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6. Compare Shepperson, W. S., British Emigration to North America (Minneapolis, 1957), pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

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9. Wise, S. F. and Brown, Robert Craig, Canada Views the United States (Toronto, 1967), pp. 8–9, 20, 26, 39, 48,80, 83,98.Google Scholar Compare also Mullen, Robert T., “Plutocracy and the Social Crisis,” The Week, October 5, 1894.Google Scholar

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15. “Mr. Harris Vineberg on the New York Ghetto,” Canadian Jewish Times, March 28,1902.

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35. David A. Ansell, president, Baron de Hirsch Institute, letter to president, Jewish Colonization Association, Paris, June 5, 1903, in Letterbook of the Baron de Hirsch Institute- Young Men's Benevolent Society (hereafter referred to as LBBDHI).

36. “The Jews of Winnipeg,” Winnipeg Telegram, as quoted in Baltimore Jewish Comment, August 23, 1901.

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43. Minutes of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, Montreal, September 3, 1855 (hereafter referred to as MSP). Edmund Scheuer, “Reminiscences of Canadian Jewry,” appended to Arthur Brodey, “Political and Civil Status of the Jews in Canada” (Rabbi and Master's thesis, Jewish Institute of Religion, 1933), pp. 357–58.

44. “St. Paul, Minnesota,” New York Jewish Messenger, February 15, 1884.

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50. See, for example, American Israelite, November 7, 1901 and January 9, 1902.

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62. See, for example, “Jews in Canada,” December 7, 1900.

63. “Letter from Canada,” Baltimore Jewish Comment, May 3, 1901.

64. See “Is Canada a Land for Jewish Immigration?,” Keneder odler, July 5, 1908; “The Varhayl Bluffs,” Keneder odler, October 21, 1910.

65. See, for example, “Current Topics,” Reform Advocate, August 7, 1897.

66. Carroll Ryan, “Letter from Canada,” Baltimore Jewish Comment, May 3, 1901

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84. See, for example, “Isaac Rubenstein, Sault-Ste. Marie,” in Arthur Daniel Hart, p. 152.

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90. “She Is Coming from Philadelphia to Arrest Her Husband,” Keneder odler, July 8, 1908.

91. Baron de Hirsch Institute Loose Leaf Book (hereafter referred to as LLB), December 28, 1906, Jewish Public Library, Montreal, Archives; Baron de Hirsch Institute, Annual Report,1913, pp. 8–9.

92. “Montreal (Canada),” Av 20, 1884. See also, Carroll Ryan, “Jewish Immigration to Canada,” Baltimore Jewish Comment, May 20, 1904.

93. See Birnbaum, S. J., “The History of the Jews in Toronto,” Canadian Jewish Times, January 24, 1913; “A Golden Wedding,” The American Hebrew, October 20, 1893.Google Scholar

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101. See S. J. Birnbaum.

102. Brebner, pp. 165–66.

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106. Hansen and Brebner, pp. 76–77; Brebner, p. 133.

107. See Moffett, pp. 52–73; Adler, E. N., “Visit to the Jewish Colony at Hirsch, Saskatchewan, Canada,” London Jewish Chronicle, December 27, 1907.Google Scholar

108. See, for example, “The Death of Mrs. A. De Sola,” Montreal Daily Witness, May 13, 1898; Montreal Star, June 19, 1902

109. Lazarus.

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111. Rebecca Gratz, personal letters to her sister-in-law, Ann Boswell Gratz, September 3, 1851, and May 5, 1854, in Philipson, pp. 377–79, 394–95.

112. Rebecca Gratz, personal letters to Benjamin Gratz, January 2, 1848, and to Ann Boswell Gratz, September 15, 1848, April 22, 1849, May 7, 1852, and January 27, 1863, in Philipson, pp. 342–43, 350–52, 358–59, 382–84, 433–34.

113. Abraham De Sola, various personal letters to Jane Belais and to Henry Pereira Mendes; invitation to the silver wedding anniversary reception of Mr. and Mrs. William Cane, Plattsburg, October 21,1872; undated invitation for a social evening from Rebecca Gratz, all in ADSP.

114. Coats and Maclean, pp. 43–44; Moffett, p. 67.

115. Figler, Abramowitz, pp. 169–70; unidentified newspaper clippings, Jewish Public Library, Montreal, Archives, Meldola De Sola Papers; N. Taylor Phillips, p. 272.

116. Montreal Star, July 3, 1907.

117. The same kind of unfavorable comparison of the lot of Canadian Jewry to that of coreligionists in other lands was made on the occasion of the visit of the Rt. Hon. Herbert Samuel, Postmaster General of Great Britain, to Montreal in 1913. See, for example, “L′Hon. M. Samuel au Montefiore Club,” Montreal La patrie, October 10, 1913.

118. See Moffett, pp. 79–81, 84–85.

119. Hansen and Brebner, pp. 241–42; Moffett, pp. 107–10; William F. Ryan, “The Church's Contribution to Progress, 1896–1914,“ inOne Church, Two Nations?, eds. Philip, LeBlanc and Arnold, Edinborough (Don Mills, Ontario, 1968), pp. 85–87.Google Scholar

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121. “Jew from New York a Prisoner,” Keneder odler, October 17, 1910.

122. Zvi Cohen, pp. 151, 230.

123. Hamilton, p. 359; The Vision and Understanding of a Man (Montreal, 1951), p. 11.

124. Moffett, p. 93; Levitt, Joseph, Henri Bourassa and the Golden Calf (Ottawa, 1969), p. 13;Google Scholar A. Suffrin, “Reminiscences in the History of Local No. 115,” 35th Jubilee Journal of the Montreal Bakers′ Union, Local 115 (Montreal, 1938); interview with Arnold Rose, regarding the activities of his father, a former union organizer, Toronto, December 11, 1974; “Jewish Bakers Still Out,” Montreal Gazette, May 31, 1906;Becker, Jacob Leib, Dertseylungen un zikhroynes (Montreal, 1956), pp. 254–55; Canadian Annual Review, 1908, pp. 113–15.Google Scholar

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130. See his History of the Valley of the Mississippi (Cincinnati, 1853); Life in the Far West (Cincinnati, I860); The Impending Crisis (New York, 1855); The Political State and Condition of Her Majesty's Protestant Subjects in the Province of Quebec (Since Confederation) (Toronto, 1871). See also, “Adolphus Mordecai Hart,” Bronfman Collection of Jewish Canadiana, Jewish Public Library, Montreal, Adolphus Mordecai Hart File;Rome, David, The Early Jewish Presence in Canada, A Booklover's Ramble Through Jewish Canadiana (Montreal, 1971), pp. 10–12.Google Scholar

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132. New York Jewish Messenger, January 12, 1872; Sir Moses Montefiore, personal letter to Abraham De Sola, February, 1872, in ADSP

133. “Canada,” London Jewish Chronicle, February 26, 1909.

134. Robert Craig Brown, pp. 244–55.

135. Who's Who and Why, 1915–16, pp. 532–33.

136. See “American Jewish Historical Society,” New York Jewish Messenger, December 31, 1897; “Proposed American Jewish Historical Exhibition,” Baltimore Jewish Comment, July 5, 1901.

137. Moffett, p. 63.

138. Kirschbaum, Joseph M., Slovaks in Canada (Toronto, 1967), p. 287.Google Scholar

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140. See Meldola De Sola [Old Timer], “Re-introduction of Orthodoxy in Forty-Fourth Street,” New York Hebrew Standard, December 21, 1891.

141. See Lazarus, p. 150; “Rag Journalism,” New York Hebrew Standard, March 10, 1899

142. For example, Meldola De Sola, “The Future of Judaism in America,” New York Herald, November 26, 1905

143. Wolofsky, Hirsch, Journey of My Life (Montreal, 1929), p. 218.Google Scholar

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145. See Newton, Bosworth, ed., Hochelaga Depicla: The Early History and Present State of the City and Island of Montreal (Montreal, 1839), passim, on the churches and synagogue of the city.Google Scholar

146. MSP, August 24, 1846; “History of the Jewish Communal Bodies of Montreal,” Canadian Jewish Times. December 11, 1899.

147. MSP, June 2, 1861; New York Jewish Messenger, April 20, 1875; Birnbaum, December 20, 1912.

148. “Biographical Sketches of Rabbis and Cantors Officiating in the United States,” American Jewish Year-Book, 1903–4, p. 64.

149. MSP, February 17, 1847, May 19, 1847, June 2, 1847, and March 7, 1852.

150. Ryan, Carroll, “Letter from Canada,” Baltimore Jewish Comment, February 1, 1901; Leo M. Schapp, “Judaism in Western Canada,” London Jewish Chronicle, May 8, 1905Google Scholar; Sch. Gottlieb, N., ′Ohole Shem (Pinsk, 1912), pp. 293, 300Google Scholar; 7“The Holy Blossom Toronto Hebrew Congregation,” in Arthur Daniel Hart, pp. 105–7; Zvi Cohen, pp. 203–4.

151. “Montreal, Canada,” New York Jewish Messenger, October 21, 1881; “Montreal,” American Israelite, October 24, 1901; “Biographical Sketches of Rabbis and Cantors Officiating in the United States,” p. 67; “Rabbi Herman Abramowitz,” Canadian Jewish Times, October 9, 1902; Figler, Abramowitz, passim; and many other places.

156. See Michael Brown, passim.

157. Eliasson, A., “Abroad,” Ha-melis, Nisan 18, 1897.Google Scholar

158. ,Benjamin G. Sack, “A Suit at Law Involving the First Jewish Minister in Canada,” PAJHS 31 (1928): 181–86; Pool, p. 431.Google Scholar

159. MSP, April 28, 1850; February 26, 1852.

160. Bertram Jonas, “Refugees from the Jewish Pulpit,” Canadian Jewish Chronicle, October 18, 1935, pp. 5, 16.

161. Benjamin Joseph, Berthier, Lower Canada, circumcision certificate, November 2, 1811, in ADSP.

162. MSP, various documents.

163. Carroll Ryan, “Jews in Canada,” Baltimore Jewish Comment, December 7, 1900; “The Shaar Hashomayim Synagogue, Montreal,” in Arthur Daniel Hart, p. 93.

164. Minutes of the Spanish and Portuguese Synagogue, New York, June 6, 1882 (hereafter referred to as SPNY).

165. MSP, September 15, 1897; Minutes of Temple Emanu-El, Montreal (hereafter referred to as MTEE), March 3, 1896, September 12, 1897; “Consecration of a Montreal Synagogue,” American Hebrew, September 5, 1890; “Montreal,” New York Jewish Messenger, September 23, 1892; To-morrow's Anniversary,” Montreal Star, December 29, 1893; “A Denver Rabbi Taken to Account,” Montreal Daily Herald, July 10, 1897; CCAR Yearbook, 1897, pp. vi-xiii; “Abroad,” Ha-melif, Av 10, 1898; “Montreal, Canada,” American Israelite, December 26, 1901; “Noted Jewish Scholar Visiting City,” Canadian Jewish Times, February 17, 1911.

166. Abraham De Sola, personal letter to Rev. J. L. Meyer, December 26, 1871, and other documents in ADSP; unidentified newspaper clipping, “An Israelitish Wedding,” 1878, in MDSB.

167. See, for example, “Congregation Shearith Israel,” New York Jewish Messenger, March 15, 1889; “Congregation Shearith Israel,” New York Jewish Messenger, May 23, 1892; The Jewish Sabbath Observance Association, Report, 1894; “Congregation Zichron Ephraim,” American Hebrew, January 4, 1895; “Nineteenth Street Temple,” New York Jewish Messenger. January 8, 1897; “Congregation Shearith Israel,” New York Jewish Messenger, May 21, 1897; “New York,” American Israelite, November 24, 1898; “Call to Orthodox Jews,” New York Sun, January 7, 1902; MSP, November 29, 1906; “Married,” unidentified newspaper clipping, in MDSB; SPNY, New York, May 26, 1896; The Jewish Year Book, 5663 (1903), p. 282.

168. Freshman, The Autobiography, p. 120

169. “Religious Riot in Toronto,” Canadian Jewish Times, June 23, 1911

170. Various letters in ADSP

171. MSP, September 23, 1856.

172. See “Montreal,” New York Jewish Messenger, June 16, 1899; CCAR Yearbook, 1897–98, p. xxviii

173. “An Interesting Bread Story,” Montreal Daily Herald, January 19, 1892; Meldola De Sola [A Well-Known Israelite], letter, Montreal Daily Herald, January 19, 1892.

174. SPNY, June 11, 1882.

175. See “Montreal, Canada,” New York Jewish Messenger, October 5, 1888; “A Venerable Book,” Montreal Daily Witness, April 24, 1893.

176. Pool, p. 115.

177. MSP, September 12, 1853.

178. SPNY, May 6, 1885, July 1, 1885, June 2, 1887; MSP, April 3, 1892; MTEE, January 7, 1892.

179. Figler, Abramowitz, p. 12.

180. As quoted in Figler,Abramowitz, pp.89–90.

181. SPNY, January 7, 1886.

182. See Sola, Meldola De, “Orthodox Organization,” New York Hebrew Standard, February 17, 1893; Clarence I. De Sola [An Orthodox Layman], “Orthodox Union,” New York Hebrew Standard, March 3, 1898; The Jewish Yearbook, 5663 (1903), p. 282.Google Scholar

183. Michael Brown, p. 323.

184. See CCAR Yearbook, 1897–98.

185. See Woodsworth, J. S., My Neighbor, 2d ed. (Toronto, 1913), pp. 52, 72–73;Google ScholarAllen, Richard, “The Social Gospel and the Reform Tradition in Canada, 1880–1925,” Canadian Historical Review 44 (1968), passim.Google Scholar

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190. See Keneder odler, 1907–14.

191. Osofsky, Gilbert, “The Hebrew Emigrant Aid Society of the United States (1881- 1883),” PAJHS 49 (1960): 176; “The Conference,” The American Hebrew, June 9, 1882; Proceedings of the Conference of Hebrew Emigrant Aid Societies and Auxiliary Committees, New York, 1882, pp. 6–7.Google Scholar

192. “The Conference,” The American Hebrew, June 9, 1882.

193. Wischnitzer, Visas, p. 62.

194. Sack, Benjamin G., History of the Jews in Canada, trans. Ralph Novek (Montreal, 1965), pp. 220–21;Google ScholarRobinson, Leonard G., “Agricultural Activities of Jews in America,” American Jewish Year-Book, 1912–13, p. 54; Arthur A. Chiel, The Jews in Manitoba (Toronto, 1961), p. 53.Google Scholar

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196. Rome, Early Documents, p. 12; American Jewish Year-Book, 1907–08, pp. 44–46; “Poalei Zionists Meet,” Montreal Daily Witness, October 19, 1910; Baruch Zuckerman, Zikhroynes (New York, 1962), pp. 331–35; Brainin, 3: 265.

197. Rosenberg, Louis, “Chronology of Canadian Jewish History,” Canadian Jewish Chronicle, October 30, 1959, p. 25; Moe Levitt, “The Federation of Young Judea of Canada,” in Arthur Daniel Hart, p. 289.Google Scholar

198. See Masliansky, 3: 218.

199. See, for example, The American Hebrew, January 6, 1899.

200. Compare Zuckerman, pp. 275–77, 329–30; and Jacob Zipper, Leyzer Zuker gedenkbukh (Montreal, 1968), passim

201. Rosenberg, Louis, “Two Centuries of Jewish Life in Canada, 1760–1960,” American Jewish Year Book, 1961, p. 40;Google Scholar various letters in ADSP; Joseph Rage, p. 49;Goldstein, N. W., “Die judischen Briider Orden in den Vereinigten-Staaten,” Zeitschrift fur Demographie und Statistik der Juden 8 (1912); 30.Google Scholar

202. Douville, p. 49.

203. Rosenberg, “Earliest Jewish Settlers,” p. 189; Nathan Phillips, “The B′nai B′rith in Canada,” in Arthur Daniel Hart, p. 433; “Montreal,” New York Jewish Messenger, May 5, 1899; Maxwell H. Tucker, “Montreal Bnai Brith in Retrospect,” Canadian Jewish Chronicle, May 25, 1934, p. 3.Google Scholar

204. Tucker, p. 7; Nathan Phillips, pp. 433–37.

205. “History of the Jewish Communal Bodies of Montreal,” Canadian Jewish Times, December 11, 1899, pp. 18–19; American Jewish Year-Book, 1900–01, p. 132; “A Grandiose Plan,” Keneder odler, November 9, 1910.

206. “The Workmen's Circle,” Canadian Jewish Year-Book, 1939–40, pp. 280–81; Rome, Early Documents, p. 47.

207. Pride of Israel Golden Jubilee (Toronto, 1955).

208. See Meldola De Sola, Jewish Ministers? (New York, 1905), p. 27; “An Interesting Episode,” New York Hebrew Standard, November 27, 1896; Meldola De Sola [Maccabeus], “The Lady of the Torah,” American Hebrew, February 9, 1900; Meldola De Sola [Yehudi], “The Latest Chutzpah,” New York Hebrew Standard, February 9, 1900; “Jewish Women Organize,” Montreal Star, August 30, 1896; “Jewish Women's Council,” Montreal Star, October 21, 1896; “Canada,” London Jewish Chronicle, March 6, 1908.

209. Figler, Bernard and Rome, David, The H. M. Caiserman Book (Montreal, 1962), p. 82.Google Scholar

210. American Jewish Year-Book, 1907–08, pp. 90–94.

211. Upsilon Chapter of Zeta Beta Tau, 1913–1923, A History (Montreal, 1923); Figler, Abramowitz, p. 68.

212. Moffett, p. 88.

213. Siegfried, Andre, The Race Question in Canada (New York, 1907), p. 126.Google Scholar

214. Isaac Landman [Ben Sirach], “Canadian Jews and Judaism,” American Israelite, November 21, 1901.

215. “Canadian Jewry,” The Jewish World, February 17, 1899.

216. See “The Mortara Abduction,” New York Herald, December 5, 1858; “The Mortara Meeting,” New York Jewish Messenger, December 10, 1858; Isaac Goldberg, Major Noah: American Jewish Pioneer (Philadelphia, 1936), passim.

217. Montreal Daily Witness, September 16, 1901. See also, “Special Prayers in City Churches,” Montreal Star, September 9, 1901.

218. See, for example, “The Battle Against the American Trusts” July 8, 1908; “The Strike in Philadelphia,” March 10, 1910; “True and False Partisans,” June 17, 1908.

219. See, for example, “Lincoln' Birthday,” February 11, 1909.

220. See, for example, “Today Is Thanksgiving Day,” October 31, 1910.

221. “Montreal,” New York Jewish Messenger, October 14, 1892.

222. See, for example, Canadian Jewish Times, December 15, 1905; Meldola De Sola, “The Future of Judaism in America,” New York Herald, November 26, 1905.

223. “Canada,” London Jewish Chronicle, March 17, 1893.

224. See “The Woodbine Agricultural School,” Canadian Jewish Times, September 30, 1898; “The Jewish Theater in New York,” Keneder odler, January 13, 1909; “The Comrades′ Mire,” Keneder odler, November 4, 1910.

225. See Morris.

226. Brebner, pp. 269–73; Penlington, p. 3; Scheuer, pp. 357–58; letters in ADSP; andFreshman, C., The Jews and the Israelites (Toronto, 1870), p. viii.Google Scholar

227. LLB, June 7, 1901.

228. Shepperson, p. 242.

229. Neusner, Jacob, “The Role of English Jews in the Development of American Jewish Life, 1775–1850,” YIVO Annual of Jewish Social Science 12 (1958–59): 135.Google Scholar

230. Rosenberg, “The Earliest Jewish Settlers,” p. 139.

231. History of the Corporation of Spanish and Portuguese Jews of Montreal, Canada (Montreal, 1918), p. 11.

232. Gartner, Lloyd P., “North Atlantic Jewry,” in Migration and Settlement, pp. 118–19; Birnbaum, November 29, 1912;Google ScholarRome, David, The First Two Years (Montreal, 1942), pp. 15–16; “The Late J. P. Davies,” in Arthur Daniel Hart, p. 561.Google Scholar

233. Kaplun-Kogan, Wlad. W., “Die judische Auswanderung der Neuzeit,” Zeitschrift fur Demographie und Statistik der Juden 8 (1912): 171.Google Scholar

234. Borthwick, p. 26; “David, Aaron Hart, M.D.,” Dominion Annual Register and Review.1882.

235. J. WilliamDawson, Fifty Years of Work in Canada (London and Edinburgh, 1901), pp. 145–61, 165, 173, 307–8.Google Scholar

236. Canadian Jewish Times, June 7, 1901; April 26, 1901; November 23, 1900.

237. See Yahalomshtein, Mordecai, untitled article, Ha-melis, Av 3, 1882.Google Scholar

238. “Die judischen Ordensbruderschaften in England,” Zeitschrift fur Demographie und Statistik der Juden 8(1912): 149–50.

239. Garrard, John A., The English and Immigration, 1880–1910 (London, 1971), pp. 169–70.Google Scholar

240. See, especially, “English and American Jews,” London Jewish Chronicle, June 10, 1904; “England and America: the Interchange of Ideas,” London Jewish Chronicle, June 17, 1904.

241. John Gwynne Timothy, “The Evolution of Protestant Nationalism,” in LeBlanc and Edinborough, pp. 31–36.

242. “By-Laws of the Corporation of the Portuguese Jews of Montreal,” 1857.

243. November 29, 1912; December 6, 1912; December 20, 1912; January 3, 1913; January 10, 1913; January 24, 1913; February 14, 1913; March 14, 1913.

244. Reynolds, Lloyd G., The British Immigrant: His Social and Economic Adjustment in Canada (Toronto, 1935), p. 121; Coats and Maclean, pp. 160–61.Google Scholar

245. Brebner, pp. 241–42.

246. As quoted in Berthoff, Rowland Tappan, British Immigrants in Industrial America (Cambridge, Mass., 1953), pp. 132–33.Google Scholar

247. Penlington, p. 106.

248. Montreal Daily Witness, February 18, 1898.

249. Timothy, pp. 41–44.

250. Siegfried, pp. 96–99.

251. Berger, pp. 171–72.

252. Lazarus, passim.

253. See various letters in MDSB.