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Memory, Meaning, and Masonry: The Late Bonito Chacoan Landscape

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Ruth M. Van Dyke
Ruth M. Van Dyke*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, Colorado 80903, rvandyke@coloradocollege.edu
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Abstract

The monumental architecture of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico was constructed to convey, reinforce, and challenge ideas about social, ritual, and cosmological order. The concept of social memory can help clarify how architecture was employed in the transformation of Chacoan society at the beginning of the Late Bonito phase (A.D. 1100–1140). During the preceding century, Classic Bonito phase architecture expressed basic tenets of a Chacoan worldview—directionality, balanced dualism, and the canyon as a center place. At the beginning of the Late Bonito phase, confidence in the Chacoan ritual order was shaken by environmental and social developments. Leaders sought to re-formalize Chaco as a center place by instituting a new building scheme. Six new great houses were positioned on the landscape in a patterned, nested series of oppositional relationships. This re-formalization of the Chacoan landscape was legitimated through direct alignments and indirect architectural references to the Classic Bonito past. The new buildings were meant to bolster confidence in leaders and to attract followers by offering a combination of the familiar and the novel.

Resumen

Resumen

La arquitectura monumental del Cañón de Chaco, Nuevo México, se construyó para transmitir, reforzar, y desafiar las ideas acerca de del orden social, ritual y la cosmología. El concepto de la memoria social puede ayudar a clarificar cómo la arquitectura se empleó en la transformación de la sociedad de Chaco a principios de la fase Bonito Tardía (D.C 1100–1140). Durante el siglo anterior, la arquitectura de lafase Bonito Clásica expresó los principios básicos de la cosmovisión Chaco—direccionalidad, dualidad equilibrada, y el cañón como un lugar central. A principios de la fase Bonito Tardía, la confianza en el orden ritual de Chaco fue sacudida por cambios ambientales y desarrollos sociales. Los líderes quisieron re-formalizar Chaco como un lugar central instituyendo un esquema nuevo de construcción. Seis casas grandes nuevas se agregaron al paisaje en un patrón de series vinculadas en relaciones espaciales de oposición. Esta re-formalización del paisaje de Chaco fue legitimado por alineaciones directas y referencias arquitectónicas indirectas al pasado de la fase Bonito Clásica. Los edificios nuevos sirvieron para reforzar la confianza en los líderes y también para atraer los seguidores ofreciendo una combinación de lo familiar y lo nuevo.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 69 , Issue 3 , July 2004 , pp. 413 - 431
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2004

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