Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-hw7sx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-10-31T23:00:01.374Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Computation without representation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Stephen P. Stich
Stephen P. Stich
Affiliation:
Department of Philosophy and Committee on the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Md. 20742
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 3 , Issue 1 , March 1980 , pp. 152
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Anderson, J. R. (1978) Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. Psychological Review 85:249–277. [JRM, ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, P.; Cross, G. N.; Lomo, T.; and Green, O. (1969) In: Brazier, M. (ed.) The Interneuron. Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Arbib, M., and Caplan, D. (in press) Neurolinguistics must be computational. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. [ZP]Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. M. (1973) Belief, truth and knowledge, New York: Cambridge University Press. [JHe]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atkinson, H. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) Human memory: a proposed system and its control processes. In: Spence, K. W. and Spence, J. T. (eds.) Advances in the psychology of learning and motivation, research and theory, Vol. II, New York: Academic Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Atkinson, H. C., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1971) The control of short term memory. Scientific American 225:82–90. [SG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Austin, H. (12, 1974) A computational view of the skill of juggling. AI memo 330, Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, M.I.T. [ZP]Google Scholar
Backus, J. (1978) Can programming be liberated from the von Neumann style? A functional style and its algebra of programs. 21:613–641. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1980) Cognitive psychology and psychometric theory. In: Freidman, M., Das, J. P., and O'Connor, M. (eds.) Intelligence and learning. New York: Plenum Press. [HEK]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. and Warrington, E. K. (1970) Amnesia and the distinction between long- and short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 9:176–189. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein, N. (1967) The coordination and regulation of movements. New York: Pergamon. [ZP]Google Scholar
Bloomfield, T. M., (1969) Behavioral contrast and the peak shift. In: Gilbert, H. M., and Sutherland, N. S. (eds.) Animal discrimination learning. New York: Academic Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Bobrow, D. G., and Raphael, B. R. (1974) New programming languages for A.I. research. ACM Computer Surveys 6:153–174. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brentano, F. (1960) The distinction between mental and physical phenomena, Trans. Terrell, D. B.. In: Chisholm, R. (ed.) Realism and the background of phenomenology. New York: The Free Press. [JHe]Google Scholar
Brewer, W. F. (1974) There is no convincing evidence for operant or classical conditioning in adult humans. In: Weiner, W. B., and Palermo, D. S. (eds.) Cognition and the symbolic processes. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [ZP]Google Scholar
Brouwer, L. E. J. (1964) Intuitionism and formalism. In: Benacerraf, P., and Putnam, H. (eds.) Philosophy of Mathematics, Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [ZP]Google Scholar
Burner, J. S. (1957) On perceptual readiness. Psychological Review 64:123–152. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buell, S. J., and Coleman, P. D. (1979) Dendritic growth in the aged human brain and failure of growth in senile dementia. Science 206:854. [PMC]Google Scholar
Butterfield, H. (1957) The origins of modern science: 1300–1800. Toronto: Clark Irwin & Co. [ZP]Google Scholar
Carroll, , Lewis, (1956) “What the Tortoise Said to Achilles,” Mind 4, 1895; reprinted inGoogle Scholar
Newman, , James, R., The World of Mathematics, pp. 2402–2405. New York: Simon and Schuster. [GR]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1964) Current issues in linguistic theory. The Hague: Mouton. [ZP]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press. [SP]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1975) Logical structure of linguistic theory. New York: Plenum. [ZP]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (1979) Scientific realism and the plasticity of mind, ch. 5. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. [PMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Churchland, P. M. (forthcoming) review of Persons and minds, by Margolis, J.. Dialogue. [PSC]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1978) Fodor on language learning. Synthese 38:149–159. [PMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Colby, K. M. (1978) Mind models: an overview of current work. Mathematical Biosciences 39:159–185. [KMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collins, A. M., and Loftus, E. L. (1975) A spreading activation theory of semantic processing. Psychological Review 82:407–428. [JRM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cornsweet, T. N. (1970) Visual perception. New York: Academic Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Creutzfeldt, O. (1976) The brain as a functional entity. In: Corner, M. A., and Swaab, D. F. (eds.) Perspective in brain research: progress in brain research, Vol. 45, Amsterdam: Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Davidson, D. (1970) Mental events. In: Foster, L., and Swanson, V. W. (eds.) Experience and theory. Amherst: Univ. of Massachusetts Press. (1970) [WBW, ZP]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms. Montgomery, Vt.: Bradford Books. [ZP]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (in press) True believers: the intentional strategy and why it works. To appear in a volume of the 1979 Herbert Spencer Lectures on Scientific Explanation, Oxford Univ. Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Donders, F. C. (1969) On the speed of mental processes (1868–1869). Acta Psychologica 30:412–431. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreyfus, H. L. (1979) What computers can't do. N.Y.: Harper & Row. [ZP]Google Scholar
Fahlman, S. E. (1979) NETL: A system for representing and using real world knowledge. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Favreau, O. (1976) Interference in color-contingent motion after-effects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 28:553–560. [SWZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feigenbaum, E. A., and Simon, H. A. (1962) A theory of the serial position effect. British Journal of Psychology 53:307–320. [SG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feigenbaum, E. A., and Simon, H. A. (1963) Brief notes on the EPAM theory of verbal learning. In: Cofer, C. N., and Musgrave, B. S. (eds.) Verbal behavior and learning. New York: McGraw-Hill. [SG]Google Scholar
Finke, R. A. (in press) Levels of equivalence in imagery and perception. Psychological Review. [SP]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The Language of Thought. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell. [PMC, J.He, FK, GR, ZP]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1978) Tom Swift and his procedural grandmother. Cognition 6:229–247. [HEK, ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (in press) Representations. London: Harvester Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Fortescue, M. D. (1979) Why the “language of thought” is not a language: some inconsistencies of the computational analogy of thought. Journal of Pragmatics 3:67–80. [MF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funt, B. V. (1977) Whisper: a problem-solving system utilizing diagrams. Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, (IJCAI-77), pp. 459–464. Department of Computer Science, Carnegie-Mellon University. [ZP]Google Scholar
Gibson, J. J. (1979) The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co. [JHe, ZP]Google Scholar
Gold, E. (1967) Language identification in the limit. Information and Control 16:447–474. [SWZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodman, N. (1968) Languages of art. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill. [WES]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1969) On the serial learning of lists. Mathematical Biosciences 4:201–253. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S.Contour enhancement, short term memory, and constancies in reverberating neural networks. Studies in Applied Math 52:217–257. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1974) Classical and instrumental learning by neural networks. In: Rosen, R., and Snell, F. (eds.) Progress in Theoretical Biology, Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1975) A neural model of attention, reinforcement, and discrimination learning. In: Pfeiffer, C. (ed.) International Review of Neurobiology 18:263–327. [SG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1978a) Behavioral contrast in short term memory: serial binary memory models or parallel continuous memory models? Journal of Mathematical Psychology 17:199–219. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1978b) A theory of human memory: self-organization and performance of sensory-motor codes, maps, and plans. In: Rosen, R., and Snell, F. (eds.) Progress in Theoretical Biology, Vol. 5, New York: Academic Press. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1978c) Decisions, patterns, and oscillations in the dynamics of competitive systems with applications to Volterra-Lotka systems. Journal of Theoretical Biology 73:101–130. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1978d) Competition, decision, and consensus. Journal of Mathematical Analyses and Applications 66:470–493. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review, 87:1–51. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. and Pepe, J. (1971) Spiking threshold and overarousal effects in serial learning. Journal of Statistical Physics 3:95–125. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guzman, A. (1968) Computer recognition of three-dimensional objects in a visual scene. MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Report AI-TR-228 (thesis). [ZP]Google Scholar
Hanson, N. R. (1965) Patterns of Discovery. Cambridge, England: Cambridge Univ. Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Haugeland, J. (1978) The nature and plausibility of cognitivism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 2, 215–260. [JHa, RCM, WES, ZP]Google Scholar
Hayek, F. A. (1952) The sensory order. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. [WBW]Google Scholar
Heil, J. (1978) Traces of things past. Philosophy of Science 45:60–72. [JHe]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochberg, J. (1968) In the mind's eye. In: Haber, R. N. (ed.) Contemporary theory and research in visual perception. New York: Holt, Rinehardt & Winston. [ZP]Google Scholar
Hogan, R. M., and Hogan, M. M. (1975) Structural and transient components of memory. Memory and Cognition 3:210–215. [SG]Google Scholar
Howard, I. P. (1978) Recognition and knowledge of the water-level principle. Perception 7:151–160. [ZP]Google Scholar
Hunt, E. (1978) Imageful thought. In: Cotton, J. W., and Klatzky, R. W. (eds.) Semantic factors in cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [WES]Google Scholar
Hunt, E. B. (1980a) The design of a robot mind: a theoretical approach to the issues in intelligence. In: Friedman, M., Das, J. P., and O'Connor, M. (eds.) Intelligence and learning. New York: Plenum Press. [EH]Google Scholar
Hunt, E. B. (1980b) Intelligence as an information processing concept. Bntish Journal of Psychology. [EH]Google Scholar
Klatzky, R. L., and Stoy, A. M. (1978) Semantic information and visual information processing. In: Cotton, J. W. and Klatzky, R. L. (eds.) Semantic factors in cognition. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum. [RLK]Google Scholar
Köhler, W. (1929) Gestalt psychology. New York: Liveright. [ZP]Google Scholar
Kolers, P. A., and Smythe, W. E. (1979a) Images, symbols, and skills. Canadian Journal of Psychology 33:158–184. [WES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolers, P. A., and Smythe, W. E. (1979b) Aspects of picturing. In: Nodine, C. F., and Fisher, D. F. (eds.) Perception and pictorial representation. New York: Praeger Publishers. [WES]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (in press) Image and mind. Cambridge. Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. [SP, ZP]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. and Shwartz, S. P. (1977) A data-driven simulation of visual imagery. Cognitive Science 1:265–296. [ZP]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M.; Pinker, S.; Smith, G. E.; and Schwartz, S. P. (in press, a) On the demystification of mental imagery. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:535–581. (1979) [SP, ZP]Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M.; Pinker, S.; Smith, G. E.; and Schwartz, S. P. (in press, b) The how, what, and why of mental imagery. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:570–579. (1979) [SP]Google Scholar
Kripke, S. (1972) Naming and necessity. In: Davidson, D. and Harman, G. (eds.) Semantics of natural language. Dordrecht: Reidel. [GR]Google Scholar
Kripke, S. (1975) Wittgenstein on rules and private language. Transcript of a talk presented at the Wittgenstein Colloquium, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada (mimeo). [ZP]Google Scholar
Kyburg, H. (1974) The logical foundations of statistical Inference. Dordrecht: Reidel. [HEK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, C. L., and Eates, W. K. (1977) Order and position in primary memory for letter strings. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16:395–418. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Llinas, R., and Pellionisz, A. (1979) Brain modeling by tensor network theory and computer simulation. The cerebellum: distributed processor for predictive coordination. Neuroscience 4. [PSC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luce, R. D. (1959) Individual choice behavior. New York: Wiley. [SG]Google Scholar
MacLeod, C. M.: Dekaban, A. S.; and Hunt, E. (1978) Memory impairment in epileptic patients: selective effects of phenobarbital concentration. Science 202:1102–1104. [EH]Google Scholar
Marcus, M. (1979) A theory of syntactic recognition for natural language. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [ZP, SWZ]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1975) Approaches to biological information processing. Science 190:875–876. [ZP]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1977) Artificial intelligence – a personal view. Artificial Intelligence 9:37–48. [SWZ]Google Scholar
Marr, D. (1979) Representing visual information. In: Hanson, M. A., and Riseman, E. (eds.) Computer Vision Systems. New York: Academic Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Marr, D. and Nishihara, H. K. (1977) Representation and recognition of the spatial organization of three-dimensional shapes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 200:269–294. [ZP]Google Scholar
McCarthy, J., and Hayes, P. (1969) Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In: Meltzer, B., and Michie, D. (eds.) Machine intelligence 4. Edinburg: Edinburgh Univ. Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Miller, G. A.; Galanter, E.; and Pribram, K. (1960) Plans and the structure of behavior. N.Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. [ZP]Google Scholar
Morton, J. A. (1970) A functional model of memory. In: Norman, D. A. (ed.) Models of human memory. New York: Academic Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Mountcastle, , Vernon, B. (1978) Brain mechanisms for directed attention. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 71. [PSC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Neisser, U. (1967) Cognitive psychology. New York: Appleton. [RLK]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973) Production systems: models of control structures. In: Chase, W. C. (ed.) Visual information processing. N.Y.: Academic. [ZP, SWZ]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (in press-a) The physical symbol system hypothesis. In: Norman, D. A. (ed.) Perspectives on Cognitive Science: Talks from the La Jolla Conference. [ZP]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (in press-b) Harpy, production systems and human cognition. In: Cole, R. A. (ed.) Perception and Production of Fluent Speech. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Newell, A. and Simon, H. A. (1972) Human problem solving. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [ZP]Google Scholar
Nicod, J. (1970) Geometry and induction. Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1968) Toward a theory of memory and attention. Psychological Review 75:522–536. [ZP]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1969) Memory and attention: an introduction to human Information processing. N.Y.: Wiley. [ZP]Google Scholar
Palmer, S. F. (1978) Fundamental aspects of cognitive representation. In: Rosch, E. H., and Lloyd, B. B. (eds.) Cognition and categorization. Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum. [ZP]Google Scholar
Pike, K. L. (1967) Language in relation to a unified theory of the structure of human behavior. The Hague: Mouton. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Poltrock, S. (1977) Models of temporal order discrimination. University of Washington Doctoral Dissertation. [EH]Google Scholar
Poltrock, S. and Hunt, E. B. (1977) Individual differences in phonological fusion and separation errors. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 3:62–74. [EH]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I., and Snyder, C. R. (1975) Attention and cognitive control. In: Solso, R. L. (ed.) Information processing and cognition. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum. [ZP]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1973) Behavior: the control of perception. Chicago: Aldine. [WTP]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1979) A cybernetic model for research in human development. In: M., Ozer (ed.) A cybernetic approach to the assessment of children; toward a more humane use of human beings. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press [WTP]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. (1971) Languages of the brain. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice- Hall. [WBW]Google Scholar
Pribram, K. (1980) Reflections on the place of brain in the ecology of mind. In: Weimer, W. B., and Palermo, D. S. (eds.) Cognition and the symbolic processes, Vol. II. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Eribaum Associates. [WBW]Google Scholar
Price, H. H. (1946) Thinking and representation. Proceedings of the British Academy 32:1–40. [JHe]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1975) The meaning of meaning. In: Putnam, H. (ed.) Mind, language, and reality. Cambridge: and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. [GR]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1978) Meaning and the moral sciences, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. [ZP]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z. (1973) What the mind's eye tells the mind's brain: a critique of mental imagery. Psychological Bulletin 80:1–24. [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1976) Le role des theories de la competence en psychobogie cognitive. In: Sarazin, R. (ed.) Psycholinguistique theoretique et expéimentale. Quebec: Université de Quebec Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1978a) Computational models and empirical constraints. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:93–99. [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1978b) When is attribution of beliefs justified? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1:592–593. [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1978c) Imagery and artificial intelligence. In: Savage, W. (ed.) Perception and cognition: issues in the foundations of psychology. Minneapolis:Univ. of Minnesota Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1979a) The rate of “mental rotation” of images: a test of a holistic analogue hypothesis. Memory and Cognition 7:19–28. [RCM, ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1979b) Validating computational models: a critique of Anderson's indeterminacy of representation claim. Psychological Review 86:383–394. [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1979c) The imagery debate: analogue media or tacit knowledge? Psychological Review (1980) [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (1979d) Brain and consciousness. Invited talk, Psychology and Philosophy Conference, New York (mimeo). [ZP]Google Scholar
Putnam, H. (forthcoming) The imagery debate: Analogue media or tacit knowledge? (submitted). [ZP]Google Scholar
Pylyshyn, Z.; Elcock, E. W.; Marmor, M.; and Sander, P. (1978) Explorations in perceptual-motor spaces. In: Proceedings of the Second International Conference of the Canadian Society for Computational Studies of Intelligence, Toronto: Univ. of Toronto. Department of Computer Science. [ZP]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. Q. (1976) “Truth By Convention,” first published in 1936; reprinted in his The Ways of Paradox and Other Essays, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Press. [GR]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. Q. (1977) Natural kinds. In: Schwartz, S. P. (ed.) Naming, necessity, and natural kinds. Ithaca: Cornell Univ. Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Rosch, E. (1973) On the internal structure of perceptual and semantic categories. In: Moore, T. E. (ed.) Cognitive development and the acquisition of language. New York: Academic Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Ruiz-Marcos, A., and Valverde, F. (1969) The temporal evolution of the distribution of dendritic spines in the visual cortex of normal and dark raised mice. Experimental Brain Research 8:284–294. [PMC]Google Scholar
Schneider, W., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1976) Automatic and controlled information processing in vision. In: LaBarge, D., and Samuels, S. J. (eds.) Basic processes in reading: perception and comprehension. Hillsdale, N.J.: L. Eribaum. [SG]Google Scholar
Schneider, W., and Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: I Detection, search and attention. Psychological Review 84:1–66. [ZP]Google Scholar
Scott, D. S., and Strachey, C. (1971) Towards a mathematical semantics for computer languages. Proc. Symposium on Computers and Automata, Fox, J. (ed). New York: Polytechnic Instit. of Brooklyn Press. [ZP]Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1979) Notes on artificial intelligence. Unpublished manuscript. [ZP]Google Scholar
Segall, M.; Campbell, D. T.; and Herskovits, M. J. (1963) Cultural differences in the perception of geometrical illusions. Science 139:769–771. [ZP]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1964) Attention and the metrical structure of the similarity space. Journal of Mathematical Psychology (1964) 1:54–87. [ZP]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1978) The mental image. American Psychology 33:125–137. [ZP]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. and Feng, C. (1972) A chronometric study of mental paper folding. Cognitive Psychology 3:228–243. [ZP]Google Scholar
Singer, J. L. (1979) Imagery and affect in psychotherapy: elaborating private scripts and generating contexts. In: Sheikh, A. A. and Shaffer, J. T. (eds.) The potential of fantasy and imagination. New York: Brandon. [RLK]Google Scholar
Smythe, W. E. (04 13, 1979) The analoglcal/propositlonal debate about mental representation: a Good manian analysis. Paper presented at the 5th annual meeting of the Society for Philosophy and Psychology. NYU Medical Center. [WES]Google Scholar
Sperling, G., and Reeves, A. (11 11. 1976) Reaction time of an unobservable response, unpublished address. Psychonomic Society, St. Louis. [SG]Google Scholar
Sternberg, S. (1969) The discovery of processing stages: extensions of Donders' method. Acta Psychologica 30:276–315. [ZP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stich, S. (1978) Beliefs and subdoxastic states. Philosophy of Science 45(4):499–518. [ZP]Google Scholar
Turing, A. M. (1936) On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 42:230–265. [ZP]Google Scholar
Ullman, S. (1979) The interpretation of visual motion. Cambridge: MIT Press. [ZP, SWZ]Google Scholar
Wallach, H., and O'Connell, D. N. (1953) The kinetic depth effect. Journal of Experimental Psychology 45:205–217. [ZP]Google Scholar
Weimer, W. B. (1977) A conceptual framework for cognitive psychology: motor theories of the mind. In: Shaw, R., and Bransford, J. D. (eds.) Perceiving, acting, and knowing. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [WBW]Google Scholar
Winston, P. H. (1975) Presented at University of Western Ontario. [ZP]Google Scholar
Young, R. K. (1968) Serial learning. In: Dixon, T. R., and Horton, D. L. (eds.) Verbal behavior and general behavior theory. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. [SG]Google Scholar
Zinman, J. (1979) Reliable knowledge. An exploration of the grounds for belief in science. New York: Cambridge Univ. Press. [KMC]Google Scholar