In the past three decades several scholarly books were written about Moroccan Jewry highlighting the impact of modernization during the nineteenth century until the inauguration of the colonial era. These studies concentrate on modern secular education propagated by the Alliance Israelite Universelle (AIU hereafter), the Anglo-Jewish Association, European consular schools, and the Alliance Française. They focus on French and other European acculturation, Muslim-Jewish relations, and social stratification.1. Among these studies see: Michel Abitbol, Témoins et acteurs: les Corcos et l'histoire du Maroc contemporain (Jerusalem: Institut Ben-Zvi, 1977); Pierre Guillen, L'Allemagne et le Maroc de 1870 à 1905. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1967); Michael M. Laskier, The Alliance Israelite Universelle and the Jewish Communities of Morocco: 1862–1962 (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983); Jean-Louis Miege, Le Maroc et l'europe: 1830–1894, 3 vols. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1961–3); Daniel J. Schroeter, Merchants of Essaouira (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988); Reeva S. Simon, Michael M. Laskier, Sara Reguer (eds.), The Jews of the Middle East and North Africa: The Modern Period (New York: Columbia University Press [forthcoming]). Most of these books mention briefly the oeuvre of the Franciscan Catholic and British or American Protestant missions. Few delve into the activities, agenda, and caliber of activists who managed their affairs,2. One of the rare exceptions is Jean-Louis Miege's “Les missions protestantes au Maroc, 1875–1905,” Hesperis, 42 (1955): 153–186. dismissing these as marginal in the overall daily picture of Jewish communal life.