Hostname: page-component-77c78cf97d-54lbx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-24T16:32:23.954Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Computers are dumb

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Frank R. Freemon
Frank R. Freemon
Affiliation:
Department of Neurology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine and Neurology Service, VA Medical Center, Nashville, Tenn. 37203
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 2 , Issue 3 , September 1979 , pp. 464
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1979

References

REFERENCES

Alagić, S., and Arbib, M. A. (1978) The Design of Well-Structured and Correct Programs. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amari, S., and Arbib, M. A. (1977) Competition and cooperation in neural nets. In Systems neuroscience, ed., Metzler, J., pp. 119–165. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Anokhin, P. K. (1935) Problems of centre and periphery in the physiology of nervous activity. Gorki: Gosizdat (in Russian). [MAA]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1966) Distributed information processor—a computer and brain model. Proceedings of the 19th Annual Conference on Engineering in Medicine & Biology, p. 31 (abstract only). [MAA]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1970) On modelling the nervous system. Principles and practice of bionics, ed. von Gierke, H. E., eidel, W. D., and Oestreicher, H. L., pp. 45–57. Slough, England: Technivision Book Services. [MAA]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1972) The metaphorical brain. New York: Wiley Interscience. [MAA]Google Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1975) Artificial intelligence and brain theory: unities and diversities. Annals of Biomedical Engineering 3: 238–274. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arbib, M. A. (1977) Parallelism, slides, schemas, and frames. In Systems: Approaches, theories, applications ed. Hartnett, W. E., pp. 27–43. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel Publishing Company. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arbib, M. A. (1980) Perceptual structures and distributed motor control. In Motor Control, ed. Brooks, V. B.. Vol. III, Section on Neurophysiology, Handbook of Physiology. Bethesda, Md.: American Physiological Society. [MAA]Google Scholar
Aronoff, M. (1976) Word formation in generative grammar. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [DTL]Google Scholar
Barlow, H. B. (1972) Single units and sensation: A neuron doctrine for perceptual psychology? Perception 1: 371–394. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barlow, H. B. (1974) Inductive inference, coding, perception, and language. Perception 3: 123–134. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, F. C. (1932) Remembering: a study in experimental and social psychology. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Bastian, H. C. (1869) On the various forms of loss of speech in cerebral disease. British and Foreign Medical-Chirurgical Review 43: 209–236, 470–492. [MAA]Google Scholar
Bastian, H. C. (1897) On some problems in connexion with aphasia and other speech defects. (The Lumleian Lectures.) Lancet 1: 933–942, 1005–1017, 1131–1137. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, E. (1976) Language in context. New York: Academic Press. [HGa]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. A. (1935) The relationship between coordination and localization. Arkhiv. Biol. Nauk. 38 (in Russian). [MAA]Google Scholar
Bernstein, N. A. (1967) The coordination and regulation of movements. Oxford: Pergamon Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Blumstein, S., Statlender, S., Goodglass, M., and Biber, C. (1979) Comprehension strategies determining reference in aphasia: a study of reflexivization. In preparation. [SEB]Google Scholar
Bradley, D. C. (1978) Computational distinctions of vocabulary type. Ph.D. dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. [MAA]Google Scholar
Bradley, D. C., Garrett, M. F., and Zurif, E. B. (1979) Syntactic deficits in Bro-ca's aphasia. In Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Bresnan, J. (1978) A realistic transformational grammar. In Linguistic theory and psychological reality, ed. Halle, M., Bresnan, J., andMiller, G. A. p. 1–59. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA, BR]Google Scholar
Broadbent, W. H. (1872) On the cerebral mechanism of speech and thought. Medical and Chirurgical Transactions 55: 145–194. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broca, P. (1861a) Remarques sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé, suivies d'une observation d'aphémie. Bulletin de la Société Anatomique 6: 330–357. [MAA]Google Scholar
Broca, P. (1861b) Nouvelle observation d'aphémie produite par une lésion de la moitié postérieure des deuxième et troisième circonvolutions frontales. Bulletin de la Société Anatomique 6: 398–407. [MAA]Google Scholar
Broca, P. (1865) Sur la faculté du langage articulé. Bulletin de la Société d'Anthropologie 6: 493–494. [MAA]Google Scholar
Broca, P. (1869) Sur le siège de la faculté du langage articulé. Trib. Med. 74: 254–256; 75:265–269. [MAA]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1977) Mind, brain, and consciousness: The neuropsychology of cognition. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Brown, J. W. (1979) Brain structure and language production: a dynamic view. In Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Brown, J., and Jaffe, J. (1975) Hypothesis on cerebral dominance. Neuropsychologia 13: 107–110. [HGO]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brown, R. (1973) A first language: The early stages. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. [HG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckingham, H. W. (1977) The conduction theory and neologistic jargon. Language and Speech 20: 174–184. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A., and Berndt, R. S. (1978) Semantic and syntactic processes in aphasia: a review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin 85: 898–918. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A., and Zurif, E. B. (1978) Comprehension of complex sentences in children and aphasies. In Language acquisition and language breakdown ed. Caramazza, A. and Zurif, E. B.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Charcot, J. M. (1863) Sur une nouvelle observation d'aphémie. Gazette Hebdomadaire 10: 473–474. [MAA]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [DTL]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1975) Reflection on language. New York: Pantheon. [HWB]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1976) On the biological basis of language capacities. In The neuropsychology of language, ed. Rieber, R. W.. New York: Plenum Press. [HWB]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N., and Halle, M. (1968) The sound pattern of English. New York: Harper and Row. [MAA]Google Scholar
Davis, L., Foldi, N. S., Gardner, H., and Zurif, E. B. (1978) Repetition in the transcortical aphasias. Brain and Language 6: 226–238. [HGa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dejerine, J. (1892) Contribution à l'étude anatomo-pathologique et clinique des différentes variétes de cécité verbale. Memoirs Société Biologique 4: 61–90. [MAA]Google Scholar
Dennis, M. (1979) Language acquisition in a single hemisphere: semantic organization. In Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
(Forthcoming) Language acquisition in a single hemisphere: syntactic strate gies. Preprint. [MAA]Google Scholar
Dennis, M., and Kohn, B. (1975) Comprehension of syntax in infantile hemiplegics after cerebral hemidecortication: left hemisphere superiority. Brain and Language 2: 472–482. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Desmedt, J. E., ed. (1977) Language and hemispheric specialization in Man:Cerebral event-related potentials. Basel: S. Karger. [MAA]Google Scholar
Didday, R. L. (1970) The simulation and modelling of distributed information processing in the frog visual system. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif. [MAA]Google Scholar
Didday, R. L. (1976) A model of visuomotor mechanisms in the frog optic tectum. Mathematical Biosciences 30: 169–180. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dreyfus, H. L. (1979) What computers can't do: The limits of Artificial Intelligence. New York: Harper and Row. [HWB]Google Scholar
Eccles, J. C., Ito, M., and Szentágothai, J. (1967) The cerebellum as a neuronal machine. Berlin: Springer Verlag. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eidelberg, E., and Stein, D. G. (1974) Functional recovery after lesions of the nervous system. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin. 12. [MAA]Google Scholar
Erman, L., and Lesser, V. R. (1975) A multi-level organization for problem-solving using many, diverse, cooperating sources of knowledge. In Proceedings of the 4th International joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Tblisi, USSR), pp. 483–490. Cambridge, Mass.: The AI Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. [MAA]Google Scholar
Erman, L., and Lesser, V. R. (1980) The HEARSAY-II system: a tutorial. In Trends in speech recognition, ed. Lea, W. A.. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. [MAA]Google Scholar
Ewert, J. P. (1976) The visual system of the toad: behavioral and physiological studies on a pattern recognition system. In The amphibian visual system, a multidisciplinary approach, ed. Fite, K. V., pp. 141–202. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fillmore, C. J. (1976) Frame semantics and the nature of language. In Origins and evolution of language. Annals of the New York Academy of Science. [MAA]Google Scholar
Finger, S., (1978) Recovery from brain damage: Research and theory. New York: Plenum Press. [HWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flechsig, P. (1901) Developmental (myelogenetic) localisation of the cerebral cortex in the human subject. Lancet 2: 1027–1029. [SHG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A., Bever, T. G., and Garrett, M. F. (1974) The psychology of language: An introduction to psycholinguistics and generative grammar. New York: McGraw-Hill. [MAA, HWB]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A., and Garrett, M. (1966) Some reflections on competence and per formance. In Lyons, J. and Wales, R. (eds.) Psycholinguistic papers. Edinburgh: Univ. of Edinburg Press. [HG]Google Scholar
Frazier, L. (1978) On comprehending sentences: syntactic parsing strategies, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Conn. [MAA]Google Scholar
Frazier, L., and Fodor, J. D. (1978) The sausage machine: a new two-stage parsing model. Cognition 6: 291–325. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Freud, S. (1891) On aphasia. Reprinted in translation, 1953 New Southgate, England: Image. [MAA]Google Scholar
Garrett, M. G. (1976) Syntactic processes in sentence production. In New approaches to language mechanisms, ed. Wales, R. J. and Walker, E.. Amsterdam: North Holland. [MAA]Google Scholar
Ganong, F. The internal structure of consonants in speech perception: Acousticcues, not distinctive features. Forthcoming. [TH]Google Scholar
Gelfand, I. M., and Tsetlin, M. L. (1962) Some methods of control for complex systems. Russian Mathematical Surveys 17: 95–117. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1962) The anatomy of acquired disorders of reading. In Reading disability ed. Money, J., Baltimore: pp. 115–128. The Johns Hopkins University Press. [HGa]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1964) The paradoxical position of Kurt Goldstein in the history of aphasia. Cortex 1: 214–224. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1965) Disconnexion syndromes in animal and man. Brain 88(2):237–294; (3):585–644. [MAA, HGa]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N. (1969) Problems in the anatomical understanding of aphasia. In Contributions to clinical neurology, ed. Benton, A. L.. Chicago: Aldine. [MAA, JCM]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1967) Wemicke's contribution to the study of aphasia. Cortex 3: 449–463. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1970) The organization of language and the brain. Science 170: 940–944. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Geschwind, N. (1972a) Language and the brain. Scientific American 22(4):76–83. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1972) A review of A. R. Luria's Traumatic Aphasia. Language 48: 755–763. [HWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1974) Late changes in the nervous system: An overview. In Plasticity and recovery of function in the central nervous system, ed. Stein, D. G., Rosen, J. J., andButters, N.. New York: Academic Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Geschwind, N. (1979) Some comments on the neurology of language. In Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. (1948) Language and language disturbances. New York: Grune and Stratton. [MAA]Google Scholar
Goodenough, C., Zurif, E. B., and Weintraub, S. (1972) Aphasie's attention to grammatical morphemes. Language and Speech 20: 11–19. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodglass, H., Blumstein, S. E., Gleason, J. B., Hyde, M. R., Green, E., and Statlender, S. (1979) The effect of syntatic encoding on sentence comprehension in aphasia. Brain and Language. 7: 201–209. [SEB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodglass, H., and Geschwind, N. (1976) Communication disorders (aphasia). In Handbook of perception, Vol. VII, ed. Carterette, E. C. and Friedman, M.. New York: Academic Press. [HGo]Google Scholar
Granit, R. (1970) The basis of motor control. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Grashey, H. (1885) Ueber aphasie und Ihre Bezeikungen zun Wohrnehmung. Archiv, fur Psychiatrie 16: 654–688. [MAA]Google Scholar
Halle, M. (1962) Phonology in generative grammar. Word 18: 54–72. [DTL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanson, A. R., and Riseman, E. M. (1978) Segmentation of natural scenes. In Computer Vision Systems, ed. Hanson, A. R. and Riseman, E. M., pp. 129–163. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Hayes-Roth, F., and Lesser, V. R. (1977) Focus of attention in the HEARSAY-II system. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence, pp. 27–35. Cambridge, Mass. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Head, H. (1926) Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. New York: Hafner. [MAA]Google Scholar
Householder, F. W. (1959) On linguistic primes. Word 15: 231–239. [DTL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubel, D. H., and Wiesel, T. N. (1974) Sequence regularity and geometry of orientation columns in the monkey striate cortex. Journal of Comparative Neurology 158: 267–294. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hubel, D. H., and Wiesel, T. N. (1977) Functional architecture of macaque monkey cortex. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B198: 1–59. [MAA]Google Scholar
Hudson, P. H. (1976) Cerebral dominance and language: an experimental and theoretical investigation, Ph.D. dissertation, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland. [MAA]Google Scholar
Ingle, D. (1976) Spatial vision in anurans. In The amphibian visual system, ed. Fite, K. V., pp. 119–141. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, J. H. (1874) On the nature of the duality of the brain. Reprinted in Taylor, J. (ed.) 1931. Selected writings of John Hughlings Jackson, I and II. London: Hodder and Stoughton. [MAA, HWB]Google Scholar
Jackson, J. H. (1878, 1879) On affections of speech from disease of the brain. Brain 1: 304–330; 2:203–222, 323–356. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jakobson, R. (1941) Kindersprache, Aphasie und Allgemeine Lautgesetze. Uppsala: Almqvist and Wiksell. [PTWH]Google Scholar
John, E. R., and Schwartz, E. L. (1978) The neurophysiology of information processing and cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 29: 1–29. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson-Laird, P. N., and Wason, P. C. eds. (1977) Thinking: Readings in cognitive science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [HWB]Google Scholar
Kandel, E. R. (1978) A cell-biological approach to learning. Bethesda, Md.: The Society for Neuroscience. [MAA]Google Scholar
Katz, J. J. (1972) Semantic theory. New York: Harper and Row. [DTL]Google Scholar
Katz, J. J. (1974) Effability and translation. In Meaning and translation, ed. Guenthner, F. and Guenthner-Reutter, M.. London: Duckworth. [DTL]Google Scholar
Katz, J. J., and Postal, P. M. (1964) An integrated theory of linguistic descriptions. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT press. [DTL]Google Scholar
Kean, M.-L. (1978) The linguistic interpretation of the aphasie syndromes. In Explorations in the biology of language, ed. Walker, E., Montgomery, Vt.: Bradford Books. [MAA]Google Scholar
Kean, M.-L. (1979b) Grammatical representations and the description of language processing. In Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Kean, M.-L. (1979a) Agrammatism: A phonological deficit? Cognition 7: 69–83. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kehoe, W. J., and Whitaker, H. A. (1973) Lexical structure disruption in aphasia: a case study. In Psycholinguistics and aphasia, ed. Goodglass, H. and Blumstein, S.. Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Klatt, D. H. (1977) Review of the ARPA Speech Understanding Project. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 62: 1345–1366. [PTWH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolk, H. (1978) The linguistic interpretation of Broca's aphasia. A reply to M.-L. Kean. Cognition 6: 353–361. [HGa]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolk, H. (1974) Judgement of sentence structure in Broca's aphasia. Neuropsychologia. In press. [SEB]Google Scholar
Kussmaul, A. (1877) Die Störungen der Sprache. Ziemssen's Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie 12: 1–300. [MAA]Google Scholar
Lara, R., Arbib, M. A., and Cromarty, A. S. (1979) Neural modelling of prey-predator interactions in frog and toad visuomotor coordination. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts IV. [MAA]Google Scholar
Lea, W. A., and Shoup, J. E. (1979) Review of the ARPA SUR Project and Survey of Current Technology in Speech Understanding. Los Angeles: Speech Communications Research Laboratory. [TH]Google Scholar
Lecours, A. R., and Caplan, D. (1975) Review of S. Blumstein, a phonological investigation of aphasic speech. Brain and Language 2: 237–254. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lecours, A. R., and Deloche, C., and Lhermitte, F. (1973) Paraphasies phon-émiques: description et simulation sur ordinateur. Colloques IRIA-Infor-matique Médicale 311–350. [MAA, HG]Google Scholar
Lecours, A. R., and Lhermitte, F. (1969) Phonemic paraphasias: linguistic structures and tentative hypotheses. Cortex 5: 193–228. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesser, V. R., and Erman, L. D. (1979) An experiment in distributed interpretation. Report No. CMU-CS-79–120, Computer Science Department, Car-negie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Penn. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lesser, V. R., Fennel, R. D., Erman, L. D., and Reddy, D. R. (1975) Organization of the HEARSAY-II speech understanding system. IEEE Transactions on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing 23: 11–23. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lettvin, J. Y., Maturana, H., McCulloch, W. S., and Pitts, W. H. (1959) What the frog's eye tells the frog's brain. Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 1940–1951. [MAA]Google Scholar
Lichtheim, L. (1885) On aphasia. Brain 7: 433–484. [MAA, HWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, S., Caplan, D., and Kellar, L. (1973) A study in neurolinguistics. Springfield, Ill.: Ch. Thomas Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Lordat, J. (1843) Analyse de la parole pour servir à la théorie de divers Cas d'al-alie et de paralalie. Reprinted In La naissance de la neuropsychologie du langage, ed. Hécaen, H. and Dubois, J.. Paris: Flammarion, 1969. [MAA]Google Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1973) The working brain. Harmondsworth, England: Penguin. [MAA]Google Scholar
Marcus, M. (1976) A design for a parser for English. In Proceedings of the Association for Computing Machinery Conference. Houston, Texas. [HWB]Google Scholar
Marie, P. (1906) La troisième circonvolution frontale gauche ne joue aucun rôle spécial dans la fonction du langage. Semaine Médicale 26: 241–247. [MAA]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1979) On the biology of language acquisition. In Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Marslen-Wilson, W. (1976) Linguistic descriptions and psychological assumptions in the study of sentence perception. In New approaches to language mechanisms, ed. Wales, R. J. and Walker, E., pp. 203–229. Amsterdam: North-Holland. [MAA]Google Scholar
Marr, D., and Poggio, T. (1976) From understanding computation to understanding neural circuitry. M.l.T. A.I. Memo 357. [JCM]Google Scholar
Millikan, C. H., and Darley, F. L., eds. (1967) Brain mechanisms underlying speech and language. New York: Grune and Stratton. [HWB]Google Scholar
Mountcastle, V. B. (1978) An organizing principle for cerebral function: the unit module and the distributed system. In The mindful brain, ed. Edleman, G. M. and Mountcastle, V. B.. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Moutier, F. (1908) L'aphasie de Broca. (Travaile du laboratoire de M. le Professeur Pierre Marie.) Paris. [MAA]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A., and Bobrow, L. S. (1975) On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psychology 1. [MAA]Google Scholar
Okhotimskii, D. E., Gurfinkel, V. S.Devyanin, E. A., and Platonov, A. K. (1979) Integrated walking robot development. In Machine Intelligence, Vol. 9, ed. Michie, D.. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Ojemann, G., and Whitaker, H. A. (1978) Language localization and variability. Brain and Language 6: 239–260. [HGo]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pandya, D. N., and Vignolo, L. A. (1969) Interhemispheric projections of the parietal lobe in the rhesus monkey. Brain Research 15: 49–65. [SHG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pellionisz, A., and Llinás, R. (1979) Brain Modeling by Tensor Network Theory and Computer Simulation. The Cerebellum: Distributed Processor for Predictive Coordination. Neuroscience 4: 323–348. [TH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Penfield, W., and Roberts, L. (1959) Speech and Brain mechanisms. Princeton, N. J., Princeton University Press. [HWB, HGO]Google Scholar
Pick, A. (1913) Die Agrammatischen Sprachstörungen. Berlin: Springer Verlag. [MAA]Google Scholar
Phillips, C. G., and Porter, R. (1977) Corticospinal neurones: Their role in movement. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]Google ScholarPubMed
Riese, W. (1959) A history of neurology. New York: MD Publications. [HWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenfeld, A., Hummel, R. A., and Zucker, S. W. (1976) Scene labelling by relaxation operations. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics SMC-6:420–433. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sasanuma, S., and Fujimora, O. (1971) Selective impairment of phonetic and nonphonetic transcription of words in Japanese aphasie patients: Kana versus Kanji in visual recognition and writing. Cortex 7: 1–18. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saussure, F. de. (1915) Cours de linguistique générale. Paris: Payot. [DTL]Google Scholar
Schnitzer, M. L. (1972) Generative phonology—evidence from aphasia. Pennsylvania State Monograph #34, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, Penn. [MAA]Google Scholar
Schnitzer, M. L. (1974) Aphasiological evidence for five linguistic hypotheses. Language 50:300–315. [MLS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schnitzer, M. L. (1978) Toward a neurolinguistic theory of language. Brain and Language 6: 342–361. [MLS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scholes, R. F. (1978) Syntactic and lexical components of sentence comprehension. In Language acquisition and language breakdown, ed. Cara-mazza, A. and Zurif, E. B.. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Shortliffe, E. H. (1976) Computer-based medical consultations: MYCIN. Amsterdam and New York: Elsevier. [MAA]Google Scholar
Siegel, D. (1979) Topics in English morphology. New York: Garland Press. [DTL]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1979) Neuropsychological research and the fractionation of memory systems. In Perspectives in memory research, ed. Nilsson, L.-G.. Hills-dale: Erlbaum. [JCM]Google Scholar
Spinelli, D. N., and Jensen, F. E. (1979) Plasticity: the mirror of experience. Science 203: 75–78. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stein, D. G., Rosen, J. J., and Butters, N., eds. (1974) Plasticity and recovery of function in the central nervous system. New York: Academic Press. [HWB]Google ScholarPubMed
Szentágothai, J. (1978) The neuron network of the cerebral cortex: A functional interpretation. Proceedings of the Royal Society London B. 201: 219–248. [JCM]Google ScholarPubMed
Szentágothai, J., and Arbib, M. A., (1974) Conceptual models of neural organization. Neurosciences Research Program Bulletin 12: 307–510. (Also published as a book by MIT Press, 1975.) [MAA]Google ScholarPubMed
Thorne, J. P., Bratley, R., and Dewar, H. (1968) The syntactic analysis of English by machine. In Machine Intelligence, Vol. 3. ed. Michie, D., pp. 281–309. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962) Thought and language (translation). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waltz, D. L. (1978) A parallel model for low-level vision. In Computer vision systems, ed. Hanson, A. R. and Riseman, E. M., pp. 175–186. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Wanner, E., and Maratsos, M. (1978) An ATN approach to comprehension. In Linguistic theory and psychological reality, ed. Halle, M., Bresnan, J., andMiller, G. A., pp. 119–161. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. [MAA]Google Scholar
Wernicke, C. (1874) Die aphasische Symptomen complex. Breslau. [MAA]Google Scholar
Schnitzer, M. L. (1885) Recent works on aphasia. Reprinted In Wernicke's works on aphasia, ed. Eggert, G.. The Hague: Mouton. 1977 [HGa]Google Scholar
Whitaker, H. A., and Ojemann, G. A. (1977) Graded localization of naming from electrical stimulation mapping of left cerebral cortex. Nature 270: 50–51. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winograd, T. (1972) Understanding natural language. New York: Academic Press. [MAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, C. C. (1978) Variations on a theme of Lashley: Lesion experiments on the neural model of Anderson, Silverstein, Ritz, and Jones. Psychological Review 85: 582–591. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, W. (1970) Transition network grammars for natural language analysis. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 13: 591–606. [MAA, HWB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Woods, W. (1973) An experimental parsing system for transition network grammars. In Natural language processing, ed. Rustin, R.. Englewood Cliffs, N. J.: Prentice-Hall. [HWB]Google Scholar
Yakovlev, P. I. (1948) Motility, behaviour and the brain. Journal of Neurological and Mental Disorders 107: 313–335. [MAA]Google ScholarPubMed
Zangwill, O. L. (1978) Aphasia and the concept of brain centers. In Psychology and biology of language and thought: Essays in honor of Eric Lenne-berg, ed. Miller, George A. and Lenneberg, Elizabeth. New York: Academic Press. [HWB]Google Scholar
Zurif, E. B., and Caramazza, A. (1976) Psycholinguistic structures and aphasia: Studies in syntax and semantics. In: Studies in neurolinguistics I, ed. Whitaker, H. and Whitaker, H.. New York: Academic Press. [MAA, SEB]Google Scholar
Zurif, E. B., Caramazza, A., and Myerson, R. (1972) Grammatical judgements of aphasie patients. Neuropsychologia 10: 405–417. [MAA, MLS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar