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Are species intelligent?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Jonathan Schull
Jonathan Schull
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Haverford College, Haverford, PA 19041, Electronic mail: i_schull@hvrford.bitnet
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Abstract

Plant and animal species are information-processing entities of such complexity, integration, and adaptive competence that it may be scientifically fruitful to consider them intelligent. The possibility arises from the analogy between learning (in organisms) and evolution (in species), and from recent developments in evolutionary science, psychology and cognitive science. Species are now described as spatiotemporally localized individuals in an expanded hierarchy of biological entities. Intentional and cognitive abilities are now ascribed to animal, human, and artificial intelligence systems that process information adaptively, and that manifest problem-solving abilities. The structural and functional similarities between such systems and species are extensive, although they “are usually obscured by population-genetic metaphors that have nonetheless contributed much to our understanding of evolution.

In this target article, I use Sewall Wright's notion of the “adaptive landscape” to compare the performances of evolving species to those of intelligent organisms. With regard to their adaptive achievements and the kinds of processes by which they are achieved, biological species compare very favorably to intelligent animals by virtue of interactions between populations and their environments, between ontogeny and phylogeny, and between natural, interdemic, organic, and species selection. Addressing the question of whether species are intelligent could help to refine our ideas about species, evolution, and intelligence, and could open new lines of empirical and theoretical inquiry in many disciplines.

Keywords

animal behaviorartificial intelligencecognitive scienceevolutioninsightintelligenceinterdemic selectionlearningnatural selectionorganic selectionparallel distributed processingpunctuated equilibriumspeciesspecies selection

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Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , March 1990 , pp. 63 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

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