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4783 results in Particle Physics and Nuclear Physics

Page 95 of 240

  • 4 - Simulating Relativistic Nuclear Collisions

  • Paul Romatschke, University of Colorado Boulder, Ulrike Romatschke, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium
    Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019, pp 96-143

  • Summary

    This chapter reviews the basic ingredients of simulating relativistic nuclear collisions, of which fluid dynamics is one component. Nuclear geometry models with and without subnucleonic degrees of freedom are discussed, energy deposition at weak and strong coupling is reviewed and found to lead to similar results as the simple Glauber model with number of collision scaling. Initial state eccentricities are calculated, numerical algorithms to solve relativistic dissipative fluid dynamics are discussed and the freeze-out from fluid to particle degrees of freedom (hadronization) is described. The chapter closes with a discussion on how to calculate relevant observables in relativistic nuclear collision experiments.

  • 2 - Modern Theory of Fluid Dynamics

  • Paul Romatschke, University of Colorado Boulder, Ulrike Romatschke, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium
    Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019, pp 8-58

  • Summary

    The second chapter gives a derivation of out-of-equilibrium fluid dynamics from first principles, based on the framework of effective field theory. Main results such as the Euler equations, Navier-Stokes equations, BRSSS equations are recovered and the divergence of the hydrodynamic gradient expansion is discussed. Novel features such as the Borel summability of the divergent series, hydrodynamic attractors, the role of nonhydrodynamic modes and far-from-equilibrium hydrodynamics are described. The chapter closes by a modern derivation of fluid dynamics in the presence of thermal fluctuations.

  • 5 - Comparison to Experimental Data

  • Paul Romatschke, University of Colorado Boulder, Ulrike Romatschke, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado
  • Book:
    Relativistic Fluid Dynamics In and Out of Equilibrium
    Published online:
    29 April 2019
    Print publication:
    09 May 2019, pp 144-156

  • Summary

    This chapter contains a detailed comparison between theory simulation results for relativistic nuclear collisions to experimental data. Different collision systems (lead–lead, proton–lead, and proton–proton collisions) are studied and it is found that fluid simulations deliver a remarkably accurate description of experimental data with a minimum of parameters and fine-tuning.

Page 95 of 240