Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-wq2xx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T03:16:38.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Rethinking Representation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 December 2003

JANE MANSBRIDGE
Affiliation:
Harvard University

Abstract

Along with the traditional “promissory” form of representation, empirical political scientists have recently analyzed several new forms, called here “anticipatory,” “gyroscopic,” and “surrogate” representation. None of these more recently recognized forms meets the criteria for democratic accountability developed for promissory representation, yet each generates a set of normative criteria by which it can be judged. These criteria are systemic, in contrast to the dyadic criteria appropriate for promissory representation. They are deliberative rather than aggregative. They are plural rather than singular.

Type
ARTICLES
Copyright
© 2003 by the American Political Science Association

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Achen Christopher H. 1978 Measuring Representation American Journal of Political Science 22 (August): 475 510Google Scholar
Applbaum Arthur Isak 1999 Ethics for Adversaries: The Morality of Roles in Public and Private Life Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Arnold Douglas R. 1990 The Logic of Congressional Action New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Arnold Douglas R. 1993 Can Inattentive Citizens Control Their Elected Representatives? Congress Reconsidered Lawrence Dodd Bruce Oppenheimer Washington, DC: CQ Press
Bachrach Peter Baratz Morton 1963 Decisions and Non-Decisions: An Analytical Framework American Political Science Review 57 (September): 632–42Google Scholar
Banfield Edward C. 1961 Political Influence Glencoe, IL: Free Press
Barber Benjamin R. 1984 Strong Democracy: Participatory Politics for a New Age Berkeley: University of California Press
Barry Brian 1991 Power: An Economic Analysis Democracy and Power: Essays in Political Theory I Oxford: Oxford University Press
Behn Robert D. 2001 Rethinking Democratic Accountability Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press
Beitz Charles R. 1989 Political Equality: An Essay in Democratic Theory Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Bernstein Robert A. 1989 Elections, Representation, and Congressional Voting Behavior: The Myth of Constituency Control Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Bianco William T. 1994 Trust: Representatives and Constituents Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press
Bianco William T. 1996 A Rationale for Descriptive Representation: When Are Constituents Better Off Electing ‘Someone Like Us.’ Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association
Braybrooke David 1996 Changes of Rules, Issue-Circumscription, and Issue-Processing Social Rules: Origins; Character; Logic; Change David Braybrooke Boulder, CO: Westview Press
Brennan Geoffrey Hamlin Alan 1999 On Political Representation British Journal of Political Science 29 (January): 109–27Google Scholar
Brennan Geoffrey Hamlin Alan 2000 Democratic Devices and Desires Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Burke Edmund 1889 Letter to Sir Hercules Langriche The Works of the Right Honorable Edmund Burke Vol. 3. Boston: Little Brown
Burke Edmund 1889 Speech to the Electors of Bristol The Works of the Right Honorable Edmund Burke Vol. 2. Boston: Little Brown
Carroll Susan J. 2002 Representing Women: Congresswomen's Perceptions of their Representational Roles Women Transforming Congress Cindy Simon Rosenthal Oklahoma City: Oklahoma University Press
Cohen Joshua 1989 Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy The Good Polity: Normative Analysis of the State Alan Hamlin Philip Pettit Oxford: Basil Blackwell
Cohen Joshua Rogers Joel 1995 Secondary Associations and Democratic Governance Associations and Democracy Eric Olin Wright London: Verso
Congressional Quarterly Weekly 1983 Varied Legislative Styles, Philosophies Found Among Congress' 23 Women 41 (April 23): 784–5
Connolly William A. 1972 On ‘Interests’ in Politics Politics and Society 2 (Summer): 459–77Google Scholar
Conover Pamela Johnston 1988 The Role of Social Groups in Political Thinking British Journal of Political Science 18 (January): 51 76Google Scholar
Crenson Matthew A. 1971 The Un-Politics of Air Pollution A Study of Non-Decisionmaking in the Cities Baltimore: Johns Hopkins
Crosby Ned 1995 Citizen Juries: One Solution for Difficult Environmental Problems Fairness and Competence in Citizen Participation Ortwin Renn et al Norwell, MA: Kluwer Academic
Dahl Robert A. 1957 The Concept of Power Behavioral Science 2 (July): 201–15Google Scholar
Dahl Robert A. 1997 On Deliberative Democracy Dissent 44 (Summer): 54–8Google Scholar
DiMarzio Amy 1997 Surrogate Representatives: A Congressional Voice for Minorities Undergraduate paper. Harvard University:
Dodson Debra L. et al 1995 Voices, Views, Votes: The Impact of Women in the 103rd Congress New Brunswick, NJ: Center for the American Woman and Politics, Rutgers University
Downs Anthony 1957 An Economic Theory of Democracy New York: Harper and Row
Entman Robert M. 1989 Democracy Without Citizens New York: Oxford University Press
Fearon James D. 1999 Electoral Accountability and the Control of Politicians: Selecting Good Types versus Sanctioning Poor Performance Democracy, Accountability, and Representation Adam Prezworski Bernard Manin Susan C. Stokes Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Fenno Richard F. Jr 1978 Home Style: House Members in their Districts Boston: Little, Brown
Ferejohn John 1986 Incumbent Performance and Electoral Control Public Choice 50 (Fall): 5 25Google Scholar
Fiorina Morris P. 1974 Representatives, Roll Calls, and Constituencies Lexington, MA: Lexington Books
Fiorina Morris P. 1977 An Outline for a Model of Party Choice American Journal of Political Science 21 (August): 601–25Google Scholar
Fiorina Morris P. 1981 Retrospective Voting in American National Elections New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Fishkin James 1991 Democracy and Deliberation New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Fishkin James 1995 The Voice of the People New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Fishkin James 1996 The Dialogue of Justice New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Friedrich Carl J. 1937 Constitutional Government and Politics New York: Harper and Bros
Friedrich Carl J. 1958 On Authority Authority: NOMOS I Carl J. Friedrich Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Friedrich Carl J. 1963 Man and His Government New York: McGraw–Hill
Gallie W. B. 1962 Essentially Contested Concepts The Importance of Language Max Black Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall
Gaventa John 1980 Power and Powerlessness Urbana: University of Illinois Press
Goodin Robert E. 1999 Accountability The International Encyclopedia of Elections Richard Rose Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press
Greif Avner 1993 Contract Enforceability and Economic Institutions in Early Trade: The Maghiribi Traders' Coalition American Economic Review 83 (June): 525–48Google Scholar
Gutmann Amy Thompson Dennis 1996 Democracy and Disagreement Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Habermas Jürgen 1971 Knowledge and Human Interests Trans. Jeremy J. Shapiro Boston: Beacon Press
Habermas Jürgen 1984 The Theory of Communicative Action. Vol. 1. Reason and the Rationalization of Society Trans. Thomas McCarthy. Boston: Beacon Press
Habermas Jürgen 1990 Justice and Solidarity: On the Discussion Concerning ‘Stage 6.’” Trans. Shierry Weber Nicholsen The Moral Domain: Essays in the Ongoing Discussion between Philosophy and the Social Sciences Thomas E. Wren Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Herbst Susan 1993 Numbered Voices Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Hibbings John R. Theiss-Morse Elizabeth 2002 Stealth Democracy Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Honig Bonnie 1993 Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press
Jacobs Lawrence R. Shapiro Robert Y. 2000 Politicians Don't Pander: Political Manipulation and the Loss of Democratic Responsiveness Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Jackson John E. King David C. 1989 Public Goods, Private Interests, and Representation American Political Science Review 83 (December): 114364Google Scholar
Key V. O. Cummings Milton C. 1961 The Responsible Electorate New York: Vintage Press
King David Scott Esther 1995 Catastrophic Health Insurance for the Elderly Cambridge, MA: Kennedy School of Government Case C18-95-1278.0
Kingdon John W. 1981 Congressmen's Voting Decisions New York: Harper and Row
Kingdon John W. 1984 Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies Boston: Little Brown
Knight Jack Johnson James 1994 Aggregation and Deliberation: On the Possibility of Democratic Legitimacy Political Theory 22 (May): 277–96Google Scholar
Knight Jack Johnson James 1998 What Sort of Political Equality Does Democratic Deliberation Require? Deliberative Democracy James Bohman William Rehg Cambridge, MA: MIT Press
Kuklinski James H. Segura Gary M. 1995 Endogeneity, Exogeneity, Time, and Space in Political Representation Legislative Studies Quarterly 20 (February) 3 21Google Scholar
Kymlicka Will 1993 Group Representation in Canadian Politics Equity and Community: The Charter, Interest Advocacy, and Representation F. L. Siedle Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy
Latane Bibb Darley John M. 1970 The Unresponsive Bystander Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice–Hall
Lively Jack 1975 Democracy Oxford: Blackwell
Lott John R. 1987 Political Cheating Public Choice 52 2: 169–86Google Scholar
Lukes Stephen 1974 Power: A Radical View London: Macmillian
Manin Bernard 1997 Modern Representative Government Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Manin Bernard Adam Prezworski Stokes Susan C. 1999 Elections and Representation Democracy, Accountability, and Representation Adam Prezworski Bernard Manin Susan C. Stokes Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Mansbridge Jane 1983 Beyond Adversary Democracy Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Mansbridge Jane 1999 Should Blacks Represent Blacks and Women Represent Women? A Contingent ‘Yes.’ Journal of Politics 61 (August): 628–57Google Scholar
Mill John Stuart 1974 On Liberty New York: Pelican Books
Mill John Stuart 1969 Utilitarianism Essays on Ethics, Religion and Society J. M. Robson Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Miller Warren E. Stokes Donald E. 1963 Constituency Influence in Congress American Political Science Review 57 (March): 45 56Google Scholar
Nagel Jack H. 1975 The Descriptive Analysis of Power New Haven, CT: Yale University Press
Nagel Jack H. 1992 Combining Deliberation and Fair Representation in Community Health Decisions University of Pennsylvania Law Review 140 (May): 2101–21Google Scholar
Nozick Robert 1972 Coercion Philosophy, Politics and Society Peter Laslett W. G. Runciman Quentin Skinner 4th ser., Cambridge: Blackwell
Page Benjamin I. 1978 Choices and Echoes in Presidential Elections: Rational Man and Electoral Democracy Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Page Benjamin I. 1996 Who Deliberates: Mass Media in Modern Democracy Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Phillips Anne 1995 The Politics of Presence Oxford: Oxford University Press
Pitkin Hanna Fenichel 1972 The Concept of Representation Berkeley: University of California Press
Popkin Samuel L. 1994 The Reasoning Voter Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Rogowski Ronald 1981 Representation in Political Theory and in Law Ethics 91 (April): 395 430Google Scholar
Sanders Lynn M. 1997 Against Deliberation Political Theory 25 (June): 347–76Google Scholar
Schmitter Philippe 1995 The Irony of Modern Democracy and the Viability of Efforts to Reform its Practice Associations and Democracy Joshua Cohen New York: Verso
Schwartz Nancy L. 1988 The Blue Guitar: Political Representation and Community Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Stimson James A. Mackuen Michael B. Erikson Roberts S. 1995 Dynamic Representation American Political Science Review 89 (September): 543–65Google Scholar
Sunstein Cass R. 1990 After the Rights Revolution Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Swain Carol M. 1993 Black Faces, Black Interests: The Representation of African Americans in Congress Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press
Thomas Sue 1994 How Women Legislate New York: Oxford University Press
Thompson Dennis 1988 Representatives in the Welfare State Democracy and the Welfare State Amy Gutman Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Young Iris Marion 2000 Inclusion and Democracy New York: Oxford University Press
Wartenberg Thomas E. 1990 The Forms of Power: From Domination to Transformation Philadelphia: Temple University Press
Weber Max 1978 Economy and Society Guenther Roth Claus Wittich Berkeley: University of California Press
Weissberg Robert 1978 Collective vs. Dyadic Representation in Congress American Political Science Review 72 (June): 535–47Google Scholar
Williams Melissa S. 1998 Voice, Trust, and Memory: Marginalized Groups and the Failings of Liberal Representation Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
Zaller John 1994 Strategic Politicians, Public Opinion, and the Gulf Crisis Taken By Storm: The Media, Public Opinion and U.S. Foreign Policy in the Gulf War W. Lance Bennett David L. Paletz Chicago: University of Chicago Press