Element contents
Series: Elements in Ethics
Contemporary Virtue Ethics
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 09 October 2020
Summary
This Element provides an overview of the central components of recent work in virtue ethics. The first section explores central themes in neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics, while the second turns the discussion to major alternative theoretical perspectives. The third section focuses on two challenges to virtue ethics. The first challenge is the self-centeredness or egoism objection, which is the notion that certain kinds of virtue ethics are inadequate because they advocate a focus on the person's own virtue and flourishing at the expense of, or at least without due regard for, the concerns of others. The second is situationist challenges to the ideas that there are indeed virtues and that personality is integrated enough to support virtues.
- Type
- Element
- Information
- Series: Elements in EthicsOnline ISBN: 9781108580496Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication: 22 October 2020
References
Adams, Robert M. 1999. Finite and Infinite Goods: A Framework for Ethics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Adams, Robert M. 2006. A Theory of Virtue: Excellence in Being for the Good. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alfano, Mark. 2013. Character as Moral Fiction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Andreou, C. 2006. “Getting on in a Varied World.” Social Theory and Practice 32(1): 61–73.Google Scholar
Angle, Stephen. 2009. Sagehood: The Contemporary Significance of Neo-Confucian Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Annas, Julia. 1988. “Self-Love in Aristotle.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy 27 (supplement): 1–18.Google Scholar
Annas, Julia. 1992. “The Good Life and the Good Lives of Others.” Social Philosophy & Policy 9(2): 133–148.Google Scholar
Annas, Julia. 2005. “Comments on John Doris’s Lack of Character.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research LXXI(3): 636–642.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Annas, Julia. 2014. “Why Virtue Ethics Does Not Have a Problem with Right Action,” in Timmons, Mark, ed., Oxford Studies in Normative Ethics, vol. 4. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 13–33.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1985. The Nicomachean Ethics. Trans. Irwin, Terence. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 2004. The Eudemian Ethics. Trans. Rackham, H. Loeb Classical Library, vol. XX, 2nd (revised) ed. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Athanassoulis, Nafsika. 2018. “Acquiring Aristotelian Virtue,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 415–431.Google Scholar
Austin, Michael W. 2018. Humility and Human Flourishing: A Study in Analytic Moral Theology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bakker, Marjan, Cramer, Angélique O. J., Matzke, Dora, et al. 2013. “Open Peer Commentary: Dwelling on the Past.” European Journal of Personality 27: 120–144.Google Scholar
Bargh, John A., Chen, Mark, and Burrows, Lara. 1996. “Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action.” Journal of Personality and Social Behavior 71(2): 230–244.Google Scholar
Baril, Anne. 2014. “Eudaimonia in Contemporary Virtue Ethics,” in van Hooft, Stan, ed., The Handbook of Virtue Ethics. Durham, UK: Acumen, 17–27.Google Scholar
Bates, Tom and Kleingeld, Pauline. 2018. “Virtue, Vice, and Situationism,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 524–545.Google Scholar
Bell, Macalester. 2006. “Review of Lisa Tessman’s Burdened Virtues: Virtue Ethics for Liberatory Struggle.” Notre Dame Philosophical Review. https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/25046-burdened-virtues-virtue-ethics-for-liberatory-struggles/.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Besser-Jones, Lorraine. 2014. Eudaimonic Ethics: The Philosophy and Psychology of Living Well. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Brady, Michael S. 2018. Suffering and Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bucar, Elizabeth M. 2018. “Islamic Ethics,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York,NY: Oxford University Press, 206–223.Google Scholar
Burnyeat, Myles. 1980. “Aristotle on Learning to Be Good,” in Rorty, A. O., ed., Essays on Aristotle’s Ethics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 69–92.Google Scholar
Calhoun, Cheshire. 2008. “Reflections on the Metavirtue of Sensitivity to Suffering.” Hypatia 23: 182–188.Google Scholar
Cervone, Daniel, and Shoda, Yuichi, eds. 1999. The Coherence of Personality: Social-Cognitive Bases of Consistency, Variability, and Organization. New York, NY: Guilford.Google Scholar
Chappell, Sophie-Grace. 2017. Knowing What To Do: Imagination, Virtue, and Platonism in Ethics. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Copp, D., and Sobel, D. 2004. “Morality and Virtue: An Assessment of Some Recent Work in Virtue Ethics.” Ethics 114: 514–554.Google Scholar
Curzer, Howard J. 2002. “Aristotle’s Painful Path to Virtue.” Journal of the History of Philosophy 40(2): 141–162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Curzer, Howard J. 2012. Aristotle and the Virtues. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Das, Ramon. 2003. “Virtue Ethics and Right Action.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 81(3): 324–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dillon, Robin S. 2018. “Feminist Approaches to Virtue Ethics,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 377–397.Google Scholar
Doris, John M. 2002. Lack of Character: Personality and Moral Behavior. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dunnington, Kent. 2019. Humility, Pride, and Christian Faith. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fishbach, Aylet, Friedman, Ronald S., and Kruglanski, Arie W. 2003. “Leading Us Not Unto Temptation: Momentary Allurements Elicit Overriding Goal Activation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84(2): 296–309.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
FitzPatrick, W. J. 2000. Teleology and the Norms of Nature. New York, NY: Garland Publishing.Google Scholar
Flanagan, Owen. 1991. Varieties of Moral Personality: Ethics and Psychological Realism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Flanagan, Owen. 2011. The Bodhisattva’s Brain: Buddhism Naturalized. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fleeson, W., and Gallagher, P. 2009. “The Implications of Big Five Standing for the Distribution of Trait Manifestation in Behavior: Fifteen Experience-Sampling studies and a Meta-Analysis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 97(6): 1097–1114.Google Scholar
Fleeson, W., and Jayawickreme, E. 2015. “Whole Trait Theory.” Journal of Research in Personality 56: 82–92.Google Scholar
Foot, Philippa. 1978. Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Foot, Philippa. 2002. “Does Moral Subjectivism Rest on a Mistake?” in Foot, Philippa, Moral Dilemmas and Other Topics in Philosophy. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 189–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Friedman, Marilyn. 2009. “Feminist Virtue Ethics, Happiness, and Moral Luck.” Hypatia 24: 29–40.Google Scholar
Greco, John. 2010. Achieving Knowledge: A Virtue-Theoretic Account of Epistemic Normativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hare, John. 2001. “Scotus on Morality and Nature.” Medieval Philosophy and Theology 9: 15–38.Google Scholar
Harman, Gilbert. 1999. “Moral Philosophy Meets Social Psychology: Virtue Ethics and the Fundamental Attribution Error.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 99: 315–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, Gilbert. 2000. “The Nonexistence of Character Traits.” Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 100: 223–226.Google Scholar
Harman, Gilbert. 2003. “No Character or Personality.” Business Ethics Quarterly 13: 87–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Homiak, Marcia L. 1981. “Virtue and Self-Love in Aristotle’s Ethics.” Canadian Journal of Philosophy 11(4): 633–651.Google Scholar
Hursthouse, R. 2004. “On the Grounding of the Virtues in Human Nature.” In Szaif, J and Bachmann, M. Lutz, eds., Was ist das fur den Menschen Gute? What Is Good for a Human Being? Berlin, Germany: DeGruyter, 263–275.Google Scholar
Hursthouse, R. 2012. “Human Nature and Aristotelian Virtue Ethics.” Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 70: 169–188.Google Scholar
Hursthouse, Rosalind and Pettigrove, Glen. 2018. “Virtue Ethics,” in Zalta, Edward N., ed., The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/ethics-virtue/.Google Scholar
Irwin, Terence. 1988. Aristotle’s First Principles. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jayawickreme, Eranda and Blackie, Laura E. R. 2016. Exploring the Psychological Benefits of Hardship: A Critical Reassessment of Posttraumatic Growth. Cham, Switzerland: SpringerBriefs in Psychology.Google Scholar
Jayawickreme, E. and Fleeson, W. 2017. “Whole Trait Theory Can Explain Virtues,” in Sinnott-Armstrong, W and Miller, Christian. B., eds., Moral Psychology: Virtue and Character, Vol. 5. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 121–129.Google Scholar
Johansson, Jens and Svensson, Frans. 2018. “Objections to Virtue Ethics,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 491–507.Google Scholar
Kamtekar, Rachana. 2004. “Situationism and Virtue Ethics on the Content of our Character.” Ethics 114: 458–491.Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 1993. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Trans. Ellington, Frederick, 3rd ed. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Kawall, Jason. 2009. “Virtue Theory, Ideal Observers, and the Supererogatory.” Philosophical Studies 146: 179–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraut, Richard. 1989. Aristotle on the Human Good. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kristjánsson, Kristján. 2015. Aristotelian Character Education. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kristjánsson, Kristján. 2018a. Virtuous Emotions. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kristjánsson, Kristján. 2018b. “Virtue from the Perspective of Psychology,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 546–568.Google Scholar
Lapsley, Daniel K. and Hill, Patrick. 2008. “On Dual Processing and Heuristic Approaches to Moral Cognition.” Journal of Moral Education 37(3): 322–323.Google Scholar
LeBar, Mark. 2018. “Eudaimonism,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York. NY: Oxford University Press, 470–487.Google Scholar
Lemos, John. 1994. “The Unity of the Virtues and Its Recent Defenses.” Southern Journal of Philosophy 32(1): 85–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewens, T. 2012. “Human Nature: The Very Idea.” Philosophy and Technology 25(4): 459–474.Google Scholar
Lott, M. 2012. “Moral Virtue as Knowledge of Human Form.” Social Theory and Practice 38(3): 407–431.Google Scholar
Louden, Robert B. 1984. “On Some Vices of Virtue Ethics.” American Philosophical Quarterly 21(3): 227–236.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1984. After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory, 2nd ed. Notre Dame, IN: The University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 1999. Dependent Rational Animals: Why Human Beings Need the Virtues. Peru, IL: Carus Publishing Company.Google Scholar
MacIntyre, Alasdair. 2016. Ethics in the Conflicts of Modernity: An Essay on Desire, Practical Reasoning, and Narrative. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
MacKenzie, Matthew. 2018. “Buddhism and the Virtues,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 153–170.Google Scholar
McDowell, John. 1998. “Two Sorts of Naturalism,” in Mind, Value, and Reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 167–197.Google Scholar
McKerlie, Dennis. 1998. “Aristotle and Egoism.” The Southern Journal of Philosophy. XXXVI: 531–555.Google Scholar
McMullin, Irene. 2019. Existential Flourishing: A Phenomenology of the Virtues. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Merritt, Maria. 2000. “Virtue Ethics and Situationist Personality Psychology.” Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 3: 365–383.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Merritt, Maria, Doris, John M., and Harman, Gilbert. 2010. “Character,” in Doris, John M. and the Moral Psychology Research Group, , eds., The Moral Psychology Handbook. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 355–401.Google Scholar
Miller, Christian B. 2013. Moral Character: An Empirical Theory. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, Christian B. 2014. Character and Moral Psychology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Christian B. 2018. The Character Gap: How Good Are We? New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Millgram, Elijah. 2009. Critical notice of Life and Action. Analysis 69(3): 557–564.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moosavi, P. 2018. “Neo-Aristotelian Naturalism and the Evolutionary Objection: Rethinking the Relevance of Empirical Science.” In Hacker-Wright, J, ed., Philippa Foot on Goodness and Virtue. Cham, Switzerland: Palgrave Macmillan, 277–308.Google Scholar
Nolan, Kirk J. 2014. Reformed Virtue after Barth: Developing Moral Virtue Ethics in the Reformed Tradition. Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, Martha C. 1988. “Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13(1): 32–53.Google Scholar
Odenbaugh, J. 2017. “Nothing in Ethics Makes Sense in the Light of Evolution? Natural Goodness, Normativity, and Naturalism.” Synthese 194: 1031–1055.Google Scholar
Olberding, Amy. 2012. Moral Exemplars in the Analects: The Good Person Is That. New York, NY: Routledge Press.Google Scholar
Oliner, S. P., and Oliner, P. M. 1988. The Altruistic Personality: Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe. New York, NY: The Free Press.Google Scholar
Pettigrove, Glen. 2014. “Virtue Ethics, Virtue Theory, and Moral Theology,” in van Hooft, Stan, ed., The Handbook of Virtue Ethics. Durham, UK: Acumen, 88–104.Google Scholar
Pettigrove, Glen. 2018. “Alternatives to Neo-Aristotelian Virtue Ethics,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 259–376.Google Scholar
Prichard, H. A. 1995. “Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake?” in Cahn, Steven and Haber, Joram, eds., Twentieth Century Ethical Theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 37–47.Google Scholar
Riesbeck, David J. 2016. Aristotle on Political Community. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, Daniel C. 2009. Practical Intelligence and the Virtues. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Russell, Daniel C. 2014. “Phronesis and the Virtues (NE VI. 12–13),” in Polansky, Ronald, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 203–220.Google Scholar
Russell, Daniel C. 2015. “Aristotle on Cultivating Virtue,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed.,Cultivating Virtue: Perspectives from Philosophy, Theology, and Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 17–48.Google Scholar
Sherman, Nancy. 2015. Afterwar: Healing the Moral Wounds of Our Soldiers. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sim, May. 2007. Remastering Morals with Aristotle and Confucius. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sim, May. 2018. “The Phronimos and the Sage,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 190–205.Google Scholar
Slingerland, Edward. 2011. “The Situationist Critique and Early Confucian Virtue Ethics.” Ethics 121: 390–419.Google Scholar
Slote, Michael. 1997. “Virtue Ethics,” in Baron, Marcia, Pettit, Philip, and Slote, Michael, eds., Three Methods of Ethics. Oxford, UK: Blackwell, 175–238.Google Scholar
Slote, Michael. 2018. “Sentimentalist Virtue Ethics,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 343–358.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy E. 2010. Virtue as Social Intelligence: An Empirically Grounded Theory. New York, NY: Routledge.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy E. 2013. “‘May You Live in Interesting Times’: Moral Philosophy and Empirical Psychology.” Journal of Moral Philosophy 10: 339–353.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy E. 2015. “Comments on Intelligent Virtue: Outsmarting Situationism.” Journal of Value Inquiry 49(1): 297–306.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy E. (ed.). 2018a. The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy E. 2018b. “Neo-Aristotelian Virtue Ethics,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 321–242.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy E. 2018c. “From Ordinary Virtue to Aristotelian Virtue,” in Harrison, Tom and Walker, David, eds., The Theory and Practice of Virtue Education.London, UK: Routledge, 67–81.Google Scholar
Snow, Nancy E. 2019. “Virtue Proliferation: A Clear and Present Danger?,” in Grimi, Elisa, ed., Virtue Ethics: Retrospect and Prospect. New York, NY: Springer, 177–196.Google Scholar
Solomon, David. 1988. “Internal Objections to Virtue Ethics.” Midwest Studies in Philosophy 13(1): 428–441.Google Scholar
Sosa, Ernest. 2007. A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Vol. 1. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sosa, Ernest. 2009. A Virtue Epistemology: Apt Belief and Reflective Knowledge, Vol. 2. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sreenivasan, Gopal. 2002. “Errors about Errors: Virtue Theory and Trait Attribution.” Mind 111(441): 47–68.Google Scholar
Stalnaker, Aaron. 2020. Mastery, Dependence, and the Ethics of Authority. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stangl, Rebecca. 2018. “Cultural Relativity and Justification,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 508–523.Google Scholar
Stichter, Matt. 2018. The Skillfulness of Virtue: Improving Our Moral and Epistemic Lives. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Swanton, Christine. 2003. Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Swanton, Christine. 2015. The Virtue Ethics of Hume and Nietzsche. Oxford, UK: Wiley Blackwell.Google Scholar
Swanton, Christine. 2018. “Virtue in Hume and Nietzsche,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue . New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 241–262.Google Scholar
Tessman, Lisa. 2005. Burdened Virtues: Virtue Ethics for Liberatory Struggles. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Michael. 1995. “The Representation of Life,” in Hursthouse, R, Lawrence, G, and Quinn, W, eds., Virtues and Reasons: Philippa Foot and Moral Theory. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 247–296.Google Scholar
Thompson, Michael. 2003. “Three Degrees of Natural Goodness.” Iride. Online at: www.pitt.edu/~mthompso/: 1–7.Google Scholar
Thompson, Michael. 2004. “Apprehending Human Form,” in O’Hear, Anthony, ed., Modern Moral Philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 47–74.Google Scholar
Thompson, Michael. 2008. Life and Action: Elementary Structures of Practice and Practical Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson, Michael. 2013. “Forms of Nature,” in Hindrichs, G and Axel, H, eds., Freiheit. Stuttgarter Hegel-Kongres, Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann, 701–735.Google Scholar
Tiwald, Justin. 2018. “Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 171–189.Google Scholar
Toner, Christopher. 2006. “The Self-Centredness Objection to Virtue Ethics.” Philosophy 81(318): 595–617.Google Scholar
Toner, Christopher. 2008. “Sorts of Naturalism: Requirements for a Successful Theory.” Metaphilosophy 39(2): 220–250.Google Scholar
Toner, Christopher. 2010. “Virtue Ethics and the Nature and Forms of Egoism.” Journal of Philosophical Research 35: 275–303.Google Scholar
van Hooft, Stan. 2014. “Introduction,” in Stan, van Hooft, ed., The Handbook of Virtue Ethics. Durham, UK: Acumen, 1–14.Google Scholar
Vasilou, Iakovos. 1996. “The Role of Good Upbringing in Aristotle’s Ethics.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 56(4): 771–797.Google Scholar
Vogler, Candace. 2018. “Turning to Aquinas on Virtue,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 224–240.Google Scholar
Walker, L. J., & Frimer, J. A. 2007. “Moral Personality of Brave and Caring Exemplars.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93(5): 845-860.Google Scholar
Watson, Gary. 1990. “The Primacy of Character,” in Flanagan, Owen and Oksenberg Rorty, Amélie, eds., Identity, Character, and Morality: Essays in Moral Psychology. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 449–469.Google Scholar
Watson, Gary. 2004. “Two Faces of Responsibility,” in Agency and Answerability: Selected Essays. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 260–288.Google Scholar
Williams, Bernard. 1985. Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy. London, UK: Fontana Press.Google Scholar
Wolf, Susan. 2007. “Moral Psychology and the Unity of the Virtues.” Ratio (new series) XX(2): 145–167.Google Scholar
Wood, W. Jay. 2018. “Christian Theories of Virtue,” in Snow, Nancy E., ed., The Oxford Handbook of Virtue. New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 281–300.Google Scholar
Woodcock, S. 2006. “Philippa Foot’s Virtue Ethics Has an Achilles’ Heel.” Dialogue 45(6): 445–468.Google Scholar
Wright, Jennifer Cole, Warren, Michael, and Snow, Nancy E. (in press). Understanding Virtue: Theory and Measurement. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, Linda. 1996. Virtues of the Mind: An Inquiry into the Nature of Virtue and the Ethical Foundations of Knowledge. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, Linda. 2010. “Exemplarist Virtue Theory,” in Battaly, Heather, ed., Virtue and Vice: Moral and Epistemic. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 39–55.Google Scholar
Zagzebski, Linda. 2017. Exemplarist Moral Theory. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
- 16
- Cited by