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An operant analysis of problem solving

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

B. F. Skinner
B. F. Skinner
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology and Social Relations, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. 02138
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Abstract

Behavior that solves a problem is distinguished by the fact that it changes another part of the solver's behavior and is strengthened when it does so. Problem solving typically involves the construction of discriminative stimuli. Verbal responses produce especially useful stimuli, because they affect other people. As a culture formulates maxims, laws, grammar, and science, its members behave more effectively without direct or prolonged contact with the contingencies thus formulated. The culture solves problems for its members, and does so by transmitting the verbal discriminative stimuli called rules. Induction, deduction, and the construction of models are ways of producing rules. Behavior that solves a problem may result from direct shaping by contingencies or from rules constructed either by the problem solver or by others. Because different controlling variables are involved, contingency-shaped behavior is never exactly like rule-governed behavior. The distinction must take account of (1) a system which establishes certain contingencies of reinforcement, such as some part of the natural environment, a piece of equipment, or a verbal community; (2) the behavior shaped and maintained by these contingencies; (3) rules, derived from the contingencies, which specify discriminative stimuli, responses, and consequences, and (4) the behavior occasioned by the rules.

Keywords

contingency-shaped behaviordeductiondiscriminative stimulihypothesesinductionmodel buildingoperant analysisproblem solvingreinforcement contingenciesrule-governed behaviorverbal behavior

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Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 7 , Issue 4 , December 1984 , pp. 583 - 591
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

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