throughout, discussion of the various quantum mechanical and semiclassical theories is interwoven with analysis of experimental results. These include data from optical, NMR, ESR and acoustic investigations. The book concludes with a discussion of the latest theories describing the mechanism of rotational diffusion in liquid solutions. This comprehensive review of theoretical models and techniques will be invaluable to graduate students and researchers interested in molecular dynamics and spectroscopy.

Electron Spectrometry of Atoms using Synchrotron Radiation
  • Volker Schmidt
  • Published online:
    21 October 2009
    Print publication:
    15 May 1997
  • This monograph describes the theory and practice of electron spectrometry using synchrotron radiation. The book is in three parts. After a short review of background theory, neon is used to elucidate the principles of the photoelectron and Auger spectra. The second part of the book looks at experimental aspects, including characteristic features of electrostatic analysers, detectors, lenses, disturbances, and optimisation, and then illustrates theory and experiment with details of recent experiments. The third part provides useful reference data, including wavefunctions, special theory, polarisation and special aspects of instrumentation. A detailed reference list completes the volume. The study of electron spectrometry using synchrotron radiation is a growing field of research driven by the increasing availability of advanced synchrotron radiation light sources and improved theoretical methods for solving the many-electron problem in atoms. This balanced account will be of value to both theorists and experimentalists working in this area.

Atomic and Ion Collisions in Solids and at Surfaces
  • Theory, Simulation and Applications
  • Edited by Roger Smith
  • Published online:
    13 October 2009
    Print publication:
    13 January 1997
  • This 1997 book is an introduction to the application of computer simulation and theory in the study of the interaction of energetic particles (< 1 eV to the MeV range) with solid surfaces. The authors describe methods which are applicable both to hard collisions between nuclear cores of atoms down to soft interactions, where chemical effects or long-range forces dominate. In surface science, potential applications include surface atomic structure determination using ion scattering spectroscopy or element analysis using SIMS or other techniques that involve depth profiling. Industrial applications include optical or hard coating deposition, ion implantation in semiconductor device manufacture or nanotechnology. Plasma-sidewall interaction in fusion devices may also be studied using the techniques described. This book will be of interest to graduate students and researchers, both academic and industrial, in surface science, semiconductor engineering, thin-film deposition and particle-surface interactions, in departments of physics, chemistry and electrical engineering.

The Physics of Laser-Atom Interactions
  • Dieter Suter
  • Published online:
    13 October 2009
    Print publication:
    13 October 1997
  • This book provides a thorough introduction to the interaction of atoms and atomic ions with optical and magnetic fields. Particular emphasis is placed on the wealth of important multilevel effects, where atomic vapours exhibit anisotropic behaviour. As well as covering the classic two-level atom approach to light-atom interactions, a general multi-level formalism is also described in detail, and used to discuss optical pumping, two-dimensional spectroscopy and nonlinear optical dynamics. The final chapter deals with the mechanical effects of light, including the cooling and trapping of atoms. With full theoretical and experimental coverage, and over 250 illustrations, the book will be of great interest to graduate students of laser spectroscopy, quantum electronics and quantum optics, and to researchers in these fields.

Optical Polarization of Molecules
  • Marcis Auzinsh, Ruvin Ferber
  • Published online:
    09 October 2009
    Print publication:
    30 March 1995
  • This book explains the theory and methods by which gas molecules can be polarized by light, a subject of considerable importance for what it tells us about the electronic structure of molecules and properties of chemical reactions. Starting with a brief review of molecular angular momentum, the text goes on to consider resonant absorption, fluorescence, photodissociation and photoionization, as well as collisions and static fields. A variety of macroscopic effects are considered, among them angular distribution and the polarization of emitted light, ground state depopulation, laser-induced dichroism, the effect of collisions and external magnetic and electric field effects. Most examples in the book are for diatomic molecules, but symmetric-top polyatomic molecules are also included. The book concludes with a short appendix of essential formulae, tables for vector calculus, spherical functions, Wigner rotation matrices, Clebsch-Gordan coefficients, and methods for expansion over irreducible tensors.

Bose-Condensed Gases at Finite Temperatures
  • Allan Griffin, Tetsuro Nikuni, Eugene Zaremba
  • Published online:
    06 October 2009
    Print publication:
    19 February 2009
  • The discovery of Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) in trapped ultracold atomic gases in 1995 has led to an explosion of theoretical and experimental research on the properties of Bose-condensed dilute gases. The first treatment of BEC at finite temperatures, this book presents a thorough account of the theory of two-component dynamics and nonequilibrium behaviour in superfluid Bose gases. It uses a simplified microscopic model to give a clear, explicit account of collective modes in both the collisionless and collision-dominated regions. Major topics such as kinetic equations, local equilibrium and two-fluid hydrodynamics are introduced at an elementary level. Explicit predictions are worked out and linked to experiments. Providing a platform for future experimental and theoretical studies on the finite temperature dynamics of trapped Bose gases, this book is ideal for researchers and graduate students in ultracold atom physics, atomic, molecular and optical physics and condensed matter physics.

Rydberg Atoms
  • Thomas F. Gallagher
  • Published online:
    29 September 2009
    Print publication:
    15 September 1994
  • In recent years, Rydberg atoms have been the subject of intense study, becoming the testing ground for several quantum mechanical problems. This book provides a comprehensive description of the physics of Rydberg atoms, highlighting their remarkable properties by reference to their behaviour in a wide range of physical situations. Following an overview of the basic properties of Rydberg atoms, their interactions with electric and magnetic fields are analysed in detail. The collisions of Rydberg atoms with neutral and charged species are described, and the use of multichannel quantum defect theory in the study of Rydberg atomic systems is discussed. Experimental and theoretical research in this extensive field is also reviewed, making the book valuable to both graduate students and established researchers in physics and physical chemistry.

Collision-induced Absorption in Gases
  • Lothar Frommhold
  • Published online:
    23 September 2009
    Print publication:
    27 January 1994
  • This book reviews the present knowledge of collision-induced absorption of infrared radiation in the dense, common gases. Following a brief introduction and review of essential background information, such as dipole radiation, molecular collisions and interactions, numerous experimental results for the absorption spectra of dense gases are presented. Other chapters review the causes and properties of dipole moments induced by molecular interactions, the theory of collision-induced absorption in monatomic gas mixtures and in molecular gases and mixtures. The final chapter discusses related phenomena and the important applications in astrophysics. Throughout the book, the emphasis is on the absorption by binary molecular complexes, but the onset of many-body effects, such as the ternary contributions and the intercollisional process, are also considered. The volume is meant to be a practical guide and sourcebook for the researcher interested in the spectroscopy of dense, neutral fluids. This edition includes a new appendix reviewing recent work.

Many-Body Atomic Physics
  • J. J. Boyle, M. S. Pindzola
  • Published online:
    22 September 2009
    Print publication:
    10 August 1998
  • This introduction to the field of many-body atomic physics is suitable for researchers and graduate students. Drawing from three major subject areas, atomic structure, atomic photoionization, and electron-atom collisions, this book begins with an introduction to many-body diagrams, and continues with several chapters devoted to each subject area written by leading theorists in that field. Topics in atomic structure include the relativistic theory for highly charged atomic ions and calculations of parity nonconservation. Topics in atomic photoionization include single and double photoionization processes, and photoelectron angular distributions. Topics in electron-atom collisions include the theory of electron impact ionization, perturbation series methods, target dependence of the triply differential cross section, Thomas processes, R-matrix theory, close coupling, and distorted-wave theory. This coherent and carefully edited volume has been prepared by leading atomic physicists as a tribute to Hugh Kelly, one of the pioneers of many-body theory.

X-rays in Atomic and Nuclear Physics
  • 2nd edition
  • N. A. Dyson
  • Published online:
    22 September 2009
    Print publication:
    22 March 1990
  • This book deals with the methods of X-ray production at a level which is accessible to advanced undergraduates and researchers who use X-rays. It also discusses the fundamentals of these physical properties from an experimental viewpoint which is not covered in more specialised texts. The book begins with a survey of work carried out before 1945. Continuous and characteristic spectra are discussed followed by a description of techniques used in their study. Further studies of production, absorption and scattering in atomic and nuclear processes are described, including a completely new chapter on X-ray production by protons, alpha-particles and ions. The concluding chapter surveys some more advanced fields of study. It will be very valuable to all research and industrial physicists working with X-rays who need to know about their fundamental properties in more detail. In this second edition SI units are used throughout and the material reflects the changes in the use of X-rays and the developments in the field.

Theoretical Atomic Spectroscopy
  • Zenonas Rudzikas
  • Published online:
    21 September 2009
    Print publication:
    04 December 1997
  • This monograph presents a complete guide to the theory of modern spectroscopy of atoms. Atomic spectroscopy continues to be one of the most important subjects of contemporary physics. The book describes the contemporary state of the theory of many-electron atoms and ions, the peculiarities of their structure and spectra, the processes of their interaction with radiation, and some of the applications of atomic spectroscopy. It contains a large number of new results, which have been published mainly in Russian and are therefore almost unknown to western scientists. Primarily a reference for researchers and graduate students in atomic physics and physical chemistry, this work will also be of value to physicists and chemists in other areas who use spectroscopy in their work.

Highly Excited Atoms
  • Jean-Patrick Connerade
  • Published online:
    19 September 2009
    Print publication:
    07 May 1998
  • This book is an introduction to the physics of highly excited, easily perturbed or interacting atoms. The book begins with a brief introduction to the traditional view of electron shells and their properties, and then goes on to discuss Rydberg states, quantum defect theory, atomic f-values, centrifugal barrier effects, autoionisation, inner shell and double excitation spectra, K-matrix theory, atoms in high laser fields, statistical methods, quantum chaos, and atomic effects in solids. The emphasis is throughout on radial properties, orbital collapse, many body effects, the breakdown of the independent particle approach, the emergence of chaos, and the behaviour of atoms inside clusters and solids. A very full account of autoionisation includes not only the standard treatment for isolated resonances, but also several alternative approaches. The book discusses many experimental examples and has many diagrams and a comprehensive reference list.

Chaos in Atomic Physics
  • R. Blümel, W. P. Reinhardt
  • Published online:
    14 September 2009
    Print publication:
    24 July 1997
  • This book describes the manifestations of chaos in atoms and molecules. The study of chaos is today one of the most active and prolific areas in atomic physics. This is the first attempt to provide a coherent introduction to this fascinating area. In line with its scope, the book is divided into two parts. The first part (chapters 1–5) deals with the theory and principles of classical chaos. The ideas developed here are then applied to actual atomic and molecular physics systems in the second part of the book (chapters 6–10) covering microwave driven surface state electrons, the hydrogen atom in a strong microwave field, the kicked hydrogen atom, chaotic scattering with CsI molecules and the helium atom. The book contains many diagrams and a detailed references list.

Electron Correlation Dynamics in Atomic Collisions
  • J. H. McGuire
  • Published online:
    11 September 2009
    Print publication:
    20 March 1997
  • This graduate/research level text introduces the theory of multi-electron transitions in atomic, molecular and optical physics, emphasising the emerging topic of dynamic electron correlation. The book begins with an overview of simple binomial probabilities, classical scattering theory, quantum scattering and correlation, followed by the theory of single electron transition probabilities. Multiple electron transition probabilities are then treated in detail. Various approaches to multiple electron transitions are covered including the independent electron approximation, useful statistical methods and perturbation expansions treating correlation in both weak and strong limits. The important topic of the dynamics of electron correlation is a central theme in this book. The text contains a comprehensive summary of data for few and many-electron transitions in atoms and molecules, including transitions on different atomic centres, fast ion-atom and electron-atom interactions, and recent observations using synchrotron radiation. Emphasis is given to methods that may be used by non-specialists.

Cold and Ultracold Collisions in Quantum Microscopic and Mesoscopic Systems
  • John Weiner
  • Published online:
    17 August 2009
    Print publication:
    04 December 2003
  • Cold and ultracold collisions occupy a strategic position at the intersection of several powerful themes of current research in chemical physics, in atomic, molecular and optical physics, and even in condensed matter. The nature of these collisions has important consequences for optical manipulation of inelastic and reactive processes, precision measurement of molecular and atomic properties, matter-wave coherences and quantum-statistical condensates of dilute, weakly interacting atoms. This crucial position explains the wide interest and explosive growth of the field since its inception in 1987. The author reviews elements of the quantum theory of scattering theory, collisions taking place in the presence of one or more light fields, and collisions in the dark, below the photon recoil limit imposed by the presence of any light field. Finally, it reviews the essential properties of these mesoscopic quantum systems and describes the key importance of the scattering length to condensate stability.

Positron Physics
  • M. Charlton, J. W. Humberston
  • Published online:
    15 August 2009
    Print publication:
    07 December 2000
  • This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date account of the field of low energy positrons and positronium within atomic and molecular physics. It begins with an introduction to the field, discussing the background to low energy positron beams, and then covers topics such as total scattering cross sections, elastic scattering, positronium formation, excitation and ionisation, annihilation and positronium interactions. Each chapter contains a blend of theory and experiment, giving a balanced treatment of all the topics. The book will be useful for graduate students and researchers in physics and chemistry. It is ideal for those wishing to gain rapid, in-depth knowledge of this unique branch of atomic physics.

Imaging in Molecular Dynamics
  • Technology and Applications
  • Edited by Benjamin J. Whitaker
  • Published online:
    07 August 2009
    Print publication:
    05 June 2003
  • Charged particle imaging has revolutionized experimental studies of photodissociation and bimolecular collisions. Written in a tutorial style by some of the key practitioners in the field, this book gives a comprehensive account of the technique and describes many of its applications. The book is split into two parts. Part I is intended as a series of tutorials. It explains the basic principles of the experiment and the numerical methods involved in interpreting experimental data. Part II describes a number of different applications. These chapters are more directly research oriented, the aim being to introduce the reader to the possibilities for future experiments. This comprehensive book will be of primary interest to researchers and graduate students working in chemical and molecular physics who require an overview of the subject as well as ideas for future experiments.

  • 13 - The equation-of-motion coupled-cluster method for excited, ionized and electron-attached states

  • Isaiah Shavitt, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Rodney J. Bartlett, University of Florida
  • Book:
    Many-Body Methods in Chemistry and Physics
    Published online:
    06 January 2010
    Print publication:
    06 August 2009, pp 431-461

  • Summary

    Introduction

    The conventional, single-reference, coupled-cluster method is very effective for electronic states dominated by a single determinant, such as most molecular ground states near their equilibrium geometry. Such states are predominantly closed-shell singlet states, and CC calculations on them produce pure singlet wave functions. But even these states become dominated by more than one determinant when one or more bonds are stretched close to breaking, so that single-reference CC based on RHF orbitals is then not usually appropriate for the calculation of entire potential-energy surfaces. While such problems can be partially treated by using UHF reference functions, which usually separate correctly, the UHF approach makes use of symmetry breaking and is poor in the spin-recoupling region.

    Most excited, ionized and electron-attached states are open-shell states, and CC calculations on them using UHF or ROHF orbitals do not usually result in pure-spin wave functions. Furthermore, such states often involve large contributions from more than one determinant and thus do not respond well to conventional single-reference treatments.

    One solution to these problems is to resort to multireference methods, such as those described in Chapters 8 and 14, but such treatments are still quite difficult to apply at a high enough level. An effective alternative in many cases is provided by the equation-of-motion coupled-cluster (EOM-CC) method (Emrich 1981, Sekino and Bartlett 1984, Comeau and Bartlett 1993, Stanton and Bartlett 1993a). A closely related approach is the coupled-cluster linear response (CCLR) method (Monkhorst 1977, Dalgaard and Monkhorst 1983, Koch and Jørgensen 1990).

Page 40 of 107