Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-14T03:20:35.800Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Summary Guide to Spanish Florida Missions and Visitas With Churches in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 December 2015

John H. Hann
John H. Hann*
Affiliation:
Florida Department of State, Tallahassee, Florida
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The early European presence in California and in the American Southwest in general is identified with missions. Although missions were equally important in Spanish Florida and at an earlier date, the average American does not associate missions with Florida or Georgia. Indeed, as David Hurst Thomas observed in a recent monograph on the archaeological exploration of a site of the Franciscan mission of Santa Catalina de Guale on Georgia's St. Catherines Island, the numerous missions of Spanish Florida have remained little known even in scholarly circles. And as Charles Hudson has noted, this ignorance or amnesia has extended to awareness of the native peoples who inhabited those Southeastern missions or were in contact with them, even though these aboriginal inhabitants of the Southeast “possessed the richest culture of any of the native people north of Mexico … by almost any measure.” Fortunately, as Thomas remarked in the above-mentioned monograph, “a new wave of interest in mission archaeology is sweeping the American Southeast.” This recent and ongoing work holds the promise of having a more lasting impact than its historical counterpart of a half-century or so ago in the work of Herbert E. Bolton, Fr. Maynard Geiger, OFM, Mary Ross, and John Tate Lanning. Over the fifty odd years since Lanning's Spanish Missions of Georgia appeared, historians and archaeologists have made significant contributions to knowledge about sites in Spanish Florida where missions or mission outstations and forts or European settlements were established. But to date no one has compiled a comprehensive listing from a historian's perspective of the mission sites among them to which one may turn for the total number of such establishments, their general location, time of foundation, length of occupation, moving, circumstances of their demise and the tribal affiliation of the natives whom they served. This catalog and its sketches attempt to meet that need.

Type
Research Article
Information
The Americas , Volume 46 , Issue 4 , April 1990 , pp. 417 - 513
Copyright
Copyright © Academy of American Franciscan History 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Thomas, David Hurst, The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale: I. Search and Discovery, Vol. 63: Part 2, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History (New York, 1987), pp. 67–69.Google Scholar

2 Hudson, Charles, The Southeastern Indians (Knoxville, 1976), p. 3.Google Scholar

3 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 81.Google Scholar

4 Larson, Lewis H. Jr., “Historic Guale Indians of the Georgia Coast and the Impact of the Spanish Mission Effort,” in Milanich, Jerald T. and Proctor, Samuel, eds., Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia During the Historical Period (Gainesville, 1978), p. 120 Google Scholar; Swanton, John R., Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors (Washington, 1922), pp. 80–81 Google Scholar; The Indians of the Southeastern United States (Washington, 1946), p. 135; Lanning, John Tate, The Spanish Missions of Georgia (Chapel Hill, 1935), p. 10.Google Scholar

5 Lowery, Woodbury, The Spanish Settlements Within the Present Limits of the United States, 1513–1561 (New York and London, 1911), pp. 164–169,Google Scholar 448–452.

6 Hann, John H., “Translation of the Ecija Voyages of 1605 and 1609 and the González Derroterro of 1609,” Florida Archaeology, 2 (1986), p. 28.Google Scholar de Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernando y Valdés, , Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y tierra-firme del mar oceano (Madrid, 1851), 3, p. 631.Google Scholar

7 Swanton, , Final Report of the United States De Soto Expedition Commission (Washington, D.C., 1985), p. 86.Google Scholar

8 Priestly, Herbert Ingram, ed. and trans., The Luna Papers. Documents Relating to the Expedition of Don Tristán de Luna y Arellano for the Conquest of La Florida in 1559–1561 (2 vols.: Deland, 1928),Google Scholar I, pp. XXXV, xxxvii, lviii, lxii; II, 211, 275; Hann, , “Florida”s Terra Incognita: West Florida”s Natives in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century,” The Florida Anthropologist, 41 (1988), p. 79.Google Scholar

9 Boyd, Mark F., “Expedition of Marcos Delgado from Apalachee to the Upper Creek Country in 1686,” Florida Historical Quarterly 16 (1937), pp. 14–16,Google Scholar 28; Hann, , “Florida”s Terra Incognita,” pp. 96,Google Scholar 98–99; Priestly, , The Luna Papers, 1, xxxviii–xxxix, xlviiGoogle Scholar; II, 309.

10 Gannon, Michael V., The Cross in the Sand: The Early Catholic Church in Florida, 1513–1870, (Gainesville, 1983), 27.Google Scholar

11 Barrientes, Bartolomé, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Founder of Florida, trans, by Kerrigan, Anthony (Gainesville, 1965), pp. 106–109.Google Scholar

12 Felix Zubillaga, S.J., Monumenta Antiquae Floridae (Rome, 1946), pp. 324,Google Scholar 471–475, 511.

13 Maynard Geiger, O.F.M., The Franciscan Conquest of Florida (1573–1618). (Washington, D.C., 1937), p. 55 Google Scholar; Shea, John Gilmary, The Catholic Church in Colonial Days 1521–1763 (New York, 1886), p. 151.Google Scholar

14 Solís de Méras says 30 soldiers, but Arva Moore Parks, Where the River Found the Bay. Historical Study of the Granada Site, Miami, Florida, vol. 2 of Griffin, John W. et al., Archaeology and History of the Granada Site (Tallahassee, n.d.), pp. 23–24,Google Scholar says 12 soldiers based on a letter to the king by Pedro Menéndez de Avilés.

15 Barrientes, , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, pp. 219–229 Google Scholar; de Barcia Carballido, Andrés González y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico para la historia general de la Florida, trans, by Kerrigan, Anthony (Gainesville, 1951), pp. 131–132,Google Scholar 136–137, 139; Hann, , Mission to the Calusas. Marquardt, William H., ed. (Gainesville,Google Scholar in press); Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements …, 1562–1574, p. 346 Google Scholar; Lyon, Eugene, The Enterprise of Florida. Pedro Menéndez de Avilés and the Spanish Conquest of 1565–1568. Paperback, ed. (Gainesville, 1983), pp. 201–203 Google Scholar; Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 317–329,Google Scholar 385, 415–416.

16 In contrast to the Calusa, the Tequesta had seemed well disposed, having spared Spanish mutineers from Fort San Mateo stranded in their territory, and Menéndez de Avilés had rescued Tequesta’s daughter from Chief Carlos (Parks, Where the River, pp. 22–23).

17 Griffin et al., Archaeology, passim; de Velasco, Juan López, Geografia y descripción universal de las Indias (1571–1574) (Madrid, 1894), p. 84 Google Scholar; Parles, Where the River, passim; Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 234–235,Google Scholar 304–307, 317–329, 370–371.

18 Hann, , “Translation of the Ecija Voyages,” pp. 26–28,Google Scholar 45–47; Lyon, “Santa Elena: a Brief History of the Colony, 1566–1587,” University of South Carolina, Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology, Research Manuscript Series, # 193; Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 314–317,Google Scholar 321–326, 398–405, 506–511.

19 Jones, Grant, “The Ethnohistory of the Guale Coast Through 1684,” in Thomas, David Hurst et al., The Anthropology of St. Catherines Island. I. Natural and Cultural History, Vol. 55: part 2, in Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History (New York, 1978), p. 181 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 13.Google Scholar

20 Barrientes, , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, pp. 96–100,Google Scholar 106, 121, 135; Barcia Carballido, González de y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 129 Google Scholar; Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 360–365,Google Scholar 421–428, 471–479.

21 Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 413–421,Google Scholar 471–479.

22 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale Aborigines As Portrayed in the 1695 Spanish visitation,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 66 (1987), pp. 12–15,Google Scholar 17–19.

23 Barrientes, , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, pp. 101–104 Google Scholar; Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … 1562–1574, pp. 347–348,Google Scholar 353; Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 317–328,Google Scholar 398–405.

24 Hann, , “Translation of the Ecija Voyages,” pp. 7–8 Google Scholar; “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 9–10. In 1605 Ecija described the chief of Escamacu as “the principal one of that land.” Ecija attached the name Orista to a feature farther north than Santa Elena, alluding to it as the “bar of Crista, which is in the latitude of thirty-two degrees and one-fourth.”

25 Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 317–328,Google Scholar 398–405, 471–479.

26 Zubillaga, , La Florida. La Mission Jesuítica (1566–1572), (Rome, 1941), p. 364.Google Scholar

27 Clifford, M. Lewis, SJ, and Albert, J. Loomie, SJ, The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia 1570–1572 (Chapel Hill, 1953),Google Scholar passim; Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 471–479.Google Scholar

28 Deagan, Kathleen, “Cultures in Transition: Fusion and Assimilation Among the Eastern Timucua,” in Milanich, and Proctor, , Tacachale, p. 101 Google Scholar; Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … 1562–1574, pp. 269–272,Google Scholar 289–290, 356–357.

29 Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements..1562–1574, p. 272,Google Scholar note 2.

30 Pablo de Hita Salazar, Letter io the Queen, August 24, 1675, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 839, SC.

31 Barrientes, , Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, pp. 134–135 Google Scholar; Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … 1562–1574, pp. 289–290.Google Scholar

32 Fray Pedro de Bermejo, Letter to Fray Blas de Montes (part of), September 14, 1602, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 235, WLC, reel 2 of the Florida State University Library copy.

33 Juan de Ayala y Escobar, Letter to the King, April 18, 1717, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 843, SC; Antonio de Benavides, Letter to the King, March 8, 1723, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo, 865, SC; Crane, Verner W., The Southern Frontier, 1670–1723 (Ann Arbor, 1956), p. 17 Google Scholar; Swanton, John R., Early History of the Creek Indians and Their Neighbors (Washington, D.C., 1922), p. 90.Google Scholar

34 Bermejo, Letter … 1602.

35 Gannon, , “Sebastian Montero, Pioneer American Missionary, 1566–1572,” Catholic Historical Review, pp. 51,Google Scholar 31; Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … 1562–1574, p. 276 Google Scholar; Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 317–328.Google Scholar

36 de la Vega, Garcilaso, The Florida of the Inca, ed. and trans, by Varner, John Grier and Varner, Jeannette Johnson (Austin, 1951), pp. 328–331.Google Scholar

37 de Barcia Carballido, González y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 139 Google Scholar; Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … 1562–1574, p. 276 Google Scholar; Serrano, Manuel y Sanz, , Documentos históricos de la Florida y la Luisiana siglos XVI al XVIII (Madrid, 1912), pp. 132–133.Google Scholar

38 Although both the Tacatacuru of the Cumberland Island region and the Saturiba of the lower course of the St. Johns and the coast from the mouth of the St. Marys to below St. Augustine spoke the same Mocama dialect of the Salt Water Timucua, they represent distinct cultural traditions in their ceramics and in the style of their shell middens. (See Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” pp. 90–93 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” p. 2.)Google Scholar

39 Zubillaga, , Monumenta, pp. 471–479.Google Scholar

40 de Oré, Luis Jerónimo, OFM, The Martyrs of Florida (1513–1616), trans, by Geiger, Maynard, OFM (New York, 1936), p. 43.Google Scholar

41 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 33–34.

42 Milanich, , “Tacatacuru and the San Pedro de Mocama Mission, Cumberland Island, Georgia,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 50, (1972), p. 287.Google Scholar

43 Geiger, , Biographical Dictionary of the Franciscans in Spanish Florida and Cuba (1528–1841). “Franciscan Studies,” 21 [Patterson, N.J., 1940]), p. 119.Google Scholar

44 de Barcia Carballido, González y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, 177 Google Scholar; Shea, , The Catholic Church, p. 152.Google Scholar

45 García, Genaro, Dos antiguas relaciones de la Florida (Mexico, 1902), p. 187.Google Scholar

46 Ruidiaz, Eugenio y Caravia, , La Florida su conquista y colonización por Pedro Menéndez de Avilés (2 vols., Madrid, 1893), p. 498.Google Scholar

47 Shea, , The Catholic Church, p. 151.Google Scholar

48 Geiger, , Biographical Dictionary, pp. 119–124 Google Scholar; The Franciscan Conquest, p. 55.

49 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 240,Google Scholar note 3.

50 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 145–146.Google Scholar

51 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 239,Google Scholar note 3.

52 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 171.Google Scholar

53 Diego Dávila, Report Concerning the Pastoral visitation That the Bishop of Cuba Made to the Provinces of Florida Presented to H. M. in the Council of the Indies, June 26, 1606, AGI, Santo Domingo 235, WLC, reel 2.

54 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 123.Google Scholar

55 Ruidiaz, y Caravia, , La Florida, 2, pp. 497–498.Google Scholar

56 Fray Francisco de Pareja, Letter to Fray Bias de Montes, September 14, 1602, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 235, WLC, reel 2.

57 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

58 Dávila, Report.

59 Bishop Diego Ebelino de Compostela, Letter to the King, September 28, 1689, Havana, AGI, Santo Domingo 151, SC; Hita Salazar, Letter … 1675.

60 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” p. 11.Google Scholar

61 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 106 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” p. 7 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, pp. 90–91.Google Scholar Joseph de Zuñiga y Zerda, letter to the King, June 22, 1701, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 840, JTCC, reel 5.

62 Fray Baltasar López, Letter to Fray Blas de Montes, September 15, 1602, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 235, WLC, reel 2.

63 Geiger, , Biographical Dictionary, p. 119 Google Scholar; López, Letter … 1602; Ross, Mary, “The Restoration of the Spanish Missions in Georgia,” The Georgia Historical Quarterly, 11 (1926), p. 177 Google Scholar; Ruidiaz, y Caravia, , La Florida, 2, pp. 497–498.Google Scholar

64 López, Letter … 1602.

65 Ruidiaz, y Caravia, , La Florida, 2, p. 497.Google Scholar

66 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 48.

67 Dávila, Report.

68 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” pp. 101–102 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 93.Google Scholar

69 Wenhold, Lucy L., A I7th Century Letter of Gabriel Díaz Vara Calderón, Bishop of Cuba, Describing the Indians and Indian Missions of Florida, Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 95 (16) (Washington, D.C., 1936), p. 10.Google Scholar

70 Boyd, , “Enumeration of Florida Spanish Missions in 1675 with Translations,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 27 (1948), p. 183.Google Scholar

71 Domingo de Leturiondo, Visitation of the Provinces of Apalachee and Timucua, 1677–1678, AGI, EC, leg. 156B, SC.

72 Milanich, , “Tacatacuru,” p. 283.Google Scholar

73 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, pp. 93–94.Google Scholar

74 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” pp. 101–102.Google Scholar

75 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

76 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 98.

77 López, Letter … 1602.

78 Dávila, Report; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 171.Google Scholar

79 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 70–71,Google Scholar 80.

80 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 93.Google Scholar

81 Geiger, , Biographical Dictionary, p. 119 Google Scholar; Ruidiaz, y Caravia, , La Florida, 2, p. 497.Google Scholar

82 Fray Bias de Montes, extracts of letter, September 16, 1602, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo, 232, WLC, reel 2. The settlements were Tocoy, St. Julian, Filache, Antonico, Eguale, Anacabili, and Mayaca.

83 Dávila, Report. The villages were Filache, Elanogue, Calvai, Yacay (?).

84 Ross, , “The Restoration,” p. 186.Google Scholar

85 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 126.

86 Hita Salazar, Letter to the King, St. Augustine, March 8, 1680, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, WLC, reel 4.

87 Goggins, John M., Space and Time Perspective in Northern St. Johns Archeology, Florida (“Yale University Publications in Anthropology” no. 47, p. 25, [New Haven, 1952]),Google Scholar note 11.

88 B. Calvin Jones, personal communication, July 21, 1988.

89 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” 179:Google Scholar Thomas, , The Archaeology of the Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 102.Google Scholar

90 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” pp. 179,Google Scholar 183.

91 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 87 Google Scholar; de Barcia Carballido, González y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 182 Google Scholar; Lanning, pp. 87–88.

92 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 87 Google Scholar; de Barcia Carballido, Gonzalez y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 182 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 188–189 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, pp. 102–107.Google Scholar

93 Bolton, Herbert E., ed., Arredondo’s Historical Proof of Spain’s Title to Georgia (Berkeley, California, 1925), pp. 35–37.Google Scholar

94 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 12–24.Google Scholar

95 Hann, , “Translation of Alonso de Leturiondo’s Memorial to the King of Spain,” Florida Archaeology, 2 (1986), p. 197.Google Scholar

96 Thomas, , “Indians and Spaniards in the Old Old South,” paper given in Tallahassee, March 11, 1987.Google Scholar

97 Geiger, , Biographical Dictionary, p. 119 Google Scholar; The Franciscan Conquest, p. 236.

98 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 113.

99 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 234.Google Scholar

100 Geiger, , Biographical Dictionary, p. 119.Google Scholar

101 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 15 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 71,Google Scholar 90.

102 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 9–10.Google Scholar

103 Antonio de Arguelles, Record of the Visitation of the Province of Guale and Mocama, 1677–1678, AGI, EC, leg. 156B, SC, 527v-528; Benito Ruiz de Salazar Vallesilla, Order to Antonio de Arguelles, April 22, 1648, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

104 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” p. 5.Google Scholar

105 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 15 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 90,Google Scholar 203.

106 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, pp. 234,Google Scholar 236, 247.

107 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

108 Boyd, “Enumeration,” p. 183.Google Scholar Bishop Calderón gave the distance between Guadalquini and San Felipe as nine leagues (Wenhold, A 17th Century Letter, 10).

109 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, pp. 36–39.Google Scholar

110 Juan de Pueyo, General Visitation of the Provinces of Guale and Mocama Made by the Captain, Don Juan de Pueyo, 1695, AGI, EC, leg. 157A, SC, 113.

111 Garcia, , Dos antiguas relaciones, p. 93 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 89 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 177–178.Google Scholar

112 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 4.Google Scholar

113 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 177–182.Google Scholar

114 Dávila, Report.

115 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

116 Boyd, “Enumeration,” 182–183 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, 10.Google Scholar It was spelled in that form, “Asaho,” in 1680 as well, but with a double “s” and without the accent mark.

117 This is probably a manifestation of Lanning’s erroneous belief that the Spanish missions of Georgia, in contrast to those of Florida, were built of tabby rather than wattle and daub.

118 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 8.Google Scholar

119 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, p. 527.

120 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

121 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter to the King … 1689.

122 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, pp. 94–98.Google Scholar

123 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 3 Google Scholar; Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 43, 78–79.

124 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 113.Google Scholar

125 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 4.Google Scholar

126 King of Spain, February 26, 1660, AGI, Santo Domingo 225, WLC, reel 3. It is conceivable that it was at this time that the Tolomatans returned to obedience to the Spanish authorities and that relocation was the penalty imposed on them for their recalcitrance.

127 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” p. 195,Google Scholar figure 17, pp. 205–208; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, pp. 99–102.Google Scholar

128 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 3.Google Scholar This site contained one of Mary Ross’ and Lanning’s “tabby missions,” that archaeologists proved were much more modern structures. Ross incorrectly identified the “Mansfield Place” and its tabby structures with Tupiqui-Espogache (see Ross, , “The Restoration,” 193).Google ScholarPubMed

129 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 104 Google Scholar; Oré, The Martyrs, p.75.

130 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 3–4.Google Scholar Here Lanning is referring, of course, to Ross, who had preceded Lanning as one of Bolton’s students in the study of the Georgia missions and who, according to Johanna Mendelsohn, was given what had been “Mary Ross’ territory” after the publication of The Debatable Land sparked the tabby mission controversy (see Mendelsohn, Johanna, Mary Letitia Ross Papers: A Descriptive Inventory, ed. by Ellingson, Paul [Atlanta, 1979], p. 16).Google Scholar However, Lanning’s maintenance of the “tabby thesis” (albeit with more restraint) would seem to cast doubt on that hypothesis.

131 Ross, , “The Restoration,” pp. 179–180.Google Scholar

132 Ross, , “The Restoration,” pp. 192–193.Google Scholar

133 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” p. 208.Google Scholar

134 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 248.Google Scholar

135 Argüelles, , Record of the Visitation, pp. 526–527.Google Scholar

136 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

137 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter to the King … 1689.

138 Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 115v.–120.

139 Jones, , “The Ethnohistory,” pp. 204,Google Scholar 207; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 99.Google Scholar

140 Dávila, Report; Oré, The Martyrs, passim; Ross, , “The Restoration,” pp. 180–185.Google Scholar

141 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 4.Google Scholar

142 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 260,Google Scholar note 6.

143 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 183,Google Scholar 185.

144 Dávila, Report. Geiger and Grant Jones’ identification of Tuguepe, a Salchiche leader, with the mico of Tupiqui seems unfounded (see Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” 18 and note 68).Google Scholar Similarly unfounded was Ross’ equation of Espogue and Espogache as variants of the same name in her discussion of the bishop’s visit (see Ross, , “The Restoration,” 193).Google ScholarPubMed The record of the bishop’s visitation speaks clearly of his having “the chief of the said village [Espogache] and he of Fasquiche and he of Çapala and he of Espogue.”

145 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 15 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 90.Google Scholar

146 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 71.Google Scholar

147 de Barcia Carballido, González y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 182.Google Scholar

148 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 90,Google Scholar 157.

149 Dávila, Report.

150 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 188–189,Google Scholar 191.

151 Swanton, , Early History, p. 82 Google Scholar; Indians of the Southeastern United States, p. 128. For other factors see Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 10–11.Google Scholar

152 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 103.Google Scholar

153 Dávila, Report; Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 117 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocamo and Guale,” p. 12 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos Históricos, pp. 188–189,Google Scholar 191.

154 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 87–88.

155 Dávila, Report.

156 Pueyo, General Visitation, p. 122v.

157 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 87 Google Scholar; Pareja, Letter … 1602.

158 Fray Alonso de Jesus, Letter to the King, 1630, AGI, Santo Domingo 235, microfilm 28k, reel 36 (letters and dispatches of ecclesiastical persons of Florida) of the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History.

159 Dávila, Report; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 239,Google Scholar note 3; Montes, Letter … 1602.

160 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 80,Google Scholar 239, note 3; Montes, Letter … 1602.

161 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 170.Google Scholar

162 López, Letter … 1602.

163 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 98.Google Scholar

164 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 170.Google Scholar

165 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 139.Google Scholar

166 Hann, , “Translation of the Ecija Voyages,” pp. 48–49.Google Scholar

167 The Spanish word here is “lengua” which one might assume from the context to be a copyist error for “legua” or league. Swanton appears to have made that assumption in placing Napa one league from San Pedro (see Swanton, , Early History, p. 327).Google Scholar Lengua, however, can mean a “neck of land extending into the ocean” like a tongue, the literal meaning of lengua, which makes excellent sense in this context.

168 López, Letter … 1602. Citing what appears to be the same source, Lanning gave the population as 150 (see Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 251,Google Scholar note 6).

169 Bushnell, Amy, “Santa Maria in the Written Record,” research report for the Florida State Museum, 1986, p. 1 Google Scholar; Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 102.Google Scholar

170 Dávila, Report; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 171.Google Scholar

171 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 145.Google Scholar

172 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 6–7 Google Scholar; López, Letter … 1602; Ross, , “The Restoration,” p. 185.Google ScholarPubMed Lanning described his second Santa María as “the focal point for the mainland Timucuans, who used to assemble on the banks of the St. Marys River in the Indian village of Tlathlothlaguphta” (see Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p: 6).Google Scholar

173 Bushnell, , “Santa Maria,” p. 1.Google Scholar

174 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 6.Google Scholar

175 López, Letter … 1602.

176 Dávila, Report; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 171 Google Scholar

177 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 239,Google Scholar note 3.

178 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 136,Google Scholar 147.

179 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 234.Google Scholar

180 López, Letter … 1602.

181 López, Letter … 1602.

182 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 146.Google Scholar

183 Dávila, Report.

184 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

185 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, pp. 186,Google Scholar 234.

186 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 146.Google Scholar

187 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

188 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

189 Dávila, Report.

190 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 146,Google Scholar 239, note 3.

191 Dávila, Report; Pareja, Letter … 1602.

192 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 79,Google Scholar 80, 146, 239, note 3.

193 Hann, , “Translation of the Ecija Voyages,” p. 48.Google Scholar

194 Dávila, Report; Pareja, Letter … 1602.

195 Pareja, Letter … 1602; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 167.Google Scholar

196 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 239,Google Scholar note 3.

197 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

198 Hann, , “Translation of the Ecija Voyages,” p. 48.Google Scholar

199 Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … 1562–1574, p. 453.Google Scholar The name appeared also as that of a Timucua chief, who was a subject to Outina. Chief Carabay lived on the St. Johns River 12 leagues from St. Augustine (see Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … 1562–1574, p. 258).Google Scholar

200 Dávila, Report; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 184.Google Scholar

201 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 130, 136, note 26.

202 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 5.Google Scholar

203 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 247 Google Scholar; Oré, The Martyrs, p. 130.

204 Ruiz de Salazar Vallesilla, Order to Antonio de Argüelles, July 11, 1650, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

205 Alonso de Aranguíz y Cotes, Order to Antonio de Argüelles, June 29, 1661, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

206 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” pp. 182–183 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 10.Google Scholar

207 Argüelles, Record of the visitation, pp. 526–527.

208 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, pp. 36–38 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 216–219.Google Scholar

209 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, pp. 38–41 Google Scholar; de Barcia Carballido, Gonzalez y Zúñiga, , Ensayo cronológico, p. 312.Google Scholar

210 Pueyo, General Visitation, p. 116v.

211 Bushnell, “Santa Maria.”

212 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 98.Google Scholar

213 Hann, , “Translation of the Ecija Voyages,” p. 46 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 13.Google Scholar

214 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 234 Google Scholar; Milling, Chapman J., Red Carolinians, (Chapel Hill, 1940), pp. 104,Google Scholar 111; Swanton, , The Indians of the Southeastern United States, p. 209.Google Scholar

215 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 112–114, 127.

216 Milanich, , “The Western Timucua: Patterns of Acculturation and Change,” in Milanich, and Proctor, , eds., Tacachale, p. 78 Google Scholar; López, Letter … 1602.

217 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

218 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns and Changes in Mid-Seventeenth Century Timucua and Apalachee,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 64 (1986), pp. 375–378.Google Scholar

219 Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

220 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187.Google Scholar

221 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

222 Joaquín de Florencia, General Inspection that the Captain Joaquín de Florencia Made of the Provinces of Apalachee and Timucua. … November 5, 1694; Andrés García, Autos made officially against Santiago, native to the village of San Pedro, 1695: AGI, EC, leg. 157A, cuaderno I, SC; Boyd, , “Further Considerations of the Apalachee Missions,” The Americas, 9 (1953), pp. 473–479.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

223 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” pp. 378,Google Scholar 379; Milanich, , “The Western Timucua,” pp. 75,Google Scholar 79–80.

224 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 113–114.

225 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 114; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 162.Google Scholar

226 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Boyd, , Smith, Hale G. and Griffin, John W., Here They Once Stood: The Tragic End of the Apalachee Missions (Gainesville, 1951), p. 37 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” pp. 377–378 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation of Three Florida Provinces and Related Documents,” Florida Archaeology, 2 (1986), p. 105.

227 Milanich, personal communication, April 1988.

228 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 133–134.

229 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 133–134, note 7; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

230 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, pp. 234–235.Google Scholar

231 López, Letter … 1602.

232 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 114, 120.

233 Jesus, Letter … 1630, Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 127–129; Serrano, y Sanz, , históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

234 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” pp. 375–377 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 visitation,” pp. 104–105.

233 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 129.

236 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” pp. 375–376 Google Scholar; Domingo de Leturiondo, (partial report on the service record of Captain Juan Francisco de Florencia, January 29, 1671), AGI, Santo Domingo 225, WLC, reel 4.

237 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187.Google Scholar

238 Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

239 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

240 Jones, B. Calvin, personal communication, 1986.Google Scholar

241 Oré, The Martyrs, p. 129.

242 Jesus, Letter … [1630], Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

243 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” pp. 375–376 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 visitation,” p. 106.

244 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187.Google Scholar

245 Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

246 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

247 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 129–130.

248 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

249 Milanich, , “The Western Timucua,” p. 60.Google Scholar

250 Pareja, Letter … 1602.

251 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 170.Google Scholar Citing a “communication of 1602 from Pareja,” Lanning gave the distance of Ocone from San Pedro as three leagues.

252 Extracts from the inquiry that Governor Gonzalo Méndez de Canzo opened. Inquiry by a party in Florida before Pedro de Ybarra, his successor, year of 1603. Services rendered in Florida. AGI, Santo Domingo 232, JTCC, reel 4.

253 Laguna usually has the meaning of pond or lake, but it can also have the meaning of its English equivalent, “lagoon.”

254 Ruiz de Salazar Vallesilla, Order to Captain Alonso de Argüelles, January 27, 1646, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

255 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

256 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, pp. 8,Google Scholar 170.

257 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 247.Google Scholar

258 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 74,Google Scholar 87, 91, 95, 132.

259 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, 21 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 203 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 74,Google Scholar 132.

260 Francisco Menéndez Marquez and Pedro Beneditt Horruytiner, Order to Antonio de Argüelles, December 1, 1647, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

261 Swanton, , The Early Creeks, pp. 322,Google Scholar 324.

262 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 102 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 93.Google Scholar

263 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 183.Google Scholar

264 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 183.Google Scholar

265 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, pp. 527–528.

266 Thomas Menéndez Marquez and Joaquín de Florencia, Letter to the King, April 20, 1697, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 230, JTCC, reel 4; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 120v–122.

267 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 248.Google Scholar

268 Luis Horruytiner, Letter to the King, November 15, 1633, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 233, WLC, reel 2; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions p. 203.Google Scholar The seventy leagues from St. Augustine mentioned by Lanning as the location of Satuache was not presented in this source as the location of Satuache, but rather as that of the place where the five Englishmen had been hiding from the natives for three years after the shipwreck.

269 Horruytiner, Letter … 1633.

270 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 203.Google Scholar

271 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 203.Google Scholar

272 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

273 Francisco Menéndez Marquez and Pedro Beneditt Horruytiner, Order to Antonio de Argüelles, November 14, 1646, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 23. Translation furnished by Eugene Lyon.

274 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 182.Google Scholar

275 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, p. 526.

276 Geiger, , The Franciscan Conquest, p. 248.Google Scholar

277 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 127, 134, notes 12 and 13.

278 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” pp. 89–90,Google Scholar 97–98; López, Letter … 1602.

279 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 239,Google Scholar note 3.

280 de la Calle, Juan Diez, Noticias sacras e reales de los dos imperios de las Yndias Occidentales desta Nueva España. 2 vols, (published in 1659).Google Scholar [Notes taken from it by Woodbury Lowery], WLC, reel 4. Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, pp. 132–133,Google Scholar reproduced a slightly different version of this list, also taken from Diez de la Calle’s work it seems.

281 Benavides, Letter to Andrés de Pez, November 10, 1722, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 842, SC.

282 Alonso de Jesus, Letter … 1630; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

283 Jesus, Letter … [1630]; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 89.Google Scholar

284 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 visitation,” p. 105.Google Scholar

285 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” pp. 374,Google Scholar 376–377; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s Visitation,” p. 105; Jesus, Letter … [1630]; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

286 Leturiondo, (partial report).

287 Spellman, Charles W., “The ‘Golden Age’ of the Florida Missions, 1632–1674,” Catholic Historical Review, 51 (1963), p. 355.Google Scholar

288 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 visitation,” pp. 105–106.Google Scholar

289 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” p. 377 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s Visitation,” pp. 104–105; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

290 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s Visitation,” p. 104 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

291 Milanich, personal communication, June of 1988.

292 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 105.Google Scholar

293 Pearson, Fred Lamar Jr., “Spanish-Indian Relations in Florida: A Study of Two Visitas, 1657–1678,” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Alabama, 1968), p. 109.Google Scholar

294 Deagan, , “Fig Springs: the Mid-Seventeenth Century in North Central Florida,” Historical Archaeology, 6 (1972), p. 24 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Milanich, , “The Western Timucua,” p. 75.Google Scholar

295 Juan Marques Cabrera, Letter to the King, 1680. Report on the religious existing in the missions of Florida and on the villages in which there are doctrinas, December 6, 1680, St. Augustine, AGI Santo Domingo 226, WLC, reel 4.

296 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” 187.Google Scholar

297 Bishop Gabriel Díaz Vara Calderón, Relación de lo que está descubierto en todo el distrito de La Florida y expecificación de los naturales de cada parte y inclinaziones, 1675, AGI, Santo Domingo 151 (microfilm copy furnished by William H. Marquardt). Wenhold rendered this more freely as “Twelve leagues from Santa Fé is the mission of Santa Catalina, with Ajohica 3 leagues away and Santa Cruz de Tarmica 2” (see Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8).Google Scholar The Spanish text is “y desde Sta Fee a doze leguas la de S.ta Cat ta y atres la de Ajohica y a dos la de S.ta cruz de Tarmica.’

298 Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 603–604.

299 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 40 Google Scholar; Marques Cabrera, Autos (on the destruction of Santa Catalina de Ahoica), March, 1686, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 839, reel 9 of 28B of the P. K. Yonge Library of Florida History of the University of Florida.

300 Deagan, , “Fig Springs,” p. 23.Google Scholar

301 Deagan, , “Fig Springs,” p. 23.Google Scholar

302 Brent R. Weisman, Letter to John Hann, June 8, 1988, Gainesville, Fla.; James Miller, personal communication, June, 1988.

303 Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 594–600.

304 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 104.Google Scholar

305 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

306 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

307 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

308 García, Autos … 1695.

309 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 104 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

310 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

311 Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 90–91; Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 587–590; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

312 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” p. 375 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 104–105.

313 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

314 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

315 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

316 Jones, B. Calvin and Shapiro, Gary, “Nine Mission Sites in Apalachee” (paper presented at the 1987 Society for Historical Archaeology, Savannah).Google Scholar

317 The Fidalgo of Elvas, Relaçam verdadeira dos trabalhos q ho gouernador dõ Fernão de Souto e certes fidalgos portugueses passarom no descobrimeo da prouincia da Frolida [sic], facsimile of the original Portuguese edition (Deland, 1932), p. 59; de Oviedo, Gonzalo Fernández y Valdés, , Historia general y natural de las Indias, islas y Tierra-Firme del mar oceano (Madrid, 1851), 1, 534 Google Scholar; Diego de Rebolledo, Residencia of Governor Benito Ruiz de Salazar Vallecilla, 1657, AGI, EC, leg. 155B, microfilm roll 27–F, P. Κ. Yonge Library of Florida History.

318 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 101–103 Google Scholar; Rebolledo, Residencia … 1657; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar In de Soto’s time Asile was spoken of as being “subject to Apalachee,” indicating possibly that it was a hostage village.

319 Rebolledo, Residencia … 1657.

320 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 186 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

321 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

322 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” 186 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

323 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

324 Hann, , Apalachee: The Land between the Rivers (Gainesville, 1988), pp. 96–99.Google Scholar

325 Oré, The Martyrs, pp. 112–118.

326 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 100.Google Scholar

327 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

328 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

329 Rebolledo, Residencia … 1657.

330 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 170,Google Scholar note 10.

331 Bushnell, , “Patricio de Hinachuba: Defender of the Word of God, the Crown of the King, and the Little Children of Ivitachuco,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal, 3 (1979), p. 12 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Ebelina de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

332 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 101,Google Scholar 102, 112.

333 Boyd, , Smith, and Griffin, Here They Once Stood, pp. 12,Google Scholar 14, 16, 92; Bushnell, , “Patricio de Hinachuba,” pp. 9,Google Scholar 10, 12–13; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 271,Google Scholar 276, 277, 279–280.

334 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

335 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 99 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

336 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, p, 48 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

337 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, pp. 12,Google Scholar 26.

338 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, pp. 107–136 Google Scholar; Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites;” Morrell, L. Ross and Jones, B. Calvin, “San Juan de Aspalaga (A Preliminary Architectural Study),” Florida Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties Bulletin (Tallahassee: 1970), p. 26.Google Scholar

339 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 44 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132.Google Scholar

340 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 191–192.Google Scholar

341 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 98.Google Scholar

342 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

343 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

344 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

345 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 371.Google Scholar

346 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 97 Google Scholar; royal officials, Letter to the King, June 8, 1675, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 839, SC; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

347 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185.Google Scholar

348 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

349 Francisco de Romo de Urisa, Letter to Joseph de Zúñiga y la Cerda, October 22, 1702, San Luis, AGI, Santo Domingo 858, SC, filed under 1707, pp. 13061–13059 (pp. 33–35 in the bundle).

350 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, pp. 12,Google Scholar 48–49; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 54,Google Scholar 281; Higginbotham, Jay, Old Mobile, Fort Louis de la Louisiane, 1702–1711 (Mobile, 1977), p. 191.Google Scholar

351 Jones, B. Calvin, “A Semi-subterranean Structure at Mission San Joseph de Ocuya, Jefferson County, Florida,” Bureau of Historic Sites and Properties Bulletin 3 (Tallahassee: 1973), pp. 1–50 Google Scholar; Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

352 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

353 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

354 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, p. 52.Google Scholar

355 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

356 Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 61–63.

357 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, p. 56.Google Scholar

358 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites;” Morrell, and Jones, , “San Juan de Aspalaga,” pp. 25–43.Google Scholar

359 Richard Fuller and B. Calvin Jones, personal communication, May, 1988.

360 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 92,Google Scholar 95.

361 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 53 Google Scholar; Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites;” Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

362 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 91.Google Scholar

363 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” pp. 184–185 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

364 Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” p. 389.Google Scholar

365 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

366 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Missions Sites.”

367 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 58,Google Scholar 62; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

368 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, pp. 53–54,Google Scholar 56, 76, 78, 81.

369 Benavides, Letter to Andrés de Pez … 1722; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 28–29 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 90–91.

370 Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 57–58; Hann, , “Demographic Patterns,” p. 389 Google Scholar; Leonard, Irving, translator, Spanish Approach to Pensacela, 1689–1693 (Albuquerque, 1939), p. 254,Google Scholar note 3.

371 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 90.Google Scholar

372 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 184 Google Scholar; Hann, , Apalachee, p. 43 Google Scholar; Leturiondo, Visitation, p. 564; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

373 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

374 Boyd, , “Further Considerations,” pp. 469–470.Google Scholar

375 González de Barcia Carballido y Zúñiga, Ensayo cronológico; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 288,Google Scholar 291, 312, 313.

376 Damián de Vega Castro y Pardo, Letter to the King, August 22, 1639, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 225, SC.

377 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p. 87 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

378 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 184 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

379 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 52–53.Google Scholar

380 Boyd, , “Further Considerations,” p. 470.Google Scholar

381 Boyd, , Smith, , and Griffin, , Here They Once Stood, p. 50.Google Scholar The Fiestas Juaninas were a celebration in honor of four saints, John, Peter, Paul, and Anthony, whose feasts fell in June in the church calendar.

382 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 279–280,Google Scholar 283.

383 Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

384 Shapiro, personal communication, 1987.

385 Diego Peña, Diario deste viaje de Apalache y de la prova de Apalachicolo mandado hazer por el Señor Governador y Capitan General Dn Pedro de Oliver y Fullana … 1716, AGI, SC. bundle no. 4878.

386 Leonard, , Spanish Approach, pp. 230,Google Scholar 266. The governor gave the village’s name as San Cosme y San Damián de Yecambé while Fray Rodrigo de Barrera alluded to it as “village of Ilcombe, a little more than two leagues from San Luis,” although in describing the trek from San Luis, Barrera noted that they “traveled a matter of a league and a half” to reach the Amarillo or Yellow River [the Och-lockonee] and “about another league” to reach Ilcombe.

387 Florencia, General Inspection, p. 57; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 73–74.Google Scholar

388 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 27.Google Scholar

389 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 93,Google Scholar 95; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

390 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 196–199 Google Scholar; “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” pp. 94, 116; Horruytiner, Letter … 1633; Rebolledo, Residencia … 1657; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

391 Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 9.Google Scholar

392 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 184 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

393 Boyd, Smith, and Griffin, Here They Once Stood, passim; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 277,Google Scholar 279–282.

394 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 217–221.Google Scholar

395 Hann, , “Translation of Governor Rebolledo’s 1657 Visitation,” p.96 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

396 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8–9.Google Scholar

397 Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 67–70; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 55–58 Google Scholar; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

398 Leonard, , Spanish Approach, p. 265.Google Scholar

399 Zúñiga y Zerda, Letter to the Viceroy, October 26, 1705, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 857, SC.

400 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 1ll Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, pp. 322–326.Google Scholar

401 Lowery, , The Spanish Settlements … (1562–1574), pp. 258,Google Scholar 277.

402 Ruiz de Salazar Vallecilla, order … January 27, 1646.

403 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133.Google Scholar

404 Swanton, , Early History, p. 326.Google Scholar

405 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

406 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

407 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187.Google Scholar

408 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185.Google Scholar

409 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Florencia, General Inspection, p. 67.

410 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 9.Google Scholar

411 Zúñiga y Zerda, Letter … 1705.

412 B. Calvin Jones, personal communication, 1985; Jones and Shapiro, “Nine Mission Sites.”

413 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Florencia, General Inspection, p. 70; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 9.Google Scholar

414 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

415 Zúñiga y Zerda, Letter … 1705.

416 Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 36–37.Google Scholar

417 B. Calvin Jones, personal communication, 1987.

418 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 185 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 9.Google Scholar

419 Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 561v–563.

420 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 77.Google Scholar

421 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

422 Florencia, General Inspection; pp. 69–72; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

423 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 68,Google Scholar note 9.

424 Hann, , Apalachee, p. 68 Google Scholar; “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 85; Leonard, , Spanish Approach, p. 241 Google Scholar; Antonio Matheos, Letter to Juan Marques Cabrera, May 19, 1686, San Luis, AGI, Santo Domingo 224, JTCC, reel 2.

425 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 186 Google Scholar; Hita Salazar, Letter … August 24, 1675, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo, 839, SC.

426 Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 71,Google Scholar 72, 73–74.

427 Juan Fernández de Florencia, Autos concerning the Tumult of the Chacatos, 1675, San Carlos de los Chacatos and San Luis de Talimali, AGI, EC, leg. 156, pp. 119–142, SC; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 63–68,Google Scholar 71.

428 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 186 Google Scholar; Leonard, , Spanish Approach, pp. 267–268 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 9.Google Scholar

429 Leonard, , Spanish Approach, pp. 267–268.Google Scholar

430 Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 70–71,Google Scholar 73.

431 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 73,Google Scholar 74.

432 Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 9.Google Scholar

433 Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 9.Google Scholar

434 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 186 Google Scholar; Fernández de Florencia, Letter to Pablo de Hita Salazar, August 30, 1678, San Luis de Talimali, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, WLC, reel 4.

435 Fernández de Florencia, Autos concerning the Tumult of the Chacatos, p. 125; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 88.Google Scholar

436 Boyd, , “Expedition of Marcos Delgado,” pp. 6,Google Scholar 13–14, 17, 22, 30; Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 57, 72–73; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 72 Google Scholar; Leonard, , Spanish Approach, p. 230,Google Scholar 267.

437 Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 8.Google Scholar

438 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” pp. 182–183.Google Scholar

439 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, p. 527; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 10.Google Scholar

440 Bolton, , Arredondo’s Historical Proof, p. 39.Google Scholar

441 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 183.Google Scholar

442 Díaz Vara Calderón, Relación … 1675.

443 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, p. 529; Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 183 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 10.Google Scholar

444 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

445 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 21–22 Google Scholar; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 123–129.

446 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 12,Google Scholar 21–24; Diego de Jaen, Record of the response by Diego de Jaen to the charges lodged against his conduct as the lieutenant of Guale by the natives of that province during the 1695 Visitation of Guale and Mocama made by Don Juan de Pueyo, AGI, EC, leg. 157A, SC, pp. 143, 145–146, 151–153; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 123–124.

447 Bushnell, , “Santa Maria,” p. 8 Google Scholar; Hann, , “St. Augustine’s Fallout from the Yamasee War,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 68 (1989), pp. 182,Google Scholar 184.

448 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 93.Google Scholar

449 Swanton, , Early History, p. 324 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 93.Google Scholar

450 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” pp. 101–102.Google Scholar

451 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 183.Google Scholar

452 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, pp. 528v–529; Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 19–21 Google Scholar; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 114–115.

453 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 183 Google Scholar; Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 120–121.

454 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

455 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, pp. 526–527.

456 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 12,Google Scholar 19; Pueyo, General Visitation, pp. 116–120.

457 Zúñiga y Zerda, General Visitation at Santa Mana, February 7, 1701; Order, November 5, 1702, AGI, Santo Domingo 858, JTCC, reel 6.

458 Bullen, Ripley and Griffin, John W., “Survey of Amelia Island,” Florida Anthropologist 5 (1952), 37–64.Google Scholar

459 Dickinson, Jonathan, Jonathan Dickinson’s Journal or God’s Protecting Providence, eds., Andrews, Evangeline Walker and Andrews, Charles McLean (Stuart, Fla., 1981), p. 66.Google Scholar

460 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

461 Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” pp. 7–8 Google Scholar; Pueyo, General Visitation, p. 134.

462 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 132 Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 322 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 10.Google Scholar

463 Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 90.Google Scholar

464 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 106 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Twilight of the Mocama and Guale,” p. 5 Google Scholar; King of Spain, Letter … 1660.

465 Henry Baker and Richard Vernon, personal communication, July 20,1988; Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 106 Google Scholar; Goggin, , Space and Time, p. 25,Google Scholar note 11.

466 King of Spain, Letter … 1660.

467 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

468 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 184.Google Scholar

469 Argüelles, Record of the Visitation, p. 530.

460 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

471 Leturiondo, Visitation, pp. 598–599.

472 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689; Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 101, 102.

473 Boyd, , “Enumeration,” p. 187 Google Scholar; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133 Google Scholar; Wenhold, , A 17th Century Letter, p. 8.Google Scholar

474 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

475 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 106 Google Scholar; Thomas, , The Archaeology of Mission Santa Catalina de Guale, p. 88.Google Scholar Deagan noted, however, that it “seems also to have been the site of an earlier Saturiwa village.”

476 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Leturiondo, Visitation, passim; Florencia, General Inspection, passim.

477 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

478 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Florencia, General Inspection, pp. 102–105; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 216 Google Scholar; Zúñiga y Zerda, Residencia for Governor Laureano de Torres y Ayala, November 16, 1700, St. Augustine, AGI, EC, leg. 157A, microfilm roll 27-P of the P.K. Yonge Library of Florida History.

479 Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133 Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 322.Google Scholar

480 Fray Jacinto Barreda, Memorandum to Pablo de Hita Salazar, 1680, in Pablo de Hita Salazar, Letter to the King, March 8, 1680, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, WLC, reel 4; Hita Salazar, extracts from Letter to the King, 1680, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, JTCC, reel 3.

481 Council of the Indies, November 27, 1695, Madrid; Franciscan provincial and definitors of Florida, Letter to the King, December 5, 1693, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 235 (microfilm furnished by Marquardt; Hann, Mission to the Calusa; King Carlos II, Order, December 30, 1695, Madrid, AGI, Contratación 5544, JTCC, reel 1; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Juan Solana, Testimony in Reference to the Auto for Jororo, February 6, 1697, St. Augustine, in Laureano de Torres y Ayala, Letter to the King, February 9, 1697, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 228, JTCC, reel 3; Swanton, , Early History, p. 322 Google Scholar; Torres y Ayala, Letter to the King, February 3, 1697, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 228, JTCC, reel 3.

482 Council of the Indies, … 1695.

483 Friar from San Antonio Anacape, Testimony, April 12, 1682, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, JTCC, reel 5.

484 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

485 Torres y Ayala, Letter to the King, September 19, 1699, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 228, JTCC, reel 3.

486 B. Calvin Jones, personal communication, July 21, 1988.

487 Hita Salazar, Letter … 1680; Serrano, y Sanz, , Documentos históricos, p. 133 Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 96.Google Scholar

488 Torres y Ayala, Letter … February 3, 1697.

489 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Swanton, , Early History, pp. 96,Google Scholar 326, 339; Indians of the Southeastern United States, 133.

490 Deagan, , Griffin, and Smith, , “Nocoroco, a Timucua Village of 1605,” Florida Historical Quarterly, 27 (1949), pp. 340–361 Google Scholar; Alvaro Mexia, A handy and useful guide and true one for rivers, channels, lagoons, woods, settlements, landing places, shoals, [and] hamlets, which extend from the city of St. Augustine down to the bay of Ais, AGI, Patronato 19, JTCC, Reel 1; Rouse, Irving, A Survey of Indian River Archaeology, Florida (New Haven, 1951), pp. 34–39 Google Scholar; Pedro de Ybarra, Report to the King, 1605, St. Augustine, AGI, Patronato 19, JTCC, reel 1.

491 Marques Cabrera, Letter to the King, June 14, 1681, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, JTCC, reel 3.

492 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 1ll Google Scholar; Swanton, , Early History, p. 339.Google Scholar

493 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 111.Google Scholar

494 Solana, Testimony … 1697.

495 Zúñiga y Zerda, Order to Joaquín de Florencia, January 20, 1701, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 840, JTCC, reel 5.

496 Fray Bartolomé de Quiñones, Testimony, March 11, 1682, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 226, JTCC, reel 5.

497 Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697; Torres y Ayala, Letter … February 3, 1697.

498 Ayala y Escobar, Letter … 1717; Franciscan provincial and definitors of Florida, Letter … 1693.

499 Council of the Indies … 1695; Dickinson, , Jonathan Dickinson’s Journal, p. 60.Google Scholar

500 Council of the Indies … 1695; Menéndez Marquez and Florencia, Letter … 1697.

501 Dickinson, , Jonathan Dickinson’s Journal, p. 60.Google Scholar Torres y Ayala, Letter to the King, September 16, 1699, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 228, JTTC, reel 3.

502 Deagan, , “Cultures in Transition,” p. 111.Google Scholar

503 Solana, Testimony … 1697; Torres y Ayala, Letter … February 3, 1697, and September 16, 1697.

504 Torres y Ayala, Letter … September 16, 1699.

505 Solana, Testimony … 1697.

506 Antonio de Benavides, Testimony of the Investigation Made during the Visitation of the Indian Settlements near St. Augustine, December 1, 1726, St. Augustine, AGI, Santo Domingo 865, SC.

507 Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” pp. 72,Google Scholar 89–90.

508 Boyd, , “Expedition of Marcos Delgado,” pp. 13–14 Google Scholar; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 72.Google Scholar

509 Ebelino de Compostela, Letter … 1689.

510 Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 73.Google Scholar

511 Francisco Gutiérrez de Vera, Letter to Juan Marquez Cabrera, May 19, 1681, Sabacola, AGI, WLC, reel 4; Hann, , “Florida’s Terra Incognita,” p. 72 Google Scholar; Lanning, , The Spanish Missions, p. 172.Google Scholar

512 Council of the Indies … 1695; Hann, Missions to the Calusa.

513 Hann, Missions to the Calusa.

514 Joseph Xavier Alaña, S.J. and Joseph Maria Monaco, S.J., Report that Fathers Joseph María Monaco and Joseph Xavier Alaña of the Company of Jesus Present to the Most Illustrious Señor Don Juan Francisco Güemes de Horcasitas, Lt-General of the Royal Armies, Governor and Capt. General of the City of Havana and of the Island of Cuba, About the State in Which They Have Found the Indians of Southern Florida and its Keys, Along with What They Considered Necessary for its Permanent Reduction, Year of 1743, AGI, Santo Domingo 860. There is a better and somewhat different version of this report prepared by Alaña in 1760. It is in AGI, Santo Domingo 1210 (microfilm copy furnished by Eugene Lyon). A Spanish transcript of the defective 1743 version was published in the appendix to Sturtevant, William C., “The Last of the South Florida Aborigines,” pp. 154–161,Google Scholar in Milanich, and Proctor, , Tacachale. My translation of this 1743 version appeared in Parks, Where the River, 56–65.Google Scholar The defect was a hole in the page that changed “sinco chosas” to “sin chosas” or “five houses” to “without houses.”

515 Bushnell, , “Patricio de Hinachuba,” pp. 13–16 Google Scholar; Hann, , Apalachee, pp. 284–286.Google Scholar