Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-r6c6k Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-07T09:47:58.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Normative and descriptive consequentialism

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Jonathan St. B. T. Evans
Jonathan St. B. T. Evans
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, United Kingdom Electronic mall: p02118@prime-a.plymouth.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 17 , Issue 1 , March 1994 , pp. 15 - 16
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Adler, J. (1991) An optimist's pessimism: Conversation and conjunction. In: Probability and rationality, ed. Eels, E. & Maruszewski, T.. Rodopi. [JEA]Google Scholar
Alexander, R. (1979) Darwinism and human affairs. University of Washington Press. [JH]Google Scholar
Allais, M. (1953) Le comportement de l'homme rationnel devant le risque: Critique des postulats et axioms de l'école américaine. Economctrica 21:503–46. [aJB]Google Scholar
Arkes, H. R. (1991) Costs and benefits of judgment errors: Implications for debiasing. Psychological Bulletin 110:486–98. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arkes, H. R. & Blumer, C. (1985) The psychology of sunk cost. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 35:124–40. [DF]Google Scholar
Arnauld, A. (1964) The art of thinking (Port Royal Logic) (trans, by Dickoff, J. & James, P.; originally published in 1662). Bobbs-Merrill. [aJB]Google Scholar
Asch, D., Baron, J., Hershey, J. C., Kunreuther, H., Meszaros, J., Ritov, I. & Spranea, M. (1993) Determinants of resistance to pertussis vaccination. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania. [aJB]Google Scholar
Axelrod, R. (1984) The evolution of cooperation. Basic Books. [RAM]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1985) Rationality and intelligence. Cambridge University Press. [arJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (1986) Tradeoffs among reasons for action. Journal for the Theory of Social Behavior 16:173–95. [arJB]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1988a) Thinking and deciding. Cambridge University Press. [arJB, MDS]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1988b) Utility, exchange, and commensurability. Journal of Thought 23:111–31. [rJB]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1990) Thinking about consequences. Journal of Moral Education 19:77–87. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. (1991) Beliefs about thinking. In: Informal reasoning and education, ed. Voss, J. F., Perkins, D. N. & Segal, J. W.. J0. [aJB]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1992) The effect of normative beliefs on anticipated emotions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63:320–30. [arJB, PA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baron, J. (1993a) Morality and rational choice. Kluwer. [arJB, MDS]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1993b) Heuristics and biases in equity judgments: A utilitarian approach. In: Psychological perspectives on justice: Theory and applications, ed. Mellers, B. A. & Baron, J.. Cambridge University Press. [arJB]Google Scholar
Baron, J. (1993c) Postscript. In: Psychological perspectives on justice: Theory and applications, ed. Mellers, B. A. & Baron, J.. Cambridge University Press. [rJB]Google Scholar
Baron, J., Baron, J. H., Barber, J. P. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1991) Rational thinking as a goal of therapy. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy (special issue) 4:293–302. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. & Brown, R. V., eds. (1991) Teaching decision making to adolescents. Erlbaum. [aJB]Google Scholar
Baron, J., Gowda, R. & Kunreuther, H. (1993) Attitudes toward managing hazardous waste: What should be cleaned up and who should pay for it? Risk Analysis 13:183–92. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. & Jurney, J. (1993) Norms against voting for coerced reform. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 64:347–55. [arJB, PET]Google Scholar
Baron, J. & Ritov, I. (1993) Intuitions about penalties and compensation in the context of tort law. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 7:17–33. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. & Ritov, I. (in press) Reference points and omission bias. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. [aJB, IR]Google Scholar
Bell, D. E., Raiffa, H. & Tversky, A., eds. (1988) Decision malting: Descriptive, normative, and prescriptive interactions. Cambridge University Press. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, E. G. (1983) Reason and value. Cambridge University Press. [LDK]Google Scholar
Brandt, R. B. (1979) A theory of the good and the right. Oxford University Press. [LDK]Google Scholar
Brink, D. (1989) Moral realism and the foundations of ethics. Cambridge University Press. [PMP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broome, J. (1991) Weighing goods: Equality, uncertainty and time. Basil Blackwell. [rJB]Google Scholar
Brown, T. C. (1984) The concept of value in resource allocation. Land Economics 60:231–46. [JRI]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calabresi, G. (1970) The costs of accidents: A legal and economic analysis. Yale University Press. [aJB]Google Scholar
Calfee, J. E. & Rubin, P. H. (in press) Some implications of damage payments for nonpecuniary losses. Journal of Legal Studies. [aJB]Google Scholar
Camerer, C. & Loewenstein, G. (1993) Information, fairness, and efficiency in bargaining. In: Psychological perspectives on justice: Theory and applications, ed. Mellers, B. A. & Baron, J.. Cambridge University Press. [aJB]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. (1974) Evolutionary epistemology. In: The philosophy of Karl Popper, vol. I, ed. Schilpp, P. A.. Open Court Press. [JH]Google Scholar
Chellas, B. (1980) Modal logic: An introduction. Cambridge University Press. [RAM]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. (1979) Scientific realism and the plasticity of mind. Cambridge University Press. [RC]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. (1989) A neurocomputational perspective: The nature of mind and the structure of science. MIT Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1981) Can human irrationality be experimentally demonstrated? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:317–70. [PA, JStBTE]Google Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1986) The dialogue of reason. Oxford University Press. [LJC]Google Scholar
Collett, P., ed. (1977) Social rules and social behavior. Rowman & Littlefield. [SF]Google Scholar
Daniels, N. (1979) Wide reflective equilibrium and theory acceptance in ethics. Journal of Philosophy 76:256–82. [PR]Google Scholar
Danielson, P. (1991) The Lockean proviso. In: Contractarianism and rational choice, ed. Vallentyne, P.. Cambridge University Press. [AM]Google Scholar
Dawes, R. M. (1988) Rational choice in an uncertain world. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. [aJB]Google Scholar
Deber, R. B. & Goel, V. (1990) Using explicit decision rules to manage issues of justice, risk, and ethics in decision analysis: When is it not rational to maximize expected utility? Medical Decision Making 10:181–94. [rJB]Google Scholar
De Sousa, R. (1987) The rationality of emotions. MIT Press. [KO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewey, J. (1910) How we think. D. C. Heath. [GMP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dworkin, R. (1977) Taking rights seriously. Harvard University Press. [FS]Google Scholar
Ellsberg, D. (1961) Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms. Quarterly Journal of Economics 75:643–99. [aJB, rJB]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1978) Logic and society. Wiley. [RAM]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1984) Explaining technical change. Cambridge University Press. [SF]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1985) Weakness of will and the free-rider problem. Economics and Philosophy 1:231–65. [rJB]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1989) The cement of society. Cambridge University Press. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. (1989) Bias in human reasoning: Causes and consequences. Erlbaum. [aJB, JStBTE]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T. (1993) Bias and rationality. In: Rationality, ed. Manktelow, K. I. & Over, D. E.. Routledge. [JStBTE]Google Scholar
Evans, J. St. B. T., Newstead, S. E. & Byrne, R. M. J. (1993) Human reasoning: The psychology of deduction. Erlbaum. [JStBTE]Google Scholar
Federal Electric Company (1963) A programmed introduction to PERT. Boiling Air Force Base. [GMP]Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. & Ravizza, M. (1992) Ethics: Problems and principles. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [aJB]Google Scholar
Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P. & Lichtenstein, S. (1977) Knowing with certainty: The appropriateness of extreme confidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 3:552–64. [rJB]Google Scholar
Frank, R. F. (1985) Passions within reason: The strategic role of the emotions. Norton. [aJB]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1961) Beyond the pleasure principle, ed. Strachey, J.. Liveright. [GMP]Google Scholar
Friedman, D. (1982) What is “fair compensation” for death or injury? International Review of Law and Economics 2:81–93. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frisch, D. (1993) Reasons for framing effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes 54:399–429. [arJB]Google Scholar
Frisch, D. & Jones, S. K. (1993) Assessing the accuracy of decisions. Theory and Psychology 3:115–35. [DF]Google Scholar
Fuller, S. (1993) Philosophy of science and its discontents (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. [SF]Google Scholar
Funder, D. C. (1987) Errors and mistakes: Evaluating the accuracy of social judgment. Psychological Bulletin 101:75–90. [aJB]Google Scholar
Garfinkel, H. (1967) Studies of the routine grounds of everyday activities. In: Studies in ethnomethodology, ed. Garfinkel, H.. Erlbaum. [KO]Google Scholar
Gibbard, A. (1988) Hare's analysis of “ought” and its implications. In: Hare and critics: Essays on moral thinking, ed. Seanor, D. & Fotion, N.. Clarendon Press. [rJB]Google Scholar
Gibbard, A. (1990) Wise choices, apt feelings. Harvard University Press. [aJB]Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. (1993) Cognitive illusions illusory? Rethinking judgement under uncertainty. In: Rationality, ed. Manktelow, K. I. & Over, D. E.. Routledge. [LJC]Google Scholar
Gigerenzer, G. & Hug, K. (1992) Domain-specific reasoning: Social contracts, cheating and perspective change. Cognition 43:127–71. [JStBTE]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gouran, D. S., Hirokawa, R. Y., Julian, K. M. & Leatham, G. B. (1993) The evolution and current status of the functional perspective on communication in decision-making and problem-solving groups. In: Communication yearbook 16, ed. Deetz, S. A.. Sage Publishing. [GMP]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. (1986) Interpreting measures of economic loss: Evidence from contingent valuation and experimental studies, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 13:325–37. [JRI]Google Scholar
Gregory, R., Lichtenstein, S. & Slovic, P. (1993) Valuing environmental resources: A constructive approach. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 7:177–97. [JRI]Google Scholar
Griffin, J. (1986) Well-being: Its meaning, measurement, and importance. Oxford University Press. [LDK]Google Scholar
Haidt, J., Koller, S. H. & Dias, M. G. (in press) Affect, culture, and morality, or. Is it wrong to eat your dog? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. [aJB]Google Scholar
Hammond, P. H. (1988) Consequentialist foundations for expected utility. Theory and Decision 25:25–78. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hardin, G. R. (1968) The tragedy of the commons. Science 162:1243–48. [aJB]Google Scholar
Hare, R. M. (1952) The language of morals (reprinted in 1972). Clarendon Press. [rJB, RAM]Google Scholar
Hare, R. M. (1963) freedom and reason. Clarendon Press. [arJB]Google Scholar
Hare, R. M. (1981) Moral thinking: Its levels, method and point. Clarendon Press. [arJB, JEA]Google Scholar
Heil, J. (1992) Believing reasonably. Noûs 26:47–62. [JH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hommers, W. (1986) 1st “Voller Ersatz” immer “Adäquater Ersatz”? Zu einer Diskrepanz Regelungen des Gesetzbuches im EXODUS und der Adäquatheits-These der Equity-Theorie. Psychologische Beiträge 28:164–79. [aJB]Google Scholar
Hurst, J. W. (1990) The heart: Arteries and veins. McGraw-Hill. [GMP]Google Scholar
Inglehart, J. K. (1987) Compensating children with vaccine-related injuries. New England Journal of Medicine 316:1283–88. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irwin, J. R. (in press) Buying/selling price preference reversals: Preference for environmental changes in buying versus selling modes. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. [JRI]Google Scholar
Irwin, J. R., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S. & McClelland, G. H. (1993) Preference reversals and the measurement of environmental values. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 6:5–18. [JRI]Google Scholar
Johnson, A. (1943) An experimental study in the analysis and measurement of reflective thinking. Speech Monographs 10(1):83–96. [GMP]Google Scholar
Johnson, M. (1987) The body in the mind: The bodily basis of meaning, imagination, and reason. University of Chicago Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Johnson, R. H. & Blair, J. A. (1983) Logical self-defense (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Ryerson. [aJB]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. (1983) Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language, inference and consciousness. Harvard University Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Kagan, S. (1989) The limits of morality. Oxford University Press. [PR]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Knetsch, J. L. (1993) Valuing public goods: The purchase of moral satisfaction. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management (in press). [PET]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. & Thaler, R. H. (1986) Fairness and the assumptions of economies. Journal of Business 59:S285–5300. [HRA]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. & Thaler, R. H. (1990) Experimental tests of the endowment effect and the Coase theorem. Journal of Political Economy 98:1325–48. [aJB]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Miller, D. T. (1986) Norm theory: Comparing reality to its alternatives. Psychological Review 93:136–53. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1982) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press. [JStBTE]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Snell, J. (1992) Predicting changing taste: Do people know what they will like? Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 5:187–200. [rJB]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1972) Subjective probability. A judgment of representativeness. Cognitive Psychology 3:430–54. [aJB]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory: An analysis of decisions under risk. Econometrica 47:263–91. [aJB, DF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1984) Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist 39:341–50. [aJB, DF]Google Scholar
Kamm, F. M. (1986) Harming, not aiding, and positive rights. Philosophy and Public Affairs 15:3–32. [aJB]Google Scholar
Katz, D. (1960) The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly 24:163–204. [PET]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Katz, L. D. (1986) Hedonism as metaphysics of mind and value. Ph.D. dissertation. Princeton University Microfilms. [LDK]Google Scholar
Keynes, J. M. (1936) The general theory of employment, interest and money. Macmillan. [PA]Google Scholar
Kierkegaard, S. (1938) The journals of Søren Kierkegaard (trans, and ed. by Dru, A.). Oxford University Press. [KO]Google Scholar
Knetsch, J. L. & Sinden, J. A. (1984) Willingness to pay and compensation: Experimental evidence of an unexpected disparity in measures of value. Quarterly Journal of Economics 99:508–22. [aJB]Google Scholar
Kohlberg, L. (1970) Stages of moral development as a basis for moral education. In: Moral education, ed. Beck, C. & Sullivan, E.. University of Toronto Press. [aJB]Google Scholar
Kuhse, H. (1987) The sanctity of life doctrine in medicine: A critique. Oxford University Press. [arJB]Google Scholar
Lakoff, G. (1987) Women, fire and dangerous things: What categories reveal about the mind. University of Chicago Press. [RG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larrick, R. P., Nisbett, R. E. & Morgan, J. N. (in press) Who uses the cost-benefit rules of choice? Implications for the normative status of economic theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. [aJB]Google Scholar
Levin, I. P. & Gaeth, C. J. (1988) How consumers are affected by the framing of attribute information before and after consuming the product. Journal of Consumer Research 15:374–78. [DF]Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, S., Gregory, R., Slovic, P. & Wagenaar, W. (1990) When lives are in your hands: Dilemmas of the societal decision maker. In: Insights in decision making: A tribute to Hillel J. Einhorn, ed. Hogarth, R. M.. University of Chicago Press. [HRA]Google Scholar
Lichtenstein, S. & Slovic, P. (1971) Reversals of preference between bids and choices in gambling decisions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 89:46–55. [DF]Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. F., Thompson, L. & Bazerman, M. (1989) Social utility and decision making in interpersonal contexts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57:426–41. [HRA]Google Scholar
Machina, M. J. (1989) Dynamic consistency and non-expected utility models of choice under uncertainty. Journal of Economic Literature 17:1622–68. [DF]Google Scholar
Magat, W. A., Viscusi, W. K. & Huber, J. (1988) Paired comparison and contingent valuation approaches to morbidity risk reduction. Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 15:395–411. [JRI]Google Scholar
Malm, H. M. (1989) Killing, letting die, and simple conflicts. Philosophy and Public Affairs 18:238–58. [aJB]Google Scholar
McBurney, J. H. (1935) The principles and methods of discussion. Harper & Brothers. [GMP]Google Scholar
McCain, R. A. (1991a) Deontology, consequentialism, and rationality. Review of Social Economy 49:168–96. [RAM]Google Scholar
McCain, R. A. (1991b) A linguistic theory of rationality. Social Science Information 30:233–55. [RAM]Google Scholar
McCain, R. A. (1992) A framework for cognitive economics. Praeger. [RAM]Google Scholar
Meszaros, J. R., Asch, D. A., Baron, J., Hershey, J. C., Kunreuther, H. & Schwartz, J. (1992) Cognitive influences on parents' decisions to forgo pertussis vaccination for their children. Unpublished manuscript, Center for Risk Management and Decision Processes, University of Pennsylvania. [aJB]Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1859) On liberty. J. W. Parker. [aJB]Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1861/1979) Utilitarianism. Hackett Publishing. [PMP]Google Scholar
Miller, D. T. & McFarland, C. (1986) Counterfactual thinking and victim compensation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 12:513–19. [aJB]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. C. & Carson, R. T. (1989) Using surveys to value public goods: The contingent valuation method. Resources for the Future. [aJB]Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. (1903) Principia ethica. Cambridge University Press. [SDw]Google Scholar
Morton, A. (1991) Disasters and dilemmas: Strategies for real-life decision-making. Basil Blackwell. [AM]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1963) The imitation of man by machine. Science 139:193–97. [KO]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newell, A. & Simon, H. A. (1972) Human problem solving. Prentice-Hall. [JStBTE]Google Scholar
New York Times (1969) Section Bl, p.l. [GMP]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgment. Prentice-Hall. [aJB]Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1969) Newcomb's problem and two principles of choice. In: Essays in honor of Carl G. Hempel, ed. Rescher, N.. Reidel. [FJ]Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1974) Anarchy, state, and utopia. Basic Books. [FS]Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. C. (1986) The fragility of goodness: Luck and ethics in Greek tragedy and philosophy. Cambridge University Press. [KO]Google Scholar
Oatley, K. (1992) Best laid schemes: The psychology of emotions. Cambridge University Press. [KO]Google Scholar
O'Brien, D. P. (1993) Mental logic and irrationality: We can put a man on the moon, so why can't we solve those logical reasoning problems? In: Rationality, ed. Manktelow, K. I. & Over, D. E.. Routledge. [JStBTE]Google Scholar
Oswald, M. (1989) Schadenshöhe, Strafe und Verantwortungsattribution. Zeitschrift für Sozialpsychologie 20:200–210. [aJB]Google Scholar
Over, D. E. & Manktelow, K. I. (1993) Rationality, utility and deontic reasoning. In: Rationality, ed. Manktelow, K. I. & Over, D. E.. Routledge. [JStBTE]Google Scholar
Pareto, V. (1971) Manual of political economy (trans. A. S. Schweir; originally published in 1909). A. M. Kelley. [aJB]Google Scholar
Parfit, D. (1984) Reasons and persons. Oxford University Press. [rJB, LDK]Google Scholar
Payne, J. W., Bettman, J. R. & Johnson, E. J. (1992) Behavioral decision research: A constructive processing perspective. Annual Review of Psychology 43:87–131. [JRI]Google Scholar
Peterson, C. R. & Beach, L. R. (1967) Man as an intuitive statistician. Psychological Bulletin 68:29–46. [aJB]Google Scholar
Phillips, G. M. (1966) Communication and the small group. Bobbs-Merrill. [GMP]Google Scholar
Pietroski, P. (1993) Prima facie obligations, ceteris paribus laws in moral theory. Ethics 103:489–515. [PMP]Google Scholar
Pollock, J. L. (1986) Contemporary theories of knowledge. Rowan and Littlefield. [RAM]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1962) Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. Basic Books. [aJB]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H., Logue, A., Gibbon, J. & Frankel, M. (1986) Cognition and behavior in studies of choice. Psychological Review 93:33–45. [SF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Railton, P. (1984) Alienation, eonsequentialism, and the demands of morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs 13:134–71. [aJB, JH]Google Scholar
Random House Dictionary of the English Language (2nd ed.) p. 1771. [GMP]Google Scholar
Rawls, J. (1971) A theory of justice. Harvard University Press. [aJB, SDw, PMP, FS]Google Scholar
Reason, J., Manstead, A., Stradling, S., Baxter, J. & Cambell, K. (1990) Errors and violations on the roads: A real distinction? Ergonomics 33:1315–22. [PA]Google Scholar
Ritov, I. & Baron, J. (1990) Reluctance to vaccinate: Omission bias and ambiguity. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 3:263–77. [aJB, PET]Google Scholar
Ritov, I. & Baron, J. (1992) Status-quo and omission bias. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 5:49–61. [aJB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ritov, I. & Baron, J. (in press) Judgments of compensation for misfortune: The role of expectation. European Journal of Social Psychology. [aJB]Google Scholar
Ritov, I., Baron, J. & Hershey, J. C. (1993) Framing effects in the evaluation of multiple risk reduction, Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 6:145–59. [IR]Google Scholar
Ross, W. D. (1930) The right and the good. Oxford University Press. [HRA]Google Scholar
Sabini, J. (1992) Social psychology. Norton. [aJB]Google Scholar
Sabini, J. & Silver, M. (1981) Moralities of everyday life. Oxford University Press. [aJB]Google Scholar
Samuelson, W. & Zeckhauser, R. (1988) Status-quo bias in decision making. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 1:7–59. [aJB]Google Scholar
Savage, L. J. (1954) The foundations of statistics. Wiley. [DF]Google Scholar
Scanlon, T. (1993) Value, desire and quality of life. In: The quality of life, ed. Nussbaum, M. & Sen, A.. Oxford University Press. [rJB, LDK]Google Scholar
Schick, F. (1991) Understanding action: An essay on reasons. Cambridge University Press. [arJB, SF, FS]Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. R. & Marwell, G. (1972) Withdrawal and reward allocation in response to inequity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 8:207–21. [HRA]Google Scholar
Schweitzer, M. E. (in press) Untangling the status-quo and omission effects: An experimental analysis. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. [aJB]Google Scholar
Selten, R. (1978) The chain store paradox. Theory and Decision 9:127–59. [RAM]Google Scholar
Sen, A. (1980/1981) Plural utility. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society (new series) 81:193–215. [LDK]Google Scholar
Sen, A. (1982) Rights and agency. Philosophy and Public Affairs 11:3–39. [LDK]Google Scholar
Shafir, E. & Tversky, A. (1992) Thinking through uncertainty: Nonconsequentialist reasoning and choice. Cognitive Psychology 24:449–74. [PA]Google Scholar
Sharp, D., Cole, M. & Lave, C. (1979) Education and cognitive development: The evidence from experimental research. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 44 (1–2, Serial No. 178). [aJB]Google Scholar
Sidgwick, H. (1907) The methods of ethics (7th ed.). Macmillan. [aJB, SF, LDK]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1967) Motivational and emotional controls of cognition. Psychological Review 74:29–39. [KO]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1982) Models of bounded rationality. MIT Press. [AM]Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1990) A mechanism for social selection and successful altruism. Science 250:1665–68. [aJB]Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1972) Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1:229–43. [PR]Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1977) Utility and the survival lottery. Philosophy 52:218–22. [rJB]Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1979) Practical ethics. Cambridge University Press. [aJB, JEA]Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1981) The expanding circle: Ethics and sociobiology. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. [aJB]Google Scholar
Slote, M. (1985) Common-sense morality and consequentialism. Routledge. [AM]Google Scholar
Slovic, P. & Lichtenstein, S. (1983) Preference reversals: A broader perspective. American Economic Review 73:596–605. [IR]Google Scholar
Spranca, M. D. (1993) Raising standards in discussions of the rationality of human choice and judgment. Unpublished manuscript, Psychology Department, University of California, Berkeley. [MDS]Google Scholar
Spranca, M., Minsk, E. & Baron, J. (1991) Omission and commission in judgment and choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 27:76–105. [aJB]Google Scholar
Stich, S. (1990) The fragmentation of reason: Preface to a pragmatic theory of cognitive evaluation. MIT Press. [RG]Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. (1992) The impact of accountability on judgment and choice: Toward a social contingency model. In: Advances in experimental social psychology (vol. 25), ed. Zanna, M.. Academic Press. [PET]Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. & Boettger, R. (1993) Accountability amplifies the status quo effect when change creates victims. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Berkeley. [PET]Google Scholar
Tetlock, P. E. & Mitchell, G. (1993) Liberal and conservative approaches to justice: Conflicting psychological portraits. In: Psychological perspectives on justice: Theory and applications, ed. Mellers, B. A. & Baron, J.. Cambridge University Press. [aJB]Google Scholar
Thaler, R. H. (1988) The ultimatum game. Journal of Economic Perspectives 2:195–206. [aJB]Google Scholar
Thomson, J. J. (1986) Rights, restitution, and risk: Essays in moral theory. Harvard University Press. [SDw]Google Scholar
Thomson, J. J. (1990) The realm of rights. Harvard University Press. [rJB, JEA, SDw, PMP]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. (1967) Additivity, utility, and subjective probability. Journal of Mathematical Psychology 4:175–202. [aJB]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Science 185:1124–31. [PA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211:453–58. [IR]Google Scholar
Tversky, A., Sattath, S. & Slovic, P. (1988) Contingent weighting in judgment and choice. Psychological Review 95:371–84. [IR]Google Scholar
Walster, E., Walster, G. W. & Berscheid, E. (1978) Equity: Theory and research. Allyn & Bacon. [aJB]Google Scholar
Walton, D. N. (1989) Informal logic: A handbook for critical argumentation. Cambridge University Press. [aJB]Google Scholar
Wason, P. C. (1966) Reasoning. In: New horizons in psychology (vol. 1), ed. Foss, B. M.. Penguin. [PA]Google Scholar
Weed, L. L. (1991) Knowledge coupling: New premises and new tools for medical care and education. Springer-Verlag. [GMP]Google Scholar
Wertheimer, M. (1959) Productive thinking (rev. ed.; originally published in 1945). Harper & Row. [aJB]Google Scholar
Williams, B. (1973) A critique of utilitarianism. In: Utilitarianism for and against, Smart, J. C. C. & Williams, B.. Cambridge University Press. [HRA]Google Scholar
Woodworth, R. S. & Schlosberg, H. (1954) Experimental psychology. Holt. [aJB]Google Scholar
Young, K. S. (1993) The use of a procedural model of problem solving by students in a group discussion class. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Pennsylvania State University. [GMP]Google Scholar