Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-dfsvx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-28T16:18:03.555Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

African Americans in World Language Study: The Forged Path and Future Directions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  30 June 2020

Uju Anya*
Affiliation:
The Pennsylvania State University
*
*Corresponding author. E-mail: oca2@psu.edu

Abstract

This article examines the history of African Americans in the academic study of world languages and presents an overview of inquiry on the topic. The paper focuses on the impact of race in second language acquisition (SLA) as exemplified through the experience of black students in language education and study abroad. It discusses objectives, policies, instructional priorities and strategies, conditions, and materials related to how black students have in the past, are currently, or should be engaged in language learning. The article examines the path forged by African Americans in world language study, signals gaps in the present body of knowledge, and suggests future directions for investigations into this important topic in the field of applied linguistics and SLA for ARAL's 40th anniversary.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abreu, L. (2016). Awareness of diversity in the Spanish-speaking world among L2 Spanish speakers. Foreign Language Annals, 49(1), 180190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, K. (2015). Language, identity, and choice: Raising bilingual children in a global society. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Anya, U. (2011) Connecting with communities of learners and speakers: Integrative ideals, experiences, and motivations of successful black second language learners. Foreign Language Annals, 44, 441466.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anya, U. (2017). Racialized identities in second language learning: Speaking blackness in Brazil. Routledge.Google Scholar
Anya, U. & Randolph, L. J. (Oct/Nov, 2019). Diversifying language educators and learners. The Language Educator. American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (ACTFL). https://www.actfl.org/sites/default/files/tle/TLE_OctNov19_Article.pdfGoogle Scholar
Baggett, H. (2015). A critical race analysis of the inclusion of historically marginalized students in world languages: L’Égalité des chances? (Doctoral dissertation). North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.Google Scholar
Baugh, J. & Hymes, D. (2002). Beyond Ebonics: Linguistic pride and racial prejudice. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bereiter, C. & Englemann, S. (1966). Teaching disadvantaged children in the preschool. Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bhattacharya, U., Jiang, L, & Canagarajah, S. (2019). Race, representation, and diversity in the American Association for Applied Linguistics. Applied Linguistics, 0(0), 17. doi: 10.1093/applin/amz003Google Scholar
Brigman, S. & Jacobs, L. (1981). Participation and success of minority students in university foreign language programs. The Modern Language Journal, 65(4), 371376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bostick, H. (1985). A survey of foreign language leadership in predominantly Black colleges and universities. The College Language Association Journal, 29, 232242.Google Scholar
Brooks, F. & Starks, G. (2011) Historically black colleges and universities: An encyclopedia. Greenwood.Google Scholar
Carnevale, A., Fasules, M. L., Porter, A., & Landis-Santos, J. (2016). African Americans: College majors and earnings. Report by The Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.Google Scholar
Charle Poza, M. (2013). The beliefs of African American students about foreign language learning. NECTFL Review, 72, 6177.Google Scholar
Charle Poza, M. (2015). A comparative study of beliefs among elementary- and intermediate-level students at a historically black university. NECTFL Review, 76, 3749.Google Scholar
Clowney, E. & Legge, J. (1979). The status of foreign languages in predominantly Black colleges: An attitudinal and statistical study. The College Language Association Journal, 22, 264–82.Google Scholar
Cole, J. (1991). Opening address of the 43rd International Conference on Educational Exchange. In Black students and overseas programs: Broadening the base of participation. (pp. 18). New York: Council on International Educational Exchange.Google Scholar
Dahl, A. (2000). Piquing the interest of African American students in foreign languages: The case of Spelman College. ADFL Bulletin, 31(2), 3035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, J. (1992). African American students and foreign language learning. ERIC Digest EDO-FL-91-08.Google Scholar
Davis, J. (2000). Reflections on the history and future of foreign language education at historically Black colleges and universities. In Birckbichler, D. & Terry, R. (Eds.), Reflecting on the past to shape the future (pp. 6798). National Textbook Co./ACTFL.Google Scholar
Davis, J. & Markham, P. (1991). Student attitudes toward foreign language study at historically and predominantly Black institutions. Foreign Language Annals, 24(3), 227237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Deutsch, M. (1967). The disadvantaged child. Basic Books.Google Scholar
Finn, J. D. (1998). Taking Foreign Languages in high-school. Foreign Language Annals, 31, 277306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flores, N. & Rosa, J. (2019). Bringing race into second language acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 103(supplement), 145151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatlin, N. (2013). Don't forget about us: African-American college students’ newfound perspectives on foreign language motivation, foreign language anxiety, and beliefs about foreign language learning (Doctoral dissertation). University of Texas, Austin, TX.Google Scholar
Glynn, C. (2012). The role of ethnicity in the foreign language classroom: Perspectives on African American students’ enrollment, experiences, and identity (Doctoral dissertation). University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.Google Scholar
Goldoni, F. (2017). Race, ethnicity, class, and identity: Implications for study abroad. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 16, 328341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haj-Broussard, M. (2003). Language, identity and the achievement gap: comparing experiences of African American students in a French immersion and a regular education context (Doctoral dissertation). Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Google Scholar
Holobow, N. E., Genesee, F., & Lambert, W. E. (1991). The effectiveness of a foreign language immersion program for children from different ethnic and social class backgrounds: Report 2. Applied Psycholinguistics 12, 171198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubbard, L. (1968). Modern foreign languages for the racially disadvantaged. The Modern Language Journal, 52, 139140.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Institute of International Education. (2019). Profile of U.S. Study Abroad Students, 2005/06-2017/18. Open Doors Report on International Educational Exchange. http://www.iie.org/opendoorsGoogle Scholar
Kennedy, J. (1987). Strategies for including Afro-Latin American culture in the intermediate Spanish class. Hispania, 70, 679683.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lightbown, P. (2007). Fair trade: Two-way bilingual education. Estudios de Lingüística Aplicada, 7, 934.Google Scholar
Looney, D., & Lusin, N. (2019). Enrollments in languages other than English in United States institutions of higher education summer 2016 and fall 2016: Final report. Retrieved from: https://www.mla.org/content/download/110154/2406932/2016-Enrollments-Final-Report.pdfGoogle Scholar
Lucas, R. (1996). The role of beliefs and anxiety in the attrition of African American students in foreign language study (Doctoral dissertation). Ohio State University, Columbus, OH.Google Scholar
Miller, K. (1954). Modern foreign languages in Negro colleges. The Journal of Negro Education, 23, 4050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moeller, A. & Ashcraft, M. (1997). Creating a culturally relevant environment for the African American learner in the foreign language classroom. In Donato, Robert Di, Crouse, Gale K., & Bachman, Dena (eds.), Building community through language learning: Selected papers from the 1997 Central States Conference (pp. 5976). Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages.Google Scholar
Moore, Z. (2005). African American students’ opinions about foreign language study: An exploratory study of low enrollments at the college level. Foreign Language Annals, 38(2), 191200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, Z., & English, M. (1998). Successful teaching strategies: Findings from a case study of middle school African Americans learning Arabic. Foreign Language Annals, 31(3), 347357.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphey, D. & Lee, S. (2019). The gender and race or ethnicity of majors in languages and literatures other than English in the United States, 2010–14. ADFL Bulletin, 45, 4393.Google Scholar
Murray Brux, J. & Fry, B. (2009). Multicultural students in study abroad: Their interests, their issues, and their concerns. Journal of Studies in International Education, 14(5), 508527.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nero, S. (2018). Studying abroad in the Dominican Republic: Preparing culturally and linguistically responsive teachers for 21st century classrooms. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 38, 194200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nicoladis, E., Taylor, D. M., Lambert, W. E., & Cazabon, M. (1998). What two-way bilingual programmes reveal about the controversy surrounding race and intelligence. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 1, 134148.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyabongo, V. (1948). Modern foreign languages in Negro colleges. The Modern Language Journal, 32, 134139.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ortega, L. (2019). SLA and the study of equitable multilingualism. Modern Language Journal, 103(supplement), 2338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Palmer, D. (2010). Race, power, and equity in a multiethnic urban elementary school with a dual language “strand” program. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 41, 94114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perry, T. & Delpit, L. (Eds.). (1998). The real Ebonics debate: Power, language, and the education of African-American children. Beacon.Google Scholar
Pollock, D. (2018). Black students’ experiences and motivation to pursue foreign language study at an HBCU: A holistic case study (Doctoral dissertation). Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL.Google Scholar
Pratt, C. (2012). Are African American high-school students less motivated to learn Spanish than other ethnic groups? Hispania, 95, 116134.Google Scholar
Rivers, W. N. Jr. (1933). A study of the modern foreign languages in thirty negro colleges. The Journal of Negro Education, 2(4), 487493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ruggiero, D. (2015). Más allá del fútbol: Teaching highland Afro-Ecuadorian culture and engaging race and racism through documentary film. Hispania, 98(3), 594606.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scanlan, M. & Palmer, D. (2009). Race, power, and (in)equity within two-way immersion settings. The Urban Review, 41, 391415.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoener, H. & McKenzie, K. (2016). Equity traps redux: Inequitable access to foreign language courses for African American high-school students. Equity and Excellence in Education, 49(3), 284299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talburt, S. & Stewart, M. A. (1999). What's the subject of study abroad?: Race, gender, and “living culture.” The Modern Language Journal, 83(2), 163175.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau (2011). The black population: 2010 Census briefs. Government Printing Office. https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-06.pdfGoogle Scholar
U.S. Dept. of Education (2018a). Bachelor's degrees conferred by institution, race/ethnicity, and field of study. Digest of education statistics. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_322.30.asp?current=yesGoogle Scholar
U.S. Dept. of Education (2018b). Total fall enrollment in degree-granting postsecondary institutions. Digest of education statistics. National Center for Education Statistics. https://nces.ed.gov/programs/digest/d18/tables/dt18_306.10.aspGoogle Scholar
Watson, S. (2013). Teaching Afro-Latin culture through film: ‘Raíces de mi corazón’ and Cuba's ‘Guerrita de los negros.’ Hispania, 96(1), 7180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watterson, K. (2011). The attitudes of African American students towards the study of foreign languages and cultures (Doctoral dissertation). Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.Google Scholar
Willis, T. (2015). “And still we rise…”: Microaggressions and intersectionality in the study abroad experiences of black women. The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 26, 209230.CrossRefGoogle Scholar