Acemoglu, Daron, and Robinson, James A.. 2000. “Why Did the West Extend the Franchise? Democracy, Inequality, and Growth in Historical Perspective.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics
115
(4): 1167–99.
Aksoy, Deniz. 2014. “Elections and the Timing of Terrorist Attacks.” The Journal of Politics
76
(4): 899–913.
Arriola, Leonardo R.
2014. “Suppressing Protests During Electoral Crises: The Geographic Logic of Mass Arrests in Ethiopia.” Manuscript.
Bates, Robert H.
2008. When Things Fell Apart: State Failure in Late-century Africa. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Bates, Robert, Greif, Avner, and Singh, Smita. 2002. “Organizing Violence.” Journal of Conflict Resolution
46
(5): 599–628.
Bekoe, Dorina, ed. 2012. Voting in Fear: Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa. United States Institute of Peace.
Brancati, Dawn, and Snyder, Jack L.. 2012. “Time to Kill: The Impact of Election Timing on Postconflict Stability.” Journal of Conflict Resolution.
Brass, Paul R.
2003. The Production of Hindu-Muslim Violence in Contemporary India. University of
Washington Press.
Cederman, Lars-Erik, Hug, Simon, and Krebs, Lutz F.. 2010. “Democratization and Civil War: Empirical Evidence.” Journal of Peace Research
47
(4): 377–94.
Chaturvedi, Ashish. 2005. “Rigging Elections with Violence.” Public Choice
125
(1/2): 189–202.
Cheibub, José A., and Hays, Jude C.. 2017. “Elections and Civil War in Africa.” Political Science Research and Methods
5
(1): 81–102.
Chenoweth, Erica. 2010. “Democratic Competition and Terrorist Activity.” Journal of Politics
72
(1): 16–30.
Chua, Amy. 2004. World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability. Anchor.
Collier, Paul. 2009. Wars, Guns, and Votes: Democracy in Dangerous Places. Harper Perennial.
Collier, Paul, and Hoeffler, Anke. 2004. “Greed and Grievance in Civil War.” Oxford Economic Papers
56
(4): 563–95.
Collier, Paul, and Vicente, Pedro C.. 2012. “Violence, Bribery, and Fraud: The Political Economy of Elections in Sub-Saharan Africa.” Public Choice
153
(1): 117–47.
Cox, Gary W.
2009. “Authoritarian Elections and Leadership Succession, 1975–2004.” Manuscript.
Davenport, Christian. 1997. “From Ballots to Bullets: An Empirical Assessment of how National Elections Influence State Uses of Political Repression.” Electoral Studies
16
(4): 517–40.
Davenport, Christian, and Armstrong II, David A.. 2004. “Democracy and the Violation of Human Rights: A Statistical Analysis from 1976 to 1996.” American Journal of Political Science
48
(3): 538–54.
Daxecker, Ursula E.
2012. “The Cost of Exposing Cheating International Election Monitoring, Fraud, and Post-election Violence in Africa.” Journal of Peace Research
49
(4): 503–16.
Dunning, Thad. 2011. “Fighting and Voting: Violent Conflict and Electoral Politics.” Journal of Conflict Resolution
55
(3): 327–39.
Durant, Clark, and Weintraub, Michael. 2014. “How to Make Democracy Self-enforcing after Civil War: Enabling Credible yet Adaptable Elite Pacts.” Conflict Management and Peace Science
31
(5): 521–40.
Ellman, Matthew, and Wantchekon, Leonard. 2000. “Electoral Competition under the Threat of Political Unrest.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics
115
(2): 499–531.
Fearon, James D.
2011. “Self-Enforcing Democracy.” Quarterly Journal of Economics
126
(4).
Fearon, James D., and Laitin, David D.. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War.” The American Political Science Review
97
(1): 75–90.
Flores, Thomas Edward, and Nooruddin, Irfan. 2012. “The Effect of Elections on Postconflict Peace and Reconstruction.” The Journal of Politics
74
(2): 558–70.
Gleditsch, Kristian Skrede, and Ruggeri, Andrea. 2010. “Political Opportunity Structures, Democracy, and Civil War.” Journal of Peace Research
47
(3): 299–310.
Goldsmith, Arthur A.
2015. “Electoral Violence in Africa Revisited.” Terrorism and Political Violence
27
(5): 818–37.
Guardado, Jenny, and Pennings, Steven. 2015. “The Seasonality of Conflict.” Working paper.
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., Hyde, Susan D., and Ryan,
Jablonski, S.. 2014. “When Governments use Election Violence to Stay in Power.” British Journal of Political Science
44
(1): 149–79.
Hafner-Burton, Emilie M., Hyde, Susan D., and Jablonski, Ryan S.. 2015. “Surviving Elections: Election Violence, Incumbent Victory, and Post-Election Repercussions.” Working paper.
Hegre, Håvard, Ellingsen, Tanja, Gates, Scott, and Gleditsch, Nils P.. 2001. “Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816–1992.” The American Political Science Review
95
(1): 33–48.
Hegre, Håvard, and Sambanis, Nicholas. 2006. “Sensitivity Analysis of Empirical Results on Civil War Onset.” Journal of Conflict Resolution
508–35.
Hyde, Susan D., and Marinov, Nikolay. 2012. “Which Elections can be Lost?”
Political Analysis
20
(2): 191–210.
Hyde, Susan D., and Marinov, Nikolay. 2014. “Information and Self-Enforcing Democracy: The Role of International Election Observation.” International Organization
68
(2): 329–59.
Kasara, Kimuli. 2015. “Electoral Geography and Conflict: Examining the Redistricting through Violence in Kenya.” Working paper.
Khemani, Stuti. 2004. “Political Cycles in a Developing Economy: Effect of Elections in the Indian States.” Journal of Development Economics
73
(1): 125–54.
Little, Andrew T.
2012. “Elections, Fraud, and Election Monitoring in the Shadow of Revolution.” Quarterly Journal of Political Science
7
(3): 249–83.
Matanock, Aila. N.d. “Bullets for Ballots: Electoral Participation Provisions in Peace Agreements and Conflict Recurrence.” Forthcoming, International Security.
Newman, Lindsay Shorr. 2013. “Do Terrorist Attacks Increase Closer to Elections?”
Terrorism and Political Violence
25
(1): 8–28.
Norris, Pippa, Frank, Richard W., and Martinez i Coma, Ferran, eds. 2015. Contentious Elections: From Ballots to Barricades. Routledge.
Poe, Steven C., and Tate, C. Neal. 1994. “Repression of Human Rights to Personal Integrity in the 1980s: A Global Analysis.” American Political Science Review
88
(4): 853–72.
Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Przeworski, Adam. 2005. “Democracy as an Equilibrium.” Public Choice
123
(3): 253–73.
Przeworski, Adam, Rivero, Gonzalo, and Xi, Tianyang. 2012. “Force and Elections: A General Framework for the Analysis of Political Regimes and their Dynamics.” Manuscript.
Przeworski, Adam, Stokes, Susan C., and Manin, Bernard, eds. 1999. Democracy, Accountability, and Representation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Rapoport, David C., and Weinberg, Leonard. 2000. “Elections and Violence.” Terrorism and Political Violence
12
(3-4): 15–50.
Reilly, Benjamin. 2002. “Post-Conflict Elections: Constraints and Dangers.” International Peacekeeping
9
(2): 118–39.
Rozenas, Arturas. 2012. “The Calculus of Dissent: Rigged Elections, Information, and Post-Election Stability.” Manuscript.
Salehyan, Idean, Hendrix, Cullen S., Hamner, Jesse, Case, Christina, Linebarger, Christopher, Stull, Emily, and Williams, Jennifer. 2012. “Social Conflict in Africa: A New Database” International Interactions
38
(4): 503–511.
Schumpeter, Joseph A.
1942. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper & Row.
Staniland, Paul. 2015. “Armed Groups and Militarized Elections.” International Studies Quarterly
59
(4): 694–705.
Straus, Scott, and Taylor, Charlie. 2012. Democratization and Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1990-2008. In Voting in Fear: Electoral Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa, ed. Dorina Bekoe. United States Institute of Peace, 15–38.
Wilkinson, Steven I.
2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
