Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-tj2md Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T03:57:34.269Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The development of Belizean archaeology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2015

Norman Hammond
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The history of Maya archaeology generally can be divided into five successive periods (Hammond, 1982, 33–66): during the first two of these, the periods of the Spanish travellers (1524–1759) and the Spanish explorers (1759–1840), Belize remained unnoted, even during the visit of Stephens and Catherwood in October 1839 on their first expedition to Central America, and even though that visit stimulated an expedition from Belize City, led by Patrick Walker, ‘secretary of the government and holding besides such a list of offices as would make the greatest pluralist among us feel insignificant’ (Stephens, 1841, I, 14), in an attempt to beat Stephens to the ruins of Palenque on the far side of the Yucatan Peninsula (Pendergast, 1967).

Type
Articles
Information
Antiquity , Volume 57 , Issue 219 , March 1983 , pp. 19 - 27
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, R, E. W. 1969. Maya archaeology 1958–1968, a Review, Latin American Research Review, 4, No. 2, 3—45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1980. Swamps, canals and the locations of ancient Maya cities, Antiquity, LIV, 206–14.Google Scholar
Binford, S. R. &Binford, L. R (eds). 1968. New perspectives in archaeology (Chicago).Google Scholar
Bullard, W. R., JR., 1965. Stratigraphic excavations at San Estevan, Northern British Honduras, Royal Ontario Museum, Occasional Paper No. 9 (Toronto).Google Scholar
Chase, D. Z. 1981. The Maya Postclassic at Santa Rita Corozal, Archaeology, XXXIV, No. 1, 25–33.Google Scholar
Clarke, D. L. 1968. Analytical archaeology (London).Google Scholar
Dixon, R. B. 1916. Report of the Director of the Peabody Museum of American Ethnology and Archaeology? Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass.).Google Scholar
Freidel, D. A. 1978. Maritime adaptation and the rise of Maya civilization: the view from Cerros, Belize, in (ed.) B. Stark and B. Voorhies, Prehistoric coastal adaptations: the ecology and economy of maritime Middle America (New York), 239–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1979. Culture areas and interaction spheres; contrasting approaches to the emergence of civilization in the Maya Lowlands, American Antiquity, XLIV, 36—54. Google Scholar
Gann, T. W. F. 1897. On the contents of some ancient mounds in Central America, PROC. SOC. ANTIQ. LONDON, n.s. 16, 308–17.Google Scholar
1900. Mounds in Northern Honduras, in Bureau of American Ethnology 19th Annual Report, for 1897–98, Pt. 2 (Washington, DC), 661–92.Google Scholar
1904–05. Report of a visit to the ruins on the Columbia Branch of the Rio Grande in British Honduras, Proc. Soc. Antiq. London, n.s. 20, 27—32.Google Scholar
1905. The ancient monuments of Northern Honduras and the adjacent parts of Yucatan and Guatemala, the former civilisations in these parts and the chief characteristics of the races now inhabiting them, with an account of a visit to the Rio Grande ruins, JAI, XXXV, 103–12.Google Scholar
1911. Exploration carried on in British Honduras during 1908–09, Annals of Arch, and Anth” Liverpool Institute of Archaeology, 4, 72–8.Google Scholar
1914–16. Report on some excavations in British Honduras, Annals of Arch, and Anth., Liverpool Institute of Archaeology, 7, 28–42.Google Scholar
1918. The Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan and Northern British Honduras, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Bulletin 64 (Washington, DC).Google Scholar
1924. A lost city of America’s oldest civilisation: Lubaantun, Illustrated London News, 26 July 1924, 199–201.Google Scholar
1925a. The problem city of America’s oldest civilisation: Lubaantun, Illustrated London News 3 October 1925, 620–3.Google Scholar
1925b. Mystery cities: exploration and adventure in Lubaantun (London).Google Scholar
1976. Thomas Gann’s 1903 Report on Lubaantun: ‘Visit to Ruins on the Columbia Branch of the Rio Grande ’,Belizean Studies, 8, No. 6, 25–9.Google Scholar
Gann, T. W. F. &Gann, M. 1939. Archaeological investiga-tions in the Corozal District of British Honduras, Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution, Bulletin 123 (Washington, DC), 1–57.Google Scholar
Graham, E, A. 1975. Archaeology of the Stann Creek District, Belize (Cambridge).Google Scholar
1978. Archaeological investigations in the Stann Creek District, Belizean Studies, 6, No. 4, 16–26.Google Scholar
Graham, E. A., Macnatt, L &Gutchen, M, 1980. Excavations in Footprint Cave, Caves Branch, Belize. J. Field Arch” 7, 153–72.Google Scholar
Gruning, E. L, 1930. Report on the British Museum Expedition to British Honduras 1930, JRAI, LX, 477–82.Google Scholar
Hammond, N. 1970. Excavations at Lubaantun 1970 Antiquity, XLIV, 216–23.Google Scholar
1941.The British Museum in British Honduras: Lubaantun 1926–1970 (London).Google Scholar
1942.(ed.) British Museum—Camortdge University Corozal Project 1973 Interim Report (Cambridge).Google Scholar
1943.Preclassic to Postclassic in northern Belize, Antiquity XLVIII, 177–89.Google Scholar
1975a. Lubaantun : a Classic Maya realm, Monographs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, 2 (Cambridge, Mass.).Google Scholar
1975b. (ed.) Archaeology in northern Belize: British Museum—Cambridge University Corozal Project 1974–75 Interim Report (Cambridge).Google Scholar
1976.A new Maya ceremonial centre in Belize, Illustrated London News, August 1976 (issue 2919), 49–50.Google Scholar
1977. Ex oriente lux: a view from Belize, in (ed.) R. E. W. Adams, The Origins of Maya Civilization (Albuquerque), 45–76.Google Scholar
1978. (ed.) National Geographic Society, British Museum——Rutgers University Cuello Project 197S Interim Report (New Brunswick).Google Scholar
1980a. Cuello, , 1979: a summary of the season, Belizean Studies, 8, No. 3, 33–44.Google Scholar
1980b, Early Maya ceremonial at Cuello, Belize, Antiquity, LIV, 176–190.Google Scholar
1977.Settlement patterns in Belize, in (ed.) W. Ashmore, Lowland Maya Settlement patterns (Albuquerque), 157–80.Google Scholar
1978.Ancient Maya Civilization (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Hammond, N., et al. 1976. Radiocarbon chronology for early Maya occupation at Cuello, Belize, Nature, 260, 579–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, N. et al. 1979. The earliest lowland Maya, Definition of the Swasey Phase, American Antiquity, XLIV, 92–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hester, T. R. 1979. (ed.) The Colha Project, 1979, a Collection of interim papers (San Antonio).Google Scholar
Hester, T, R.’ Eaton, J. D &Shafer, H. J, 1980. (eds) The Colha Project: Second season, 1980 Interim Report (San Antonio).Google Scholar
Joyce, T. A., 1926. Report on the investigations at Lubaantun, British Honduras, in 1926, JRAI LVI, 207–30.Google Scholar
1929. Report on the British Museum Expeoition to British Honduras 1929, JRAI, LIX, 439–59.Google Scholar
Joyce, T. A., Cooper Clarke, J &Thompson, J. E, 1927. Report on the British Museum Expedition to British Honduras 1927,JRAIt LVII. 295–323.Google Scholar
Joyce, T. A., Gann, T. W. F, Gruning, E. L &Long, R. C. E, 1928. Report on the British Museum Expedition to British Honduras 1928, JRAI, LVIII’ 323—50.Google Scholar
Kidder, A. V. &Ekholm, G. F, 1951. Some archaeological specimens from Pomona, British Honduras, Carnegie Institution of Washington Division of Historical Research, Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, 102 (Cambridge, Mass.).Google Scholar
Leventhal, R. M., 1979. Preliminary report on investigations at Pusilha, Toledo District, Belize. MS on file, Peabody Museum, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Mcleod, B. &Puleston, D. E, 1979. Pathways to Xibalba, in (ed.) M. Greene Robertson, The art, iconography and archaeology of Palenque, Part IV: Tercet a Mesa Redonda de Palenque (Palenque, Mexico), 71–100.Google Scholar
Macneish, R. S., Wilkerson, S. J. K &Nelken–Terner, A,1980. First Annual Report of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance (Andover, Mass.) merwin, R, E” 19?5. Rio Grande, 1915, in N. Hammond, Lubaantun: a Classic Maya realm (Cambridge, Mass.), 260–7.Google Scholar
Merwin, R. E. &Vaillant, G. C, 1932. The ruins of Holmul, Guatemala. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, III, No. 2 (Cambridge, Mass,〉.Google Scholar
Pendergast, D. M. 1967. (ed.) Palenque: the Walker- Caddy Expedition to the Ancient Maya City, 18391840 (Norman, Oklahoma).Google Scholar
1968.Anderson, A, H, 1901–1967, American Antiquity, XXXIII, 90–2.Google Scholar
1969a. Altun Ha, British Honduras (Belize), The Sun God’s Tomb, Royal Ontario Museum, Art and Archaeology Occasional Paper 19 (Toronto).Google Scholar
1969b. The Prehistory of Actun Balam, British Honduras, Royal Ontario Museum, Art and Archaeology Occasional Paper 16 (Toronto).Google Scholar
1970a. Tumbaga object from the Early Classic Period found at Altun Ha, British Honduras, Science, 168, 116–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1970b. A. H. Anderson’s excavations at Rio Frio Cave E, British Honduras {Belize), Royal Ontario Museum Art and Archaeology Occasional Paper 20 (Toronto).Google Scholar
1971. Evidence of Early Teotihuacan-Maya Contact at Altun Ha, American Antiquity, 36,355–60.Google Scholar
1974.Excavations at Actun Polbilche, Belize, Royal Ontario Museum, Archaeology Monograph 1 (Toronto).Google Scholar
1979. Excavations at Altun Ha, Belize, 1964–1970, Volume I (Toronto).Google Scholar
1981. Lamanai, Belize: summary of excavation results, 1974–1980, Journal of Field Archaeology, 8, 29–53.Google Scholar
Pendergast, D. M. &Graham, E. A, 1981. Fighting a looting battle: Xunantunich, Belize, Archaeology 34, no. 4, 12–19.Google Scholar
Robertson, D. 1970. The International Style of the Late Post-classic, Verhandlungen des XXXVIII Amerikanistenkongressen 2 (Munich) 77—88.Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, L., JR. 1951. Reconnaissance in British Honduras, University Museum Bulletin, 16 No. 1, 21–36.Google Scholar
1954. Sculptured monuments from Caracol, British Honduras, University Museum Bulletin, 18, Nos. 1-2, 3—45.Google Scholar
Siemens, A. H. 1977. (ed.) The Rio Hondo project: an investigation of the Maya of Northern Belize (Belize City).Google Scholar
Stephens, J. L. 1841. Incidents of travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan (New York).Google Scholar
Thompson, J. E. S. 1930. ethnology of the Mayas of Central and Southern British Honduras, Field Museum of Natural History Anthropological Series’ XVII, No, 2 (Chicago).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
1931. Archaeological investigations in the Southern Cayo District, British Honduras, Field Museum ot Natural History Anthropological Series, XVII, No. 3 (Chicago).Google Scholar
1939.Excavations at San Jose, British Honduras, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 506 (Washington, DC).Google Scholar
1940. Late Ceramic Horizons at Benque Viejo, British Honduras, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 528, Contribution 35 (Washington, DC).Google Scholar
1975.Introduction, in H. C. Mercer, The Hill Caves of fucatant reprinted edn. (Norman, Oklahoma), V–XLIV.Google Scholar
Topsey, H. W. 1980. New developments in the cultural resource management of Belize, Paper presented at the IV Mesa Redonda de Palenque, June 1980, and on file at the Department of Archaeology, Belmopan, Belize.Google Scholar
Turner, B. L., II et al. 1980. Maya raised-field agriculture and settlement at Pulltrouser Swamp, Northern Belize, Report to the National Science Foundation on file at NSF and at Department of Geography, University of Oklahoma, Norman.Google Scholar
Turner, B. L. II, and Harrison, P. D, 1981. Prehistoric raised-field agriculture in the Maya Lowlands, Science, 213, 399–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willey, G. R., et al. 1965. Prehistoric Maya settlements in the Belize Valley, Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, LIV (Cambridge, Mass.).Google Scholar