This chapter investigates the ways in which sex was examined in early case histories. Anna Barbara Meier decided to disclose himself to his physician because he wanted to marry the woman he had made pregnant ‘out of genuine affection’. Meier's disclosure consisted merely of his own words describing his sex. As Meier wanted to reassign her sex and get married, she had to overcome her deep shame at exposing her genitals because this was ordered by the court. It further explores how sex and sexual function were assessed during Meier's subsequent examinations. The hermaphrodite's sexual feelings were examined in a very concrete, physical way. During the first half of the century, visual inspection combined with superficial palpation, simple penetration and interrogation of the hermaphrodite were the main examination techniques. Central to a physician's enquiry was the question of how (in which role) a person could function in procreation.

The 2006 Irish Census identified a population of 4,239,848 persons. Of the ‘usually resident’ population, 610,000 (14.7 percent) were born outside the Republic of Ireland. Of these, approximately 10 percent were ‘non-Irish nationals’. Just more than 10 percent of children in Ireland in 2006 were born in other countries such as England and Wales, United States, Poland, Lithuania, and other European Union countries. Some 7.4 percent of identified children living in the Republic of Ireland do not have Irish citizenship. The British experience indicates that racism, discrimination, and other barriers to integration are experienced differently and with different consequences by different groups. This can be translated, in the Irish case, into a hypothesis that Chinese, Polish, Lithuanian or Nigerian immigrants will experience different opportunities for and barriers to integration. Asylum seekers comprised a major strand of immigration. Comprehensively disaggregated data can serve to explode myths, such as those about ghettos considered in this chapter, as well as provide an evidence base to address actual risks of social exclusion amongst immigrants, particularly those who settle in disadvantaged areas.

J'accuse gave a special place to Jewish academics, highlighting their contributions to German science and culture and depicting their harassment and dismissal as the most evident indication of Germany's return to barbarism. They were noted too as one of several ways in which Britain might benefit from German obscurantism. In assessing the response of the University of Manchester to refugee scholars, it is difficult to avoid the benefit of hindsight. From that perspective, the offer of thirty-three temporary academic posts between 1933 and 1939 seems less than generous. Manchester stood fourth to Oxford, Cambridge and the LSE, although a rather distant fourth in the case of Oxbridge, in the league of British universities which received displaced scholars. Still, there can be no doubting the gains made by Manchester's programmes of rescue for the academic and business communities of Britain, Europe, the United States and Israel.

This chapter examines the role of capabilities, social capital, and cultural capital as distinct layers of resources that might facilitate functional integration. It uses the term ‘functional integration’ to denote what migrant workers themselves might consider as viable lives in the host society as distinct from host-society integration goals. Many migrants might envisage a temporary sojourn in Ireland that allows them to build better lives for families at home, only to encounter damaging levels of exploitation, risk, and isolation. Many of the experiences considered in this chapter are those of migrants who have been trafficked into what the Migrant Rights Centre Ireland (MRCI) describes as bonded or indentured labour. The chapter discusses the role of supportive social ties as a bulwark against vulnerability in the labour market, focusing on the experiences of the Brazilian community in Gort, County Galway. It also looks at the attributes of some of the immigrants who have demonstrated considerable willingness to participate in Irish society. The case study draws on interviews with immigrant candidates who contested the 2009 local government elections.

There are references to the anxieties of unaccompanied child refugees about the fate of their parents. This is, in fact, a theme in refugee history most often marginalised by those who wish to emphasise the humanity of the British state in the rescue of refugees. This chapter measures the concessions government sanctioned against the desperation of those seeking entry from Germany, Austria and, Czechoslovakia after March 1938. From afar, with their family lives already disrupted, child refugees became the vulnerable and inappropriate witnesses to tragic chains of events which they could do little or nothing to control and which overtook parents who persisted, against all the odds, in roles of distant care and in the hope of a future reunion.

This chapter explores the relationship between social distinction, migrant subjectivities and the quest for a better way of life. Authenticity acts as a lens through which to examine this relationship. On the one hand, it becomes clear that the migrants' ideologies about life in the Lot are characterized by their desire for a more authentic way of living; migration had offered them self-realization precisely because of the promise that this would be available in the Lot. However, migration is not as transformative as originally imagined, with the result that the quest for authentic living continues until long after migration. As the ethnography presented in this chapter demonstrates, there is also a self-referential element to these judgements, as the migrants reflect on the ways that their practices have changed over time. Importantly, it emerges that processes of social distinction and the quest for a better way of life are mutually reinforcing.

Sensing a lack of enthusiasm from the MJRC, which may well have seen Southport as lying well beyond its realistic sphere of operations, the promoters now converted themselves into the ‘Southport branch of the Movement for the Care of Children from Germany’, for the reception of children from the Kindertransport, and pressed on without Manchester support. On 12 February 1939, ‘Harris House’ was opened and consecrated by Rabbi Dr Silverstone as a hostel ‘for young ladies up to eighteen years of age’. Apart from providing the girls with guarantees and maintaining the hostel, the General Committee of the branch also ‘supervised the welfare of refugee children under private guardianship’and served as a means of liaison with the regional headquarters of the movement, in Manchester.

A revival of interest in refugees within the Manchester B'nai Brith Women's Lodge, following the collapse of its Hospitality Committee in 1935, was apparently sparked off by the same chain of international events and those same pressures from Woburn House which had brought the MJRC into being. Later, the MJRC, found a viable plan, agreeable to the lodge, the committee, Woburn House and the Home Office, for the financing and management of a children's hostel with accommodation for a maximum of twenty-two children between the ages of thirteen and sixteen.

As a complement to the previous chapter, based oncurrent scholarship and debates, this chapterdemonstrates how deeply entwined slavery was withthe development of industrial capitalism. Moreover,thriving slave economies were succeeded by new formsof bonded and unfree labour, rather than free wagelabour, through to the middle of the 20th century.It argues that there is no purely economicincompatibility between capitalism and slavery,including in the present day. Only politicalstruggles and new moralities replaced old forms ofeconomic and power inequalities with the persistentinequalities of the present day. The chapteranalyses the epistemological suppression of slaveryand coerced labour within classical and moderneconomic conceptions of the abstract marketeconomy.

This chapter demonstrates how enactments of doubting sex and sexual function under bedside medicine differed from those under the new medical regime. A general overview of how and by whom hermaphroditism was disclosed illustrates a fundamental shift in medical practice which entailed a completely different enactment of hermaphroditism itself. It also describes the dislodgement of the person in clinical encounters. The issue of temporarily silencing the body through anaesthesia, surgery and dissection is then addressed. The new enactments of sex in cases of hermaphroditism caused a detachment from lay enactments of sex as the palpation of internal organs had little to do with the outward appearance of someone's sex. Physicians routinely gained access to their internal bodies through palpation, auscultation and the insertion of instruments and fingers into bodily openings, where anaesthetics proved to be of great help in overcoming the accompanying shame and pain.