Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-17T16:32:18.664Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Where Is the Schema? Going Beyond the “S” Word in Political Psychology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2014

James H. Kuklinski
Affiliation:
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Robert C. Luskin
Affiliation:
University of Texas Austin
John Bolland
Affiliation:
University of Alabama

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Symposium
Copyright
Copyright © American Political Science Association 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alba, Joseph W., and Hasher, Lynn. 1983. “Is Memory Schematic?Psychological Bulletin 93:203–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, Richard L., Davvson, Michael C., and Brown, Ronald E.. 1989. “A Schema-Based Approach to Modeling African-American Racial Belief Systems.American Political Science Review 83:123–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, John R. 1983. The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bagozzi, Richard P., and Burnkrant, Robert E.. 1979. “Attitude Organization and the Attitude-Behavior Relation: A Reply to Dillon and Kumar.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49:4757.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, Frederick. 1932. Remembering: A Study in Experimental and Social Psychology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Beer, Francis A., Healy, Alice F., Sinclair, Grant P., and Bourne, Lyle E. Jr.,. 1987. “War Cues and Foreign Policy Acts.American Political Science Review 81:701–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bower, Gordon H., and Cohen, Paul R.. 1982. “Emotional Influence in Memory and Thinking: Data and Theory.” In Affect and Cognition, ed. dark, Margaret Sydnor and Fiske, Susan T.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Brady, Henry E., and Sniderman, Paul M.. 1985. “Attitude Attribution: A Group Basis for Political Reasoning.American Political Science Review 79:1061–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brewer, Marilyn B. 1988. “A Dual Process Mode of Impression Formation.” In Advances in Social Cognition, vol. 1, ed. Wyer, Robert S. Jr. and Srull, Thomas K.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Carmines, Edward G., and Stimson, James A.. 1989. Issue Evolution. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1984. “How People Organize the Political World: A Schematic Model.American Journal of Political Science 28:95126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1986a. “Emotional Reactions to the Economy: ‘I'm Mad As Hell and I'm Not Going To Take It Anymore’.American Journal of Political Science 30:5078.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1986b. “The Role of Inference in the Perception of Political Candidates.” In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard R. and Sears, David O.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Conover, Pamela J., and Feldman, Stanley. 1989. “Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World: Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes.American Journal of Political Science 33:912–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Converse, Philip E. 1964. “The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics.” In Ideology and Discontent, ed. Apter, David. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Cook, Timothy. 1985. “The Bear Market in Political Socialization and the Costs of Misunderstood Psychological Theories.American Political Science Review 79:1079–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dovidio, John F., Evans, Nancy, and Tyler, Richard B.. 1986. “Racial Stereotypes: The Contents of Their Cognitive Representation.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 22:2237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Entman, Robert M. 1989. “How the Media Affect What People Think: An Information Processing Approach.Journal of Politics 51:347–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Erber, Ralph, and Lau, Richard R.. 1990. “Political Cynics Revisited: An Information-Processing Reconciliation of Policy-Based and Incumbancy-Based Interpretations of Changes in Trust in Government.American Journal of Political Science 34:236–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, K. Anders, and Simon, Herbert A.. 1980. “Verbal Reports As Data.Psychological Review 87:215–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ericsson, K. Anders, and Simon, Herbert A.. 1984. Protocol Analysis: Verbal Reports As Data. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Fishbein, Martin, and Azjen, Icek. 1975. Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Fiske, Susan T., Kinder, Donald R., and Larter, W. Michael. 1983. “The Novice and the Expert: Knowledge-Based Strategies in Political Cognition.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 19:381400.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, Susan T., and Linville, Patricia W.. 1980. “What Does the Schema Concept Buy Us?Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6:543–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, Susan T., and Pavelchak, Mark A.. 1985. “Category-Based Versus Piecemeal-Based Affective Responses: Developments in Schema-Triggered Affect.” In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition, ed. Sorrentino, Richard M. and Higgins, E. Tory. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Fiske, Susan T., and Taylor, Shelley E.. 1984. Social Cognition. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Frijda, Nico J. 1988. “The Laws of Emotions.American Psychologist 43:349–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaertner, Samuel L., and McLaughlin, John P.. 1983. “Changing Not Fading: Racial Stereotypes Revealed by a Non-reactive, Reaction Time Measure.Social Psychology Quarterly 46: 2330.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graber, Doris. 1984. Processing the News. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Gray, Jeffrey A. 1981. “The Psychophysiology of Anxiety.” In Dimensions in Personality, ed. Lynn, Richard. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Hamill, Ruth, and Lodge, Milton G.. 1986. “Cognitive Consequences of Political Sophistication.” In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard R. and Sears, David O.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Hamill, Ruth, Lodge, Milton G., and Blake, Frederick. 1985. “The Breadth, Depth, and Utility of Class, Partisan, and Ideological Schemata.American Journal of Political Science 29:850–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harvey, O. J., Hunt, David E., and Schroder, Harold M.. 1961. Conceptual Systems and Personality Organization. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Hastie, Reid. 1986. “A Primer of Information Processing Theory for the Political Scientist.” In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard R. and Sears, David O.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Herzog, Don. 1985. Without Foundations. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Higgins, E. Tory, and King, Gillian. 1981. “Accessibility of Social Constructs: Information Processing Consequences of Individual and Contextual Variability.” In Cognition, Social Interaction, and Personality, ed. Cantor, Nancy E. and Kihlstrom, John F.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Holland, John H., Holyoak, Keith J., Nisbett, Richard E., and Thagard, Paul R.. 1986. Induction: Processes of Inference, Learning, and Discovery. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Iyengar, Shanto, and Kinder, Donald R.. 1987. News That Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, Marcia K., and Hasher, Lynn. 1987. “Human Learning and Memory.Annual Review of Psychology 38:631–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson-Laird, Philip N. 1983. Mental Models. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, Philip N. 1988. The Computer and the Mind. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel, Slovic, Paul, and Tversky, Amos. 1982. Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos. 1979. “Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decisions Under Risk.Econometrica 47:263–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, George A. 1955. The Psychology of Personal Constructs. New York: Norton.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R. 1983. “Diversity and Complexity in American Public Opinion.” In Political Science: The State of the Discipline, ed. Ada W. Finifter. Washington: American Political Science Association.Google Scholar
Kinder, Donald R., and Sears, David O.. 1981. “Prejudice and Politics: Symbolic Racism Versus Racial Threats to the Good Life.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 40:414–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, Stephen M. 1980. Image and Mind. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Krauss, Robert. 1981. “Impression Formation, Impression Management, and Non-Verbal Behaviors.” In Social Cognition, vol. 1, ed. Higgins, E. Tory, Herman, C. Peter, and Zanna, Mark P.. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kuklinski, James H., and Hurley, Norman R.. 1991. “What You Imagine Affects What You Think.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Midwest Political Science Association, Chicago.Google Scholar
Kuklinski, James H., Riggle, Ellen, Ottati, Victor, Schwarz, Norbert, and Wyer, Robert S. Jr. 1991. “Cognitive and Affective Bases of Political Tolerance Judgments.American Journal of Political Science 35:127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuklinski, James H., and Schwarz, Norbert. N.d. Experimental Survey Research. New York: Cambridge University Press. Forthcoming.Google Scholar
Laird, John E., Newell, Allen, and Rosenbloom, Paul S.. 1987. “Soar: An Architecture for General Intelligence.Artificial Intelligence 33:164.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larkin, Jill H., John McDermott, , Simon, Dorothea P., and Simon, Herbert A.. 1980. “Expert and Novice Performance in Solving Physics Problems.Science 200:1335–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lau, Richard R. 1986. “Political Schemata, Candidate Evaluations, and Voting Behavior.” In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard R. and Sears, David O.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lau, Richard R., and Sears, David O., eds. 1986a. Political Cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lau, Richard R., and Sears, David O.. 1986b. “Social Cognition and Political Cognition: The Past, the Present, and the Future.” In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard R. and Sears, David O.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lingle, John H., Altom, Mark W., and Medin, Douglas L.. 1984. “Of Cabbages and Kings: Assessing the Extendability of Natural Object Concept Models to Social Things.” In The Handbook of Social Cognition, vol. 1, ed. Wyer, Robert S. Jr. and Srull, Thomas K.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Lodge, Milton G., and Hamill, Ruth. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.American Political Science Review 80: 505–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lodge, Milton G., McGraw, Kathleen G., and Stroh, Patrick. 1989. “An Information-driven Model of Candidate Evaluation.American Political Science Review 83:399420.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luskin, Robert C. 1987. “Measuring Political Sophistication.American Journal of Political Science 31:856–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lynn, Michael, Shavitt, Sharon, and Ostrom, Thomas. 1985. “Effects of Pictures on the Organization and Recall of Social Information.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49: 1160–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McGuire, William J. 1969. “The Nature of Attitudes and Attitude Change.” In The Handbook of Social Psychology, 2d ed., ed. Lindzey, Gardner and Aronson, Elliot. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar
Mandler, George. 1985. Cognitive Psychology: An Essay in Cognitive Science. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Marcus, George E. 1988. “The Structure of Emotional Response: 1984 Presidential Candidates.American Political Science Review 82:737–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Markus, Hazel, and Zajonc, Robert B.. 1985. “The Cognitive Perspective ta Social Psychology.” In Handbook of Social Psychology, 3d ed., ed. Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Masters, Roger D., and Sullivan, Dennis G.. 1989. “Non-Verbal Displays and Political Leadership in France and the United States.Political Behavior 11:123–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrabian, Albert. 1981. Silent Messages. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar
Messick, David M., and Mackie, Diane M.. 1989. “Intergroup Relations.Annual Review of Psychology 40:4581.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, Arthur H. 1986. “Partisan Cognition in Transition.” In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard R. and Sears, David O.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Miller, Arthur H., Wattenberg, Martin P., and Malanchuk, Oksana. 1986. “Schematic Assessments of Presidential Candidates.American Political Science Review 80:521–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neisser, Ulric. 1976. Cognition and Reality: Principles and Implications of Cognitive Psychology. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Neisser, Ulric. 1980. “On ‘Social Knowing’.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6:601–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortony, Andrew, Clore, Gerald L., and Collins, Allan. 1988. The Cognitive Structure of Emotion. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osheron, Daniel N., and Smith, Edward E., eds. 1990. Thinking: An Invitation to Cognitive Science. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.Google Scholar
Piazza, Thomas, Sniderman, Paul M., and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1989. “Analysis of the Dynamics of Political Reasoning: A General-Purpose, Computer-assisted Methodology.” In Political Analysis, vol. 1, ed. Stimson, James A.. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar
Quattrone, George A., and Tversky, Amos. 1988. “Contrasting Rational and Psychological Analyses of Political Choice.American Political Science Review 82:719–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rapoport, Ronald B., Metcalf, Kelly L., and Hartman, Jon A.. 1989. “Candidate Traits and Voter Inferences: An Experimental Study.Journal of Politics 51:917–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, Shawn W., Bohan, Lisa, McCafferty, Patrick, and Harris, Kevin. 1986. “The Image and the Vote: The Effect of Candidate Presentation on Voters' Preferences.American Journal of Political Science 30:108–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenberg, Shawn W., and McCafferty, Patrick. 1987. “The Image and the Vote: Manipulating Voters' Preferences.Public Opinion Quarterly 51:3147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, Donald E. 1980. “Schemata: The Building Blocks of Cognition.” In Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension, ed. Spiro, R. J., Bruce, B. C., and Brewer, William F.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rumelhart, Donald E. 1984. “Schemata and the Cognitive System.” In Handbook of Social Cognition, vol. 1, ed. Wyer, Robert S. Jr. and Srull, Thomas K.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rumelhart, Donald E., and McClelland, Jay L., eds. 1986. Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, David O., and Citrin, Jack. 1985. Tax Revolt: Something for Nothing in California. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sears, David O., Hensler, Carl P., and Speer, Leslie K.. 1979. “White Opposition to ‘Busing’: Self-interest or Symbolic Politics?American Political Science Review 73:369–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sears, David O., Huddie, Leonie, and Schaffer, Lynitta G.. 1986. “A Schematic Variant of Symbolic Politics Theory, As Applied to Racial and Gender Equality.” In Political Cognition, ed. Lau, Richard R. and Sears, David O.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Sniderman, Paul, Brody, Richard A., and Tetlock, Philip E.. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in Political Psychology. New Vork: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srull, Thomas K., and Wyer, Robert S. Jr. 1980. “Category Accessibility and Social Perception: Some Implications for the Study of Person Memory and Interpersonal Judgments.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38:841–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, Dennis G., and Masters, Roger D.. 1988. “Happy Warriors: Leaders' Facial Displays, Viewers' Emotions and Political Support.American Journal of Political Science 32:345–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Shelley, and Crocker, Jennifer. 1981. “Schematic Bases of Social Information Processing.” In Social Cognition, vol. 1, ed. Higgins, E. Tory, Herman, C. Peter, and Zanna, Mark P.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tellegren, Auke. 1985. “Structures of Mood and Personality and Their Relevance to Assessing Anxiety with an Emphasis on the Self-Report.” In Anxiety and the Anxiety Disorders, ed. Tuma, A. Russain and Maser, Jack D.. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Tetlock, Philip E. 1983. “Cognitive Style and Political Ideology.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45:118–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tetlock, Philip E. 1984. “Cognitive Style and Political Belief Systems in the British House of Commons.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46:365–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tolman, E. C. 1948. “Cognitive Maps in Rats and Men.Psychological Review 55:189208.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, John C. 1987. Rediscovering the Social Group: A Self-Categorization Theory. New York: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Wildavsky, Aaron. 1987. “Choosing Preferences by Constructing Institutions: A Cultural Theory of Preference Formation.American Political Science Review 81:321.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wyer, Robert S. Jr. 1980. “The Acquisition and Use of Social Knowledge: Basic Postulates and Representative Research.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 6:558–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajonc, Robert B. 1980. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences.American Psychologist 35:151–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zajonc, Robert B., and Markus, Hazel. 1982. “Affective and Cognitive Factors in Preferences.Journal of Consumer Research 9:123–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zaller, John R. 1986. “The Effects of Political Involvement on Public Attitudes and Voting Behavior.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington.Google Scholar