Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T15:32:12.463Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“From This Far Place”: On Justice and Absence

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 November 2011

W. JAMES BOOTH
W. JAMES BOOTH*
Affiliation:
Vanderbilt University
*
W. James Booth is Professor, Department of Political Science, Vanderbilt University, PMB 0505, 230 Appleton Place, Nashville, TN 37203-5721 (william.j.booth@vanderbilt.edu).
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Addressing historic injustice involves a struggle against absence. This article reflects on the foundations of that challenge, on absence and justice. I ask what it means to address the absent victims of deadly injustice given the distance of time and death that separates us from them. This topic embraces a wide swath of events of interest to students of politics. Some are as recent as the Rwandan genocide; others are by now historical: the Holocaust or slavery in antebellum America. All have in common that they and their victims are distant from us, a separation that makes doing them justice deeply perplexing. In response, I sketch an argument that the absent victims of injustice are not nullities but retain a status, a presence as claimants on justice that defines our efforts to address the wrongs done them.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Political Science Review , Volume 105 , Issue 4 , November 2011 , pp. 750 - 764
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Ackerman, Bruce A. 1992. The Future of Liberal Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Aeschylus. 1971a. Eumenides. In Aeschylus: Works in Two Volumes. Vol. 2, ed. and trans. Smyth, Herbert Weir, Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Aeschylus. 1971b. Libation-Bearers. In Aeschylus: Works in Two Volumes. Vol. 2, ed. and trans. Smyth, Herbert Weir, Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Aeschylus. 2008. “Fragment 266.” In Aeschylus: Fragments, in Aeschylus. Vol. lll, ed. and trans. Sommerstein, Alan H., Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 266–67.Google Scholar
Alfonsín, Raúl. 1993. “‘Never Again’ in Argentina.” Journal of Democracy 4 (1): 15–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Danielle S. 2000. The World of Prometheus: The Politics of Punishing in Democratic Athens. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Améry, Jean. 1977. Jenseits von Schuld und Sühne. Bewältigungsversuche eines Überwältigen. Stuttgart: Klett-Cotta.Google Scholar
Antiphon. 1941. “The First Tetralogy.” In Minor Attic Orators. Vol. 1: Antiphon, Andocides, trans. Maidment, K. J., Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 52–83.Google Scholar
Arendt, Hannah. 1992. Eichmann in Jerusalem: A Report on the Banality of Evil. New York: Penguin.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1932. The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. Rackham, Harris, Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge, MA: William Heinemann.Google Scholar
Aristotle. 1972. “De Memoria et Reminiscentia.” In Aristotle on Memory, ed. Sorabji, Richard. Providence, RI: Brown University Press, 47–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“The Attorney General's Opening Speech.” 1992–1994. In The Trial of Adolf Eichmann: Record of Proceedings. Vol. 1. Jerusalem: Ministry of Justice, State of Israel, 62–116.Google Scholar
Bass, Gary Jonathan. 2000. Stay the Hand of Vengeance: The Politics of War Crimes Tribunals. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bentham, Jeremy. 1996. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. In The Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, eds. Burns, J. H. and Hart, H. L. A.. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Blustein, Jeffrey. 2008. The Moral Demands of Memory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Booth, W. James. 2006. Communities of Memory: On Witness, Identity, and Justice. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braun, Maximilian. 1998. Die Eumeniden des Aischylos und der Areopag. Classica Monacensia, vol. 19. Tübingen, Germany: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Brown, A. L. 1983. “The Erinyes in the Oresteia: Real Life, the Supernatural, and the Stage.” The Journal of Hellenic Studies 103: 13–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burnett, Anne Pippin. 1998. Revenge in Attic and Later Tragedy. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Callahan, Joan C. 1987. “On Harming the Dead.” Ethics 97 (January): 341–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Case, Jane. 1902. “Apollo and the Erinyes in the Electra of Sophocles.” Classical Review 16 (4): 195–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Certeau, Michel de. 1970. “Histoire et structure: Débat.” Recherches et Débats 68: 167–95.Google Scholar
Cixous, Hélène. 1992. “Le Coup.” In Eschyle, l'Orestie, les Euménides. Paris: Théâtre du Soleil, 5–13.Google Scholar
Cixous, Hélène. 1995. La Ville Parjure ou le Réveil des Érinyes. Paris: Théâtre du Soleil.Google Scholar
Cixous, Hélène, and Fort, Bernadette. 1997. “Theatre, History, Ethics: An Interview with Hélène Cixous on The Perjured City, or the Awakening of the Furies.” New Literary History 28 (3): 425–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockburn, David. 1997. Other Times: Philosophical Perspectives on Past, Present, and Future. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, David. 1986. “The Theodicy of Aeschylus: Justice and Tyranny in the ‘Oresteia.’” Greece and Rome 33 (2): 129–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, David. 1995. Law, Violence, and Community in Classical Athens. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, David. 2005a. “Crime, Punishment, and the Rule of Law in Classical Athens.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, eds. Cohen, David and Gagarin, Michael. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 211–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, David. 2005b. “Theories of Punishment.” In The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Greek Law, eds. Cohen, David and Gagarin, Michael. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 170–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Combe, Pierre Judet de la. 1990. “Rationalisation du Droit et Fiction Tragiques: Les Euménides.” In La Naissance de la Raison en Grèce, ed. Mattèi, Jean-François. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 265–77.Google Scholar
Conan, Éric. 1998. Le Procès Papon: Un Journal d'Audience. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Courtois, Gérard. 1984a. “La Vengeance, du Désir aux Institutions.” In La vengeance. Études d'Ethnologie, d'Histoire et de Philosophie, ed. Courtois, Gérard. Vol. 4: La Vengeance dans la Pensée Occidentale. Paris: Editions Cujas, 8–45.Google Scholar
Courtois, Gérard. 1984b. “Le Sens et la Valeur de la Vengeance, Chez Aristote et Séneque.” In La Vengeance: Études d'Ethnologie, d'Histoire et de Philosophie, ed. Courtois, Gérard. Vol. 4: La Vengeance dans la Pensée Occidentale. Paris: Editions Cujas, 91–124.Google Scholar
Cowen, Tyler. 2006. “How Far Back Should We Go? Why Restitution Should Be Small.” In Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy, ed. Elster, Jon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 17–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwish, Mahmoud. 2010. Absent Presence, trans. Shaheen, Mohammad. London: Hesperus.Google Scholar
Daube, Benjamin. 1939. Zu den Rechtsproblemen in Aischylos’ Agamemnon. Zurich and Leipzig: Max Niehans Verlag.Google Scholar
De Brito, Alexandra Barahona. 1997. Human Rights and Democratization in Latin America. Uruguay and Chile. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demosthenes. 1935. “XXIII: Against Aristocrates,” trans. Vince, James Herbert. In Demosthenes: Orations. Vol. 3: Orations XXI–XXVI, Loeb Classical Library. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 212–367.Google Scholar
Dodds, Eric R. 1951. The Greeks and the Irrational. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Douglas, Lawrence. 2001. The Memory of Judgment: Making Law and History in the Trials of the Holocaust. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Dreger, Lilian. 1940. “Das Bild im Spiegel: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Antiken Malerei.” Ph.D. diss. Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg.Google Scholar
Duff, R.A. 2001. Punishment, Communication, and Community. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duff, R.A. 2007. Answering for Crime: Responsibility and Liability in the Criminal Law. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Duff, R.A., Farmer, Lindsay, Marshall, Sandra E., and Tadros, Victor. 2007. The Trial on Trial. Vol. 3: Towards a Normative Theory of the Criminal Trial. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Elster, Jon. 1998. “Coming to Terms with the Past: A Framework for the Study of Justice in the Transition to Democracy.” Archives Européennes de Sociologie 39 (1): 7–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, Jon. 2004. Closing the Books: Transitional Justice in Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, Jon. 2006a. “Retribution.” In Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy, ed. Elster, Jon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 33–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, Jon, ed. 2006b. Retribution and Reparation in the Transition to Democracy. 2006. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
“Erinys.” 1986. In Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae (LIMC), ed. Boardman, John et al. , vol. 3.1. Zurich and Munich: Artemis, 595–606.Google Scholar
Euben, J. Peter. 1982. “Justice and the Oresteia.” American Political Science Review 76 (1): 22–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Euben, J. Peter. 1990. The Tragedy of Political Theory. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feinberg, Joel. 1984. The Moral Limits of the Criminal Law. Vol. 1: Harm to Others. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Fletcher, George P. 1998. Basic Concepts of Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forbes, P. B. R. 1948. “Law and Politics in the Oresteia.” Classical Review 62 (3/4): 99–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gagarin, Michael. 1976. Aeschylean Drama. Berkeley: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garapon, Antoine. 1985. L'Âne Portant des Reliques: Essai sur le Rituel Judiciaire. Paris: Éditions du Centurion.Google Scholar
Garapon, Antoine. 1998. “La Justice et l'Inversion Morale du Temps.” In Pourquoi se souvenir? ed. Barret-Ducrocq, Françoise. Paris: Grasset, 113–24Google Scholar
Garapon, Antoine. 2002. Des crimes qu'on ne peut ni punir ni pardoner: Pour une justice internationale. Paris: Odile Jacob.Google Scholar
Garapon, Antoine. 2009a. “Préface.” In Justice sans Châtiment: Les Commissions Vérite-Réconciliation. Paris: Odile Jacob, 9–19.Google Scholar
Garapon, Antoine. 2009b. “Préface.” In Réparer l'Irréparable: Les Réparations aux Victimes Devant la Cour Pénale Internationale. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, vii–xii.Google Scholar
Gardner, John. 2007. “Crime: In Proportion and in Perspective.” In Offenses and Defenses: Selected Essays in the Philosophy of Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 213–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldhill, Simon. 1984. Language, Sexuality, Narrative: The Oresteia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grethlein, Jonas. 2003. Asyl und Athen: Die Konstruktion Kollektiver Identität in der Griechischen Tragödie. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grethlein, Jonas. 2010. The Greeks and Their Past: Poetry, Oratory and History in the Fifth Century BCE. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Günther, Klaus. 2001. “The Criminal Law of ‘Guilt’ as Subject of a Politics of Remembrance in Democracies.” In Lethe's Law: Justice, Law, and Ethics in Reconciliation, eds. Christodoulidis, Emilios and Veitch, Scott. Oxford: Hart, 3–15.Google Scholar
Hampshire, Stuart. 1989. Innocence and Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Harrison, Jane E. 1899. “Delphika.—(A) The Erinyes. (B) The Omphalos.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 19: 205–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrmann, Winfried. 1968. “Spiegelbild im Spiegel. Zur Darstellung auf Frühlukanischen Vasen.” In von Lücken, Festschrift Gottfried. Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrifte der Universität Rostock 17: 667–71.Google Scholar
Herstein, Ori J. 2008. “Historic Injustice, Group Membership, and Harm to Individuals: Defending Claims for Historic Justice from the Non-identity Problem.” Public Law and Legal Theory Working Paper Group Paper Number 08–174. New York: Columbia Law School.Google Scholar
Hénaff, Marcel. 2002. Le Prix de la Vérité: Le Don, l'Argent, la Philosophie. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Hill, Renée A. 2002. “Compensatory Justice: Over Time and between Groups.” Journal of Political Philosophy 10 (4): 392–415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunter, Virginia J. 1994. Policing Athens: Social Control in the Attic Lawsuits, 420–320 B.C. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ivison, Duncan. 2000. “Political Community and Historical Injustice.” Australasian Journal of Philosophy 78 (3): 360–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, John E. 2008. L'Ambiguïté Tragique: Essai sur une Forme du Tragique au Théâtre. Paris: José Corti.Google Scholar
Jaudel, Étienne. 2009. Justice sans Châtiment: Les Commissions Vérite-Réconciliation, 9–19. Paris: Odile Jacob.Google Scholar
Jeudy, Henri-Pierre. 1997. Conte de la Mère Morte. Bruxelles: La Lettre Volée.Google Scholar
Johnston, Sarah Iles. 1999. Restless Dead: Encounters between the Living and the Dead in Ancient Greece. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Kossatz-Deissmann, Anneliese. 1978. Dramen des Aischylos auf Westgriechischen Vasen. Schriften zur antiken Mythologie (Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften Kommission für antike Mythologie), vol. 4. Mainz am Rhein, Germany: Philipp von Zabern.Google Scholar
Kutz, Christopher. 2004. “Justice in Reparations: The Cost of Memory and the Value of Talk.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 32 (3): 277–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Rochefoucauld, François. [1678] 1991. Réflexions ou Sentences et Maximes Morales. Paris: Librairie Générale Française.Google Scholar
Laks, André, and Most, Glenn W.. 1997. “A Provisional Translation of the Derveni Papyrus.” In Studies on the Derveni Papyrus, eds. Laks, André and Most, Glenn W.. Oxford: Clarendon, 9–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanza, Diego. 1988. “Les Temps de l'Émotion Tragique: Malaise et Soulagement.” Mètis: Anthropologie des Mondes Grecques Anciens 3 (1/2): 15–39.Google Scholar
Laurens, Camille. 2004. Cet Absent-là. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Levenbook, Barbara Baum. 1985. “Harming the Dead, Once Again.” Ethics 96 (October–December): 162–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loraux, Nicole. 1999. La Voix Endeuillée: Essai Sur la Tragédie Grecque. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Lord Saville et al. 2010. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20101103103930/http://bloody-sunday-inquiry.org/ (accessed August 15 2011).Google Scholar
Lowenthal, David. 2008–2009. “On Arraigning Ancestors: A Critique of Historical Contrition.” North Carolina Law Review 87: 901–66.Google Scholar
MacDowell, Douglas M. 1963. Athenian Homicide Law in the Age of the Orators. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar
Macé, Gérard. 1993. La Mémoire Aime Chasser dans le Noir. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Mace, Sarah. 2002. “Why the Oresteia's Sleeping Dead Won't Lie. Part I: Agamemnon.” Classical Journal 98 (1): 35–56.Google Scholar
Mace, Sarah. 2004. “Why the Oresteia's Sleeping Dead Won't Lie. Part II: Choephoroi and Eumenides.” Classical Journal 106 (1): 39–60.Google Scholar
MacLeod, Colin W. 1982. “Politics and the Oresteia.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 102: 122–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, Sandra E. 2005. “Victims of Crime: Their Station and Its Duties.” In Managing Modernity: Politics and the Culture of Control, ed. Matravers, Matt. New York: Routledge, 104–17.Google Scholar
McCarthy, Thomas A. 2002. “Vergangenheitsbewältigung in the USA: On the Politics of the Memory of Slavery.” Political Theory 30 (5): 623–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, Thomas A. 2004. “Coming to Terms with Our Past, Part II: On the Morality and Politics of Reparations for Slavery.” Political Theory 32 (6): 750–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Minow, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History after Genocide and Mass Violence. Boston: Beacon.Google Scholar
Müller, Karl Otfried. 1833. Aeschylus Eumeniden. Göttingen, Germany: Dieterich.Google Scholar
Nagel, Thomas. 1970. “Death.” Noûs 4 (1): 73–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nino, Carlos Santiago. 1996. Radical Evil on Trial. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Osiel, Mark. 1997. Mass Atrocity, Collective Memory, and the Law. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction.Google Scholar
Ost, François. 2004. Raconter la Loi. Aux Sources de l'Imaginaire Juridique. Paris: Odile Jacob.Google Scholar
Overbeck, Johannes. 1853. Die Bildwerke zum Thebischen und Troischen Heldenkreis. Braunschweig, Germany: C.A. Schwetschke und Sohn.Google Scholar
Parker, Robert. 1983. Miasma: Pollution and Purification in Early Greek Religion. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Partridge, Ernest. 1981. “Posthumous Interests and Posthumous Respect.” Ethics 91 (2): 243–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pelling, Christopher. 2000. Literary Texts and the Greek Historian. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Phillips, David D. 2008. Avengers of Blood: Homicide in Athenian Law and Custom from Draco to Demosthenes. Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte. Einzelschriften, vol. 202. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner.Google Scholar
Pitcher, George. 1984. “The Misfortunes of the Dead.” American Philosophical Quarterly 21 (2): 183–88.Google Scholar
Podlecki, Anthony J. 1999. The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy, 2nd ed. London: Bristol Classical.Google Scholar
Posner, Eric A., and Vermeule, Adrian. 2003. “Reparations for Slavery and Other Historical Injustices.” Columbia Law Review 103: 689–747.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramnoux, Clémence. 1959. La Nuit et les Enfants de la Nuit de la Tradition Grecque. Paris: Gallimard.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. 1997. “Gedächtnis-Vergessen-Geschichte.” In Historische Sinnbildung: Problemstellungen, Zeitkonzepte, Wahrnehmungshorizonte, Darstellungsstrategien, eds. Müller, Klaus E. and Rüsen, Jörn. Hamburg: Rowolt, 433–54.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. 1998. “Définition de la Mémoire d'un Point de Vue Philosophique.” In Pourquoi se Souvenir? ed. Barret-Ducrocq, Françoise. Paris: Grasset, 28–32.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. 2000. La Mémoire, l'Histoire, l'Oubli. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar
Ricoeur, Paul. 2007. Vivant jusqu'à la Mort: Suivi de Fragments. Paris: Seuil.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridge, Michael. 2003. “Giving the Dead Their Due.” Ethics 114 (October): 38–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rohde, Erwin. 1903. Psyche: Seelencult und Unsterblichkeitsglaube der Griechen, 3rd ed. Tübingen, Germany: J.C.B. Mohr.Google Scholar
Roisman, Hanna M. 1988. “The Opening of the Second Stasimon in Aeschylus’ Eumenides.” Eranos 87: 7–11.Google Scholar
Romilly, Jacqueline de. 1995. Le Temps dans la Tragédie Grecque. Paris: Vrin.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, Adolf. 1874. Die Erinyen. Ein Beitrag zur Religion und Kunst der Griechen. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger.Google Scholar
Rosenblum, Nancy L., ed. 2002. Breaking the Cycles of Hatred: Memory, Law, and Repair, ed. Rosenblum, Nancy L.. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rosenmeyer, Thomas G. 1982. The Art of Aeschylus. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Saïd, Suzanne. 1984. “La Tragédie de la Vengeance.” In La Vengeance: Études d'Ethnologie, d'Histoire et de Philosophie, ed. Courtois, Gérard, Vol. 4: La Vengeance dans la Pensée Occidentale. Paris: Editions Cujas, 47–90.Google Scholar
Saïd, Suzanne. 1987. “Deux Noms de l'Image en Grec Ancien: Idole et Icône.” Comptes-rendus des Séances de l'Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres 131 (2): 309–30.Google Scholar
Scarre, Geoffrey. 2003. “Archaeology and Respect for the Dead.” Journal of Applied Philosophy 20 (3): 237–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlögel, Karl. 2008. Terror und Traum. Moskau 1937. Munich: Carl Hanser.Google Scholar
Schneider-Herrmann, G. 1980. Red-figured Lucanian and Apulian Nestorides and Their Ancestors. Allard Pierson Series. Studies in Ancient Civilization, vol. 1. Amsterdam: Allard Pierson Museum.Google Scholar
Seaford, Richard. 1995. “Historicizing Tragic Ambivalence: The Case of Athena's Note.” In History, Tragedy, Theory: Dialogues on Athenian Drama, ed. Goff, Barbara. Austin: University of Texas Press, 202–21.Google Scholar
Sewell-Rutter, Neil J. 2007. Guilt by Descent: Moral Inheritance and Decision Making in Greek Tragedy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sher, George. 2005. “Transgenerational Compensation.” Philosophy and Public Affairs 33 (2): 181–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sidwell, Keith. 1996. “Purification and Pollution in Aeschylus’ Eumenides.” Classical Quarterly 46 (New Series; 1): 44–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simondon, Michèle. 1982. La Mémoire et l'Oubli dans la Pensée Grecque Jusq'à la Fin du Ve Siècle Avant J.-C. Paris: Les Belles Lettres.Google Scholar
Smith, Alexander McCall. 2001. “Time, Guilt, and Forgiveness.” In Lethe's Law: Justice, Law, and Ethics in Reconciliation, eds. Christodoulidis, Emilios and Veitch, Scott. Oxford: Hart, 47–61.Google Scholar
Sommerstein, Alan H. 1989a. “Commentary.” In Aeschylus Eumenides, ed. Sommerstein, Alan H.. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 79–286.Google Scholar
Sommerstein, Alan H. 1989b. “Introduction.” In Aeschylus Eumenides, ed. Sommerstein, Alan H.. Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–36.Google Scholar
Sophocles. 1992. Electra. In The Complete Greek Tragedies. Vol. 2, eds. Grene, David and Lattimore, Richmond, trans. David Grene. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Spaemann, Robert. 2006. Persons: The Difference between ‘Someone’ and ‘Something,’ trans. O'Donovan, Oliver. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Spinner-Halev, Jeff. 2007. “From Historical to Enduring Injustice.” Political Theory 35 (5): 574–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teitel, Ruti G. 2000. Transitional Justice. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Theunissen, Michael. 1984. “Die Gegenwart des Todes im Leben.” In Tod und Sterben, eds. Winau, Rolf and Rosemeier, Hans Peter. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 102–24.Google Scholar
Thomas, Yan. 1998. “La Vérité, le Temps, le Juge, et l'Historien.” Le Débat 102 (November/December): 17–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Todd, Stephen Charles. 1993. The Shape of Athenian Law. Oxford: Clarendon.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Urbain, Jean-Didier. 1998. L'Archipel des Morts. Paris: Payot et Rivages.Google Scholar
Vellacott, Philip. 1977. “Has Good Prevailed? A Further Study of the Oresteia.” Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, 81: 113–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vellacott, Philip. 1984. The Logic of Tragedy: Morals and Integrity in Aeschylus’ Oresteia. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre. 1983. “De la Présentification de l'Invisible à l'Imitation de l'Apparence.” Rencontres de l'École du Louvre (Image et Signification), 25–37.Google Scholar
Vernant, Jean-Pierre. 1996. “Figuration et Image.” In Entre Mythe et Politique. Paris: Seuil, 378–95.Google Scholar
Veyne, Paul. 1983. Les Grecs Ont-ils Cru à Leurs Mythes. Paris: Seuil.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Visser, Margaret. 1984. “Vengeance and Pollution in Classical Athens.” Journal of the History of Ideas 45 (2): 193–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldron, Jeremy. 1992. “Superseding Historic Injustice.” Ethics 103 (1): 4–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weschler, Lawrence. 1990. A Miracle, a Universe: Settling Accounts with Torturers. New York: Pantheon.Google Scholar
Winnington-Ingram, Reginald P. 1954. “A Religious Function of Greek Tragedy: A Study in the Oedipus Coloneus and the Oresteia.” Journal of Hellenic Studies 74: 16–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winnington-Ingram, Reginald P. 1980. Sophocles: An Interpretation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wüst, Ernst. 1956. “Erinys.” In Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft, eds. Wissowa, Georg, Kroll, Wilhelm, and Mittelhaus, Karl, Vol. 8: Supplementband. Stuttgart: Alfred Druckenmüller, 82–166.Google Scholar
Zaoui, Michel. 2009. Mémoires de Justice: Les Procès Barbie, Touvier, Papon. Paris: Seuil.Google Scholar