Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-pnlb5 Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2025-10-31T12:50:43.626Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Emotion, empathy, and suffering

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Eric A. Salzen
Eric A. Salzen
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB9 1FX, Scotland, Electronic mail: e.salzen@aberdeen.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 13 , Issue 1 , March 1990 , pp. 34 - 35
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Alexander, R. D. (1987) The biology of moral systems. Aldine de Gruyter. [GMB]Google Scholar
Animal Behavior Society/Association for the Study of Animal Behavior (1986) Guidelines for the use of animals in research. Animal Behaviour 34: 315–18. [arMSD]Google Scholar
Anderson, S. & Harwood, J. (1985) Time budgets and topography: How energy reserves and terrain determine the breeding behaviour of grey seals. Animal Behaviour 33: 1343–48. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Appleby, M. C., & Lawrence, A. B. (1987) Food restriction as a cause of stereotyped behaviour in tethered gilts. Animal Production 45: 103–10. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Archer, J. (1979a) Animals under stress. Edward Arnold. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1979b) Behavioural aspects of fear. In: Fear in animals and man, ed. Sluckin, W.. Van Nostrand. [JA]Google Scholar
(1988) The behavioral biology of aggression. Cambridge University Press. [JA]Google Scholar
Arluke, A. (1987) Reasons for sociological study of animal research: The experimenter as guinea pig. Bulletin of Psychologists for the Ethical Treatment of Animals 6(2):8–9. [AA]Google Scholar
(1988) Sacrificial symbolism in animal experimentation: Object or pet? Anthrozoos 2: 98–117. [AA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
(in press a) Living with contradiction: Response to comments. Anthrozoos. [AA]Google Scholar
(in press b) Moral elevation in medical research. In: Advances in medical sociology, ed. G. Albrecht. JAI Press. [AA]Google Scholar
Attfield, R. (1983) The ethics of environmental concern. Blackwell. [aPS]Google Scholar
Azrin, N. H. (1961) Timeout from positive reinforcement. Science 133: 382–83. [JST]Google Scholar
Azrin, N. H., Hutchinson, R. R. & McLaughlin, R. (1965) The opportunity for aggression as an operant reinforcer during aversive stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 8: 171–80. [FT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, K. J., Stephens, D. B., Ingram, D. L. & Sharman, D. F. (1983) The use of a preference test in studies of behavioural responses of pigs to vibration and noise. Applied Animal Ethology 11: 197–203. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Baldwin, B. A. (1979) Operant studies on the behaviour of pigs and sheep in relation to the physical environment. Journal of Animal Science 49: 1125–34. [RD]Google Scholar
Baldwin, B. A., & Start, I. B. (1985) Illumination preferences of pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 233–43. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Baldwin, B. A., & Stephens, D. B. (1973) The effects of conditione d behaviour and environmental factors on plasma corticosteroid levels in pigs. Physiology and Behavior 10: 267–74. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baldwin, J. D., & Baldwin, J. I. (1976) Effects of food ecology on social play: A laboratory simulation. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 40: 1–14. [FW]Google Scholar
Banks, E. M. (1982) Behavioral research to answer questions about animal welfare. Journal of Animal Science 54(2):434–46. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Barash, D. P. (1982) Sociobiology and behaviour, 2d ed.Hodder and Stoughton. [EAS]Google Scholar
Barnard, C. J. (1980) Flock feeding and time budgets in the house sparrow (Passer domesticus L.). Animal Behaviour 28: 295–309. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, J. L., Winfield, C. G., Cronin, G. M., Hemsworth, P. H. & Dewar, A. M. (1985) The effect of individual and group housing on behavioural and physiological responses related to the welfare of pregnant pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 149–61. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Bateson, P. (1986) When to experiment on animals. New Scientist, 20 Feb:30–32. [aMSD, AEM]Google Scholar
Baxter, M. (1983) Housing and welfare from first principles. In: Farm animal welfare and housing, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Baxter, M. & Robertson, M. H. (submitted) Pre-natal nesting behaviour of domestic sows. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Bedau, H. A. (1967) Egalitarianism and the idea of equality. In: Nomos IX: Equality, ed. Pennock, J. R., & Chapman, J. W.. Atherton Press. [aPS]Google Scholar
Beilharz, R. G., & Zeeb, K. (1981) Applied ethology and animal welfare. Applied Animal Ethology 7: 3–10. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belovasky, G. R. (1981) Optimal activity times and habitat choice of moose. Oecologia 48: 22–30. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Benn, S. (1967) Egalitarianism and equal consideration of interests. In: Nomos IX: Equality, ed. Pennock, J. R. & Chapman, J. W.. Atherton Press. [JS]Google Scholar
Black, A. J., & Hughes, B. O. (1974) Patterns of comfort behaviour and activity in domestic fowls: A comparison between cages and pens. British Veterinary Journal 130: 23–33. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Blackman, D. (1977) Conditioned suppression and the effects of classical conditioning on operant behavior. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. R.. Prentice-Hall. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Bogdan, R. & Taylor, S. (1989) Relationships with severely disabled people: The social construction of humanness. Social Problems 36: 135–48. [AA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bond, M. R. (1979) Pain: Its nature, analysis, and treatment. Churchill Livingstone. [FM]Google Scholar
Booth, D. A., Lovett, D. & McSherry, G. M. (1972) Postingestive modulation of the sweetness preference gradient in the rat. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 78: 485–512. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Bowd, A. D. (1980) Ethical reservations abou t psychological research with animals. Psychological Record 30: 201–10. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1961) The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist 16: 681–84. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Broom, D. M. (1983) Sterotypes as animal welfare indicators. In: Indicators relevant to farm animal welfare, ed. Smidt, D.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1986a) Indicators of poor welfare. British Veterinary Journal 142: 524–26. [aMSD, DMB]Google Scholar
(1986b) Stereotypies and responsiveness as welfare indicators in stall-housed sows. Animal Production 42: 438–39. [MM, FW]Google Scholar
(1987) Applications of neurobiological studies to farm animal welfare. In: Biology of stress in farm animals: An integrated approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [MM]Google Scholar
(1988a) Les concepts de stress et de bien-être. Recueil de Médecine Vétérinaire 164: 715–22. [DMB]Google Scholar
(1988b) The scientific assessment of animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 5–19. [DMB, TW]Google Scholar
Brown, K. I. (1981) Scientific basis for assessing the well-being of animals in modern production. Poultry Science 60: 1630. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Brown, P. L., & Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Autoshaping of the pigeon’s key-peck. Journal of Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11: 1–8. [RD]Google Scholar
Bubier, N. (in preparation) Behavioural priorities in laying hens. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Oxford University. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1985) Animal awareness: Current perceptions and historical perspective. American Psychologist 40: 905–19. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
(1988) Anecdotes and critical anthropomorphism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 248–49. [GMB]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M., & Herzog, H. A. (1980) Beyond conspecifics: Is Brer Rabbit our brother? Bio Science 198: 763–68. [aMSD, GMB]Google Scholar
Byrne, R. W., & Whiten, A. (in press) Computation and mindreading in primate tactical deception. In: The emergence of mind-reading, ed. A. Whiten. Basil Blackwell. [RWB]Google Scholar
Cabanac, M. (1979) Sensory pleasure. Quarterly Review of Biology 54: 1–29. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1985) Influence of food and water deprivation on the behavior of the white rat foraging in a hostile environment. Physiology and Behavior 35: 701–9. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Cabanac, M. & Johnson, K. G. (1983) Analysis of a conflict between palatability and cold exposure in rats. Physiology and Behavior 31: 249–53. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cade, W. H. (1981) Alternative mating strategies: Genetic differences in crickets. Science 21.2:563–64. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Caraco, T., Martindale, S. & Whitman, T. S. (1980) An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging. Animal Behaviour 28: 820–30. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Carder, B. & Berkowitz, K. (1970) Rats’ preference for earned in comparison with free food. Science 167: 1273–74. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Cassell, E. J. (1982) The nature of suffering and the goals of medicine. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 639–45. [CRC, ANR]Google Scholar
(1985) The healers art. MIT Press. [CRC]Google Scholar
(1989) What is suffering? In: Science and animals: Addressing contemporary issues, ed. Guttman, H. N., Mench, J. A. & Simmonds, R. C.. Scientists Center for Animal Welfare. [ANR]Google Scholar
Catania, A. C. (1984) Learning, 2d ed.Prentice-Hall. [JST]Google Scholar
Chamove, A. S., Anderson, J. R., Morgan-Jones, S. C. & Jones, S. P. (1982) Deep woodchip litter: Hygiene, feeding, and behavioral enhancement in eight primate species. International Journal for the Study of Animal Problems 3: 308–18. [RWB]Google Scholar
Chapman, C. R., Casey, K. L., Dubner, R., Foley, R., Gracely, K. M. & Reading, A. E. (1985) Pain measurement: An overview. Pain 22: 1–32. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3: 1–61. [SW]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy: Toward a unified theory of mind-brain. MIT Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Clark, S. (1977) The moral status of animals. Clarendon Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(in press) The reality of shared emotions. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives, ed. Bekoff, M. & Jamieson, D.. Westview Press. [DJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, C. (1986) The case for the use of animals in biomedical research. New England Journal of Medicine 315: 865–70. [aMSD, aPS, MAN]Google Scholar
Collier, G. H., Hirsch, E. & Hamlin, P. (1972) The ecological determinant s of reinforcement in the rat. Physiology and Behavior 9: 705–16. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Collier, G. H., Johnson, D. F., Hill, W. L. & Kaufman, L. W. (1986) The economics of the Law of Effect. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 46: 113–36. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conner, R. L., Vernikos-Danellis, J. & Levine, SS. (1971) Stress, fighting and neuroendocrine function. Nature 234: 564–66. [FT]Google Scholar
Craig, J. V., & Adams, A. W. (1984) Behavior and well-being of hens (Gallus domesticus) in alternative housing environments. World’s Poultry Science Journal 40: 221–40. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Craig, W. (1918) Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts. Biological Bulletin 34: 91–107. [JA]Google Scholar
(1928) Why do animals fight? International Journal of Ethics 31: 264–78. [JA]Google Scholar
Crisp, R. (in press) Evolution and psychological unity. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson. Westvie w Press. [DJ]Google Scholar
Cunningham, D. L., van Tienhoev, A. & de Goeijen, F. (1987) Dominance rank and cage density effects on performance traits, feeding activity, and plasma corticosterone levels of laying hens (Gallus domesticus). Applies Animal Behavior Science 17.139–53. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Curtis, S. E. (1983) Perception of thermal comfort by farm animals. In: Farm animal welfare and housing, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1987) Animal well-being and animal care. In: Farm Animal Behavior, ed. E. O. Price. Saunders. [TW]Google Scholar
Dantzer, R. (1986) Behavioural, physiological, and functional aspects of sterotyped behaviour: A review and reinterpretation. Journal of Animal Science 62: 1776–86. [aMSD, RD, TW]Google Scholar
Dantzer, R. & Baldwin, B. A. (1974) Changes in heart rat e during suppression of operant responding in pigs. Physiology and Behavior 12: 385–89. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Dantzer, R. & Mormede, P. (1983a) Dearousal properties of stereotyped behaviour: Evidence from pituitary-adrenal correlates in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 10: 233–44. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Dantzer, R., Mormede, P. & Henry, J. P. (1983) Physiological assessment of adaptation in farm animals. In: Farm Animal Housing and Welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1871) The descent of man and selection in relation to sex. Modern Library. [BER]Google Scholar
(1872) The expression of emotions in man and animals. Greenwood Press. [BER]Google Scholar
Dawkins, M. S. (1977) Do hens suffer in battery cages? Environmental preference and welfare. Animal Behaviour 25: 1034–46. [MM]Google Scholar
(1980) Animal suffering: The science of animal welfare. Chapman & Hall. [arMSD, aPS, MM, BER, SFS, TW]Google Scholar
(1981) Priorities in the cage size and flooring preference of domestic hens. British Poultry Science 22: 255–63.Google Scholar
(1983a) Battery hens name their price: Consumer demand theory and th e measurement of ethological “needs.” Animal Behaviour 31: 1195–1205. [arMSD]Google Scholar
(1983b) The current status of preference tests in the assessment of animal welfare. In: Farm animal housing and welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. D.. Nijhoff Martinus. [rMSD]Google Scholar
(1986) Unravelling animal behaviour. Longmans. [rMSD]Google Scholar
(1987) Minding and mattering. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, G. & Greenfield, S.. Basil Blackwell, Oxford. [arMSD, AT]Google Scholar
(1987) Minding and mattering. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Blackwells.Google Scholar
(1988) Behavioural deprivation: A central problem in animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 200–25. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1989) Time budgets in Red Junglefowl as a baselin e for the assessment of welfare in domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. 24: 77–80. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(in preparation) Preference for litter in hens as measured by demand curves. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Dawkins, M. S., & Beardsley, T. (1986) Reinforcing properties of access to litter in hens. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 351–64. [aMSD, TW]Google Scholar
Dawkins, R. (1982) The extended phenotype. W. H. Freeman. [rMSD ]Google Scholar
de Waal, F. (1982) Chimpanzee politics. Jonathan Cape. [RWB]Google Scholar
Diamond, C. (1978) Eating meat and eating people. Philosophy 53: 465–79. [SFS]Google Scholar
Diamond, J. M., Karasov, W. H., Phan, D. & Carpenter, F. L. (1986) Digestive physiology is a determinant of foraging bout frequency in hummingbirds. Nature, London 320: 62–63. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Dickinson, A. (1980) Contemporary animal learning theory. Cambridge University Press. [FM]Google Scholar
(1985) Actions and habits: The development of behavioural autonomy. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 308: 67–78. [SW]Google Scholar
Driscoll, J. W., & Bateson, P. (1988) Animals in behavioural research. Animal Behaviour 36: 1569–74. [AEM]Google Scholar
Duclaux, R. J., Feisthauer, R. J. & Cabanac, M. (1973) Effets du repas sur l’agrement d’odeurs alimentaires et nonalimentaires chez 1’homme. Physiology and Behavior 10: 1029–33. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Dunbar, R. I. M., & Dunbar, P. (1988) Maternal time budgets of gelada baboons. Animal Behaviour 36: 970–80. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Duncan, I. J. H. (1970) Frustration in the fowl. In: Aspects of poultry behaviour, ed. Freeman, B. M. & Gordon, R. F.. British Poultry Sciences, Edinburgh. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1974) A scientific assessment of welfare. Proceedings of the British Society for Animal Production 3: 9–19. [aMSD, TW]Google Scholar
(1978) The interpretation of preference tests in animal behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour 4: 197–200. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1981) Animal rights-animal welfare: A scientist’s assessment. Poultry Science 60: 489–99. [TW]Google Scholar
(1987) The welfare of farm animals: An ethological approach. Science Progress (Oxford) 71: 317–26. [TW]Google Scholar
Duncan, I. J. H., & Hughes, B. O. (1972) Free and operan t feeding domestic fowls. Animal Behaviour 20: 775–77. [rMSD]Google Scholar
(1988) Can the welfare needs of poultry be measured? In: Science and the Poultry Industry, ed. Hardcastle, J.. Agricultural and Food Research Council, London. [arMSD]Google Scholar
Duncan, I. J. H., & Kite, V. G. (1987) Some investigations into motivation in the domestic fowl. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 18: 387–88. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Duncan, I. J. H., Savory, C. J. & Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1978) Observations on the reproductive behaviou r of domestic fowl in the wild. Applied Animal Ethology 4: 29–41. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Dupré, J. (in press) The mental lives of non-human animals. In: Interpretation and explanation in the study of animal behavior: Comparative perspectives, ed. M. Bekoff & D. Jamieson. Westview Press. [JD, DJ]Google Scholar
Edgeworth, F. Y. (1881) Mathematical psychics. Kegan Paul. [Y-KN]Google Scholar
Eisemann, C. H., Jorgensen, W. K., Merrit, D. J., Rice, M. J., Cribb, B. W., Webb, P. D. & Azlucki, M. P. (1984) Do insects feel pain? A biological view. Experientia 40: 164–67. [ANR]Google Scholar
Ekesbo, I. (1978) Intensive husbandry methods as a contribution to stress and disease of farm livestock. Proceedings of the First World Congress on Ethology as Applied to Zootechny, 1: 93–97. [AFF]Google Scholar
Elliot, J. M. (1982) The effects of temperature and ration size on the growth and energetic s of salmonids in captivity. Comparative Biochemistry and Phsyiology 73B: 81–91. [FM]Google Scholar
Ewbank, R. (1985) Behavioural responses to stress in farm animals. In: Animal Stress, ed. Moberg, G. P.. American Physiological Society. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Ewert, J.-P. (1987) Neuroethology of releasing mechanisms: Prey catching in toads. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10: 337–405. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farm, Animal Welfare Council (1986) Egg production systems: An assessment. Tolworth, England. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Faure, J.-M. (1986) Operant determination of the cage and feeder size preference of the laying hen. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 325–36. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Findley, J. D. (1959) Behaviour output under chained-fixed ratio requirements in a 24-hour experimental space. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behaviour 2: 258. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Fiorito, G. (1986) Is there pain in invertebrates? Behavioral Processes 12: 383–86. [ANR]Google Scholar
Fox, M. A. (1987) Animal experimentation: A philosopher’s changing views. Between the Species 3: 55–60, 75, 80, 82. [MAF]Google Scholar
(1986) The case for animal experimentation: An evolutionary and ethical perspective. University of California Press, Berkeley. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Fox, M. W. (1986) Laboratory animal husbandry. State University of New York Press, Albany. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Francis, L. & Norman, R. (1978) Some animals are more equal than others. Philosophy 53: 507–37. [SFS]Google Scholar
Frankena, W. (1962) The concept of social justice. In: Social Justice, ed. Brandt, R.. Prentice-Hall. [aPS]Google Scholar
Fraser, A. F. (1984) The behaviour of suffering in animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13: 1–5. [AFF]Google Scholar
(1985) Background to anomalous behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13: 199–203. [AFF]Google Scholar
(1988a) Animal suffering: The appraisal and control of depression and distress in livestock. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 127–33. [AFF]Google Scholar
(1988b) Behavioural needs of livestock. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19: 368–76. [AFF]Google Scholar
(1989) Animal welfare practice: Primary factors and objectives. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 22: 159–76. [AFF]Google Scholar
Fraser, A. F., & Broom, D. M. (1990) Farm animal behaviour and welfare. Bailliere Tindall. [DMB]Google Scholar
Fraser, A. F., & Quine, J. P. (1989) Veterinary examination of suffering as a behaviour-linked condition. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 23: 353–64. [AFF]Google Scholar
Frenk, H., Cannon, J. T., Lewis, J. W. & Liebeskind, J. C. (1986) Neural and neurochemical mechanisms of pain inhibition. In: The psychology of pain, 2d ed., ed. Sternbach, R. A.. Raven Press. [CRC]Google Scholar
Frey, R. G. (1980) Interests and rights: The case against animals. Clarendon Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G. (1970) Chimpanzees: Self-recognition. Science 167: 86–87. [RWB]Google Scholar
(1982) Self-awareness and the emergence of mind in primates. American Journal of Primatology 2: 237–48. [EAS]Google Scholar
Gallup, G. G., & Suarez, S. D. (1980) On the use of animals in psychological research. Psychological Record 30: 212–18. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1985) Alternatives to the use of animals in psychological research. American Psychologist 40: 1104–11. [aMSD, JA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, T. E., ed. (1985) The detection and relief of pain in animals. British Veterinary Association, Animal Welfare Foundation, London. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Godin, J-G. J., & Smith, S. A. (1988) A fitness cost of foraging in the guppy. Nature (London) 333: 69–71. [AEM]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J., & Lewontin, R. C. (1978) The spandrels of San Marcos and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 205: 581–98. [DM, rMSD]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. (1977) Drug effects on fear and frustration. In: Handbook of psychopharmacology, vol. 8, ed. Iversen, L., Iversen, S. & Snyder, S.. Plenum Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1982a) The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system. Oxford University. [CRC, ANR]Google Scholar
(1982b) Precis of Gray’s “The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the septo-hippocampal system.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5: 469–534. [ANR]Google Scholar
(1988) The psychology of fear and stress. Cambridge University Press. [FT]Google Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1981) The question of animal awareness. Rockefeller University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1984) Animal thinking. Harvard University Press. [MM]Google Scholar
Griffiths, R. R., Brady, J. V. & Snell, J. D. (1978) Progressive-ratio performance maintained by drug infusions: Comparisons of cocaine, diethylpropion, chlorphentermine, and fenfluramine. Psychopharmacology 56: 5–13. [RD, JST]Google Scholar
Griffiths, R. R., Bradford, L. D. & Brady, J. V. (1979) Progressive ratio and fixed ratio schedules of cocaine-maintained responding in baboons. Psychopharmacology 65: 125–36. [JST]Google Scholar
Halliday, T. (1983) Motivation. In: Animal behaviour, vol. 3, Causes and effects, ed. Halliday, T. R. & Slater, P. J. B.. Blackwell Scientific Publications. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Halliday, T. R., & Sweatman, H. P. A. (1976) To breathe or not to breathe; the newt’s problem. Animal Behaviour 24: 551–61. [JA]Google Scholar
Hare, R. M. (1963) Freedom and reason. Oxford University Press. [arPS, SFS]Google Scholar
(1981) Moral thinking: Its levels, method, and point. Clarendon Press. [aPS]Google Scholar
Harre, R., ed. (1986) The social construction of emotion. Basil Blackwell. [SW]Google Scholar
Harrison, P. (1989) Theodicy and animal pain. Philosophy 64: 79–92. [FT]Google Scholar
Hayes, K. J., & Hayes, C. (1952) Imitation in a home-raised chimpanzee. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 45: 40–59. [RWB]Google Scholar
Hearst, E. & Franklin, S. R. (1977) Positive and negative relations between a signal and food: Approach-withdrawa l behaviour to the signal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behaviour Processes 3: 37–52. [RD]Google Scholar
Heaton, M. B., Galleher, E. L., Baker, R. T., Otero, J. M. & Alvarez, I. M. (1981) Operant escape learning in decerebrate duck embryos. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 95: 199–204. [SW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hediger, H. (1964) Wild animals in captivity. Dover Publications. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Heidegger, M. (1967) Being and time, trans. Macquarrie, J. & Robinson, E.. Basil Blackwell. [MAF]Google Scholar
Heiligenberg, W. (1965) A quantitative analysis of digging movements and their relationship to aggressive behaviour in cichlids. Animal Behaviour 13: 163–70.Google Scholar
Heiligenberg, W. & Kramer, U. (1972) Aggressiveness as a function of external stimulation. Journal of Comparative Physiology 77:332 -40. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Hemsworth, P. H., Barnett, J. L. & Hansen, C. (1986) The influence of handling by humans on behaviour, reproduction, and corticosteroids of male and female pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 303–14. [MM]Google Scholar
(1987) The influence of inconsistent handling by humans on the behaviour, growth, and corticosteroids of young pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 245–52. [MM]Google Scholar
Henry, J. P. (1982) The relation of social to biological processes in disease. Social Science and Medicine 16: 369–80. [FT]Google Scholar
Herbers, J. M. (1981) Time resources and laziness in animals. Oecologia 49: 252–62. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J., Loveland, D. H. & Cable, C. (1976) Natural concepts in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 2: 285–302. [rMSD]Google Scholar
Hill, J. A. (1983) Indicators of stress in poultry. World’s Poultry Science Journal 39: 24–32. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Hill, W. L., Rovee-Collier, C, Collier, G. & Wasserloos, L. (1986) Time budgets in growing chicks. Physiology and Behavior 37: 353–60. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1967) The nature of aggression. New Society (London) 9: 302–04. [JA]Google Scholar
Hodos, W. (1982) Some perspectives on the evolution of intelligence and the brain. In: Animal mind-human mind, ed. Griffin, D. R.. Springer-Verlag. [MM]Google Scholar
Hogan, J. A., Kleist, S. & Hutchings, C. S. L. (1970) Display and food as reinforcers in the Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 70: 351–57. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Hogan, J. A., & Roper, T. J. (1978) A comparison of the properties of different reinforcers. Advances in the Study of Behavior 8: 156–255. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Holz, W. C., & Azrin, N. H. (1961) Discriminative properties of punishment. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 4: 225–32. [JST]Google Scholar
Horridge, G. A. (1962) Learning of leg position by the ventral nerve cord in headless insects. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 157: 33–52. [SW]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I. (1987) The control of foraging decisions. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 6, Foraging, ed. Commons, M. L., Kacelnik, A. & Shettleworth, S. J.. Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Houston, A. J., & McNamara, J. M. (1982). A sequential approach to risk taking. Animal Behaviour 30: 1260–61.Google Scholar
(1985) The choice of prey types that minimizes the probability of starvation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17: 135–41.Google Scholar
(1988) A framework for the functional analysis of behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 117–63.Google Scholar
(1989) The value of food: Effects of open and closed economies. Animal Behaviour 37: 546–62.Google Scholar
Hoyle, F. (1957) The black cloud. Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Hughes, B. O. (1976) Preference decisions of domestic hens for wire or litter floors. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 155–65.Google Scholar
(1980) The assessment of behavioural needs. In: The laying hen and its environment, ed. Moss, R.. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Hughes, B. O., & Black, A. J. (1973) The preference of domestic hens for Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 6, Foraging, ed. Commons, M. L., Kacelnik, A., & Shettleworth, S. J.. Lawrence Erlbaum. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I., & McFarland, D. J. (1980) Behavioural resilience and its relation to demand functions. In: Limits to action, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [DMcF]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I., & McNamara, J. M. (1982) A sequential approach to risk taking. Animal Behaviour 30: 1260–61. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1985) The choice of prey types that minimizes the probability of starvation. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 17: 135–41. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1988) A framework for the functional analysis of behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 117–63. [arMSD]Google Scholar
(1989) The value of food: Effects of open and closed economies. Animal Behaviour 37: 546–62. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Hughes, B. O. (1975a) The concept of an optimum stocking density and its selection for egg production. In: Economic factors affecting egg production, ed. Freeman, B. M. & Boorman, K. N.. British Poultry Science Ltd. [BOH]Google Scholar
(1975b) Spatial preference in the domestic hen. British Veterinary Journal 131: 560–64. [BOH]Google Scholar
(1976) Preference decisions of domestic hens for wire or litter floors. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 155–65. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Hughes, B. O., Duncan, I. J. H. & Brown, M. F. (1989) The performance of nest-building by domestic hens: Is it more important than the construction of a nest? Animal Behaviour 37: 210–14.Google Scholar
different types of battery cage floor. British Poultry Science 14: 615–19.Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Huntingford, F. (1984) Some ethical issues raised by studies of predation and aggression. Animal Behaviour 32: 210–15.Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1984) Behavioral economics. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42: 435–52.Google Scholar
Inglis, I. R., & Ferguson, N. J. K. (1986) Starlings search for food rather than eat freely available, identical food. Animal Behaviour 34: 614–17.Google Scholar
Irps, H. (1983) Result s of research project into flooring preferences of cattle. In: Farm animal housing and welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Johnson, K. G., & Cabanac, M. (1982a) Homeostatic competition between food intake and temperature regulation in rats. Physiology and Behavior 28: 675–79.Google Scholar
(1982b) Homeostatic competition in rats fed at varying distances from a thermoneutral refuge. Physiology and Behavior 29: 715–20.Google Scholar
(1980) The assessment of behavioural needs. In: The laying hen and its environment, ed. Moss, R.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD, FT]Google Scholar
Hughes, B. O., & Black, A. J. (1973) The preference of domestic hens for different types of battery cage floor. British Poultry Science 14: 615–19. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Hughes, B. O., & Duncan, I. J. H. (1988) The notion of ethological “need,” models of motivation, and animal welfare. Animal Behaviour 36: 1696–1707. [TW, FW]Google Scholar
Hughes, B. O., Duncan, I. J. H. & Brown, M. F. (1989) The performance of nest-building by domestic hens: Is it more important than the construction of a nest? Animal Behaviour 37: 210–14. [aMSD, TW]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Huntingford, F. (1984) Some ethical issues raised by studies of predation and aggression. Animal Behaviour 32: 210–15. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Huntingford, F. A. (1976) The relationship between inter- and intra-specific aggression. Animal Behaviour 24: 485–97. [JA]Google Scholar
(1984) Some ethical issues raised by studies of predation and aggression. Animal Behaviour 32: 210–15. [JA]Google Scholar
Hursh, S. R. (1984) Behavioral economics. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42: 435–52. [arMSD]Google Scholar
Inglis, I. R., & Ferguson, N. J. K. (1986) Starlings search for food rather than eat freely available, identical food. Animal Behaviour 34: 614–17. [arMSD]Google Scholar
Irps, H. (1983) Results of research project into flooring preferences of cattle. In: Farm animal housing and welfare, ed. Baxter, S. H., Baxter, M. R. & MacCormack, J. A. C.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Johnson, K. G., & Cabanac, M. (1982a) Homeostatic competition between food intake and temperatur e regulation in rats. Physiology and Behavior 28: 675–79. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1982b) Homeostatic competition in rats fed at varying distances from a thermoneutral refuge. Physiology and Behavior 29: 715–20. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Kagel, J. H., Green, L. & Caraco, T. (1986) When foragers discount th e future: Constraints or adaptation? Animal Behaviour 34: 271–83. [aMSD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, I. (1959) Foundations of the metaphysics of morals, trans. Beck, L.. Bobbs-Merrill. [SFS]Google Scholar
Kaplan, J. R. (1986) Psychological stress and behavior in nonhuman primates. In: Comparative primate biology, vol. 2A, Behavior, conservation, and ecology, ed. Mitchell, G. & Erwin, J.. Alan Liss. [JAM]Google Scholar
Katz, P. L. (1974) A long-term approach to foraging optimization. American Naturalist 108: 758–82. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Keeton, W. T., & Gould, J. L. (1986) Biological science. Norton. [BER]Google Scholar
Kelleher, R. T., & Morse, W. H. (1968) Schedules using noxious stimuli, III: Responding maintaine d with response-produced electric shocks. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11: 819–38. [JST, rMSD]Google Scholar
Kilgour, R. (1976) The contributions of psychology to a knowledge of farm animal welfare. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 197–205. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1985) The definition, current knowledge, and implementation of welfare for farm animals: A personal view. Advances in animal welfare science, ed. Fox, M. W. & Mickley, L. D.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Kitchell, R. L., & Erickson, H. H. (1983) Animal pain: Perception and alienation. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, MD. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1987) Why not the best? In: The latest on the best, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT Press. [DM]Google Scholar
Lagadic, H. & Faure, J. M. (1987) Preferences of domestic hens for cage size and floor types as measured by operant conditioning. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 19: 147–55. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1988) Conditionnement operant et utilization de 1’espace chez la poule pondeuse en cage. Behavioural Processes 16: 43–56. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G. (1978) The psychology and economics of demand. Psychological Bulletin 85: 441–66. [aMSD, JA]Google Scholar
(1979) Alternatives to the use of painful stimuli in physiological psychology and th e study of animal behaviour. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals Abstracts 7: 20–21. [JA]Google Scholar
Lea, S. E. G., & Roper, T. J. (1977) Demand for food on fixed-ratio schedules as a function of concurrentl y available reinforcement. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27: 371–80. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Leach, T. M., Warrington, R. & Wotton, S. B. (1980) Use of a conditioned stimulus to study whether the initiation of electrical pre-slaughter stunning is painful. Meat Science 4: 203–08. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Lester, N. P. (1984) The “feed-drink” decision. Behaviour 89: 200–19. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Lewis, M. & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979) Social cognition and the acquisition of self Plenum Press. [EAS]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1978) Adaptations. Scientific American 239: 156–69. [DM]Google Scholar
Libet, B. (1985) Unconscious cerebral initiative and the role of conscious will in voluntary action. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: 529–66. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Linzey, A. (1987) Christianity and the rights of animals. Society for the Propagation of Christian Knowledge, London. [aPS]Google Scholar
Logue, A. W. (1988) Research on self control: an integrating framework. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11: 665–709. [aMSD, DMB]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1950) The comparative method in studying innate behaviour patterns. Symposium of the Society for Experimental Biology 4: 221–68. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1973) Civilized man’s eight deadly sins. Methuen. [JA]Google Scholar
(1978) Vergleichende Verhaltensforschung. Springer. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1981) The foundations of ethology. Springer. [FT]Google Scholar
MacLean, P. D. (1973) A triune concept of the brain and behavior. In: The Hincks memorial lectures, ed. Boag, T. J. & Campbell, D.. University of Toronto Press. [CRC]Google Scholar
(1985) Brain evolution relating to family, play, and the separation call. Archives of General Psychiatry 42: 405–17. [CRC]Google Scholar
Mader, S. (1987) Biology. W. M. C. Brown. [BER]Google Scholar
Magurran, A. E. (1984) Gregariou s goldfish. New Scientist 9 Aug.:32–33. [AEM]Google Scholar
Magurran, A. E., & Pitcher, T. J. (1987) Provenance, shoal size, and the sociobiology of predator evasion behaviour in minnow shoals. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 229: 439–65. [AEM]Google Scholar
Majerus, M. E., O’Donald, P. & Weir, J. (1982) Female mating preference is genetic. Nature (London) 300: 521–23. [aMSD ]Google Scholar
Mangel, M. & Clark, C. W. (1986) Towards a unified foraging theory. Ecology 67: 1127–38. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Martin, G. (1975) Uber Verhaltensstorungen von Legehennen im Kafig: Ein Beitrag zur Klarang des Problemes tierschutzgerechter Huhnerhaltung. Angewandte Ornothologie 4: 145–76. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Martin, P. & Caro, T. (1985) On the functions of play and its role in behavioral development. Advances in the Study of Behavior 15: 59–103. [JA]Google Scholar
Marwine, A. & Collier, G. (1979) The rat at the waterhole. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93: 391–402. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Mason, J. W. (1971) A reevaluation of the concept of “non-specificity” in stress theory. Journal of Psychiatric Research 8: 323–33. [FT]Google Scholar
Matthews, L. R., & Ladewig, J. (1987) Stimulus requirements of housed pigs assessed by behavioural demand functions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 17: 365–83. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Matthews, L. R., & Temple, W. (1979) Concurrent schedule assessment of food preferences in cows. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 32: 245–54. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Maynard Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
McArthur, P. D. (1986) Similarity of playback songs to self-song as a determinant of response strength in song sparrows. (Melospiza melodia). Animal Behaviour 34: 199–207. [EAS]Google Scholar
McBride, G. & Craig, J. V. (1985) Environmental design and its evaluation for intensively housed animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 211–24. [aMSD]Google Scholar
McBride, G., Parer, I. P. & Foenander, F. (1969) The social organisation and behaviour of domestic fowl. Animal Behaviour Monographs 2(3): 127–28. [aMSD]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J. (1989) Problems of animal behaviour. Longman Scientific & Technical. [DMcF, FT, SW]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J., & Houston, A. I. (1981) Quantitative ethology. Pitman. [arMSD, DMcF]Google Scholar
McNamara, J. M., & Houston, A. I. (1986) The common currency for behavioral decisions. The American Naturalist 127: 358–78. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Mead, G. H. (1934) Mind, self, and society. University of Chicago Press. [EAS]Google Scholar
Melzack, R. & Wall, P. (1983) The challenge of pain. Penguin. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962) Phenomenology of perception, trans. Smith, C.. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [MAF]Google Scholar
Messenger, J. B. (1988) Why octupuses? Have we learned anything from studying their brains? Science Progress 72: 297–320. [AEM]Google Scholar
Metcalfe, N. B., & Furness, R. W. (1984) Changing priorities: The effects of premigratory fattening on the trade-off betwee n foraging and vigilance. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 15: 203–06. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Metz, J. H. M. (1985) The reaction of cows to a short-term deprivation of lying. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 13: 301–07. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Midgley, M. (1983) Animals and why they matter. Penguin Books. [aMSD, DD]Google Scholar
Milinski, M. & Heller, R. (1978) Influence of a predator on the optimal foraging behaviour of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Nature (London) 275: 642–44. [aMSD, AEM]Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. (1970) The subjection of women. [First published 1869.] Reprinted in: Essays on sex equality, ed. Rossi, A.. University of Chicago Press. [aPS]Google Scholar
Millenson, J. R., & de Villiers, P. A. (1972) Motivational properties of conditioned anxiety. In: Reinforcement: Behavioral analyses, ed. Gilbert, R. M. & Millenson, J. R.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1956) Effects of drugs on motivation: The value of using a variety of measures. Annals of the New York Academy of Science 65: 318–33. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1985) The value of behavioral research on animals. American Psychologist 40: 423–40. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Mitchell, R. W. (1987) A comparative-developmental approach to understanding imitation. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 7, Alternatives, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [RWB]Google Scholar
(in preparation) Recognizing one’s self in a mirror: A view from comparative-developmental psychology. [RWB]Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1894) An introduction to comparative psychology. Walter Scott. [BER]Google Scholar
Morris, D. (1956) The feather postures of birds and the problem of the origin of social signals. Behaviour 9: 75–113. [EAS]Google Scholar
Morrison, W. D., & McMillan, I. (1985) Operant control of the thermal environment by chicks. Poultry Science 64: 91–94. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Morse, W. H., & Kelleher, R. T. (1977) Determinants of reinforcement and punishment. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K. & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall. [JST]Google Scholar
Morton, D. B., & Griffiths, P. N. M. (1985) Guidelines on the recognition of pain, distress, and discomfort in experimental animals and a hypothesis for assessment. Veterinary Record 116: 431–36. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Mrosovsky, N. & Sherry, D. F. (1980) Animal anorexias. Science 207: 837–42. [SJS]Google Scholar
Muller-Schwarze, D., Stagge, D. B. & Muller-Schwarze, C. (1982) Play behavior: Persistence, decrease, energetic compensation during food shortage in deer fawns. Science 215: 85–87. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1974) What is it like to be a bat? [Reprinted 1981] In: The mind’s I, D. R. Hofstadter & D. C. Dennett. Basic Books. [aMSD, JD, FW]Google Scholar
Neuringer, A. J. (1969) Animals respond for food in the presence of free food. Science 166: 399–401. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Ng, Y-K. (1975) Bentham or Bergson? Finite sensibility, utility functions, and social welfare functions. Review of Economic Studies (Oct.) 42: 545–69. [Y-KN]Google Scholar
Nicol, C. J. (1986) Non-exclusive spatial preference in the laying hen. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 15: 337–50. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1987) Behavioural responses of laying hens following a period of spatial restriction. Animal Behaviour 35: 1709–19. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Nishida, T. (1983) Alpha status and agonistic alliance in wild chimpanzees. Primates 24: 318–36. [RWB]Google Scholar
Novak, M. A., & Drewsen, K. H. (in press) Enriching the lives of captive primates: Issues and problems. In: Psychological well-being of captive primates, ed. E. Segal. Noyes. [JST]Google Scholar
Novak, M. A., & Suomi, S. J. (1988) Psychological well-being of primates in captivity. American Psychologist 43: 765–73. [MAN]Google Scholar
Nozick, R. (1983) Review of Tom Regan. The case for animal rights. New York Times Book Review, (Nov. 27). [ANR]Google Scholar
Oakley, D. (1979) Instrumental reversal learning and subsequent fixed ratio performance on simple and go/no-go schedules in neodecorticate rabbits. Physiological Psychology 7: 29–42. [SW]Google Scholar
Overmier, J. B., Patterson, J. & Wielkiewicz, R. M. (1980) Environmental contingencies as sources of stress in animals. In: Coping and health, ed. Levine, S. & Ursin, H.. Plenum Press. [MM]Google Scholar
Paley, W. (1785) Principles of moral and political philosophy. Baldwin & Company. [aPS]Google Scholar
Panel report on the biological substrates of stress (1982) In: Stress and human health: Analysis and implications of research, ed. Elliott, G. R. & Eisdorfer, C.. Springer. [JST]Google Scholar
Paton, W. (1984) Man and mouse: Animals in medical research. Oxford University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Peterson, E. A., Augenstein, J. S., Tanis, D. C. & Augenstein, D. G. (1981) Noise raises blood pressure without impairing auditory sensitivity. Science 211: 1450–52. [JST]Google Scholar
Ponteaux, V. A., Christison, G. I. & Stricklin, W. R. (1983) Perforated-floor preferences of weanling pigs. Applied Animal Ethology 11.19–23. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Premack, D. (1985) Gavagai: The future of the animal language controversy. MIT Press. [SW]Google Scholar
Premack, D. & Woodruff, G. (1978) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1: 515–26. [RWB]Google Scholar
Price, E. O. (1984) Behavioral aspects of animal domestication. Quarterly Review of Biology 59: 1–32. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1985) Pain and behavior. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8: 43–83. [RH, AT]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R.Kagel, J. & Green, L. (1981) Maximization theory in behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4: 371–417. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Rapport, D. J., & Turner, J. E. (1977) Economic models in ecology. Science 195: 367–373. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Rawlins, J. N. P., Feldon, J., Salmon, P., Gray, J. A. & Garrud, P. (1980) The effects of chlodiazepoxide HC1 administration upon punishment and conditioned suppression in the rat. Psychopharmacology 70: 317–22. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Redmond, D. E. Jr. (1979) New and old evidence for the involvement of a brain norepinephrine system in anxiety. In: Phenomenology and the treatment of anxiety, ed. Fann, W. G., Karacan, I., Pokorny, A. D. & Williams, R. L.. Spectrum. [CRC]Google Scholar
Redmond, D. E. Jr., Huanag, Y. H., Syder, D. R. & Maas, J. W., eds. (1976) Behavioral effects of stimulation of the nucleus locus coeruleus in the stump-tailed monkey (Macaca arctoides). Brain Research 116: 502–10. [CRC]Google Scholar
Regan, T. (1983) The case for animal rights. University of California Press. [MAF, ANR]Google Scholar
(1984) The case for animal rights. University of California Press. [aMSD, BER]Google Scholar
(1985) The case for animal rights. In: In defence of animals, ed. Singer, P.. Basil Blackwell. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Renner, M. J., & Rosenzweig, M. R. (1986) Object interactions in juvenile rats (Rattus Norvegicus): Effects of different experiential histories. Journal of Comparative Psychology 100:(3):229–36. [FW]Google Scholar
Richards, A. A. (1976) Behavioural temperatur e regulation in the fowl. Journal of Physiology 258: 122–23. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Rogers, R. D., & Cooper, S. J. (1988) Endorphins, opiates, and behavioral processes. Wiley. [CRC ]Google Scholar
Rollin, B. E. (1981) Animal rights and human morality. Prometheus Books. [aMSD, BER]Google Scholar
(1989) The unheeded cry. Oxford University Press. [aPS, BER, ANR, SFS]Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1882) Animal intelligence. Kegan, Paul, Trench. [GMB]Google Scholar
Roper, T. J. (1983) Learning as a biological phenomenon. In: Animal behaviour, vol. 3, Genes, development, and learning, ed. Halliday, T. R. & Slater, P. J. B.. Blackwell Scientific Publications. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1984) Response of thirsty rate to absence of water: Frustration, disinhibition, or compensation? Animal Behaviour 32: 1225–35. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Rowan, A. N. (1988) Animal anxiety and animal suffering. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 1135–42. [ANR]Google Scholar
Rushen, J. P. (1985) Stereotypies, aggression, and the feeding schedules of tethered sows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 137–47. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1986a) The validity of behavioural measures of aversion: A review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 16: 309–23. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1986b) Aversion of sheep for handling treatments: Paired choice studies. Applied Animal Behavior Science 16: 363–70. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Russell, W. M. S., & Burch, R. L. (1959) The principles of humane experimental technique. Methuen. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Rutter, S. M., & Duncan, I. J. H. (1989) Behavioural measures of aversion in domestic fowl. In: Third European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, ed. Faure, J. M.. French branch of World’s Poultry Science Association. [BOH]Google Scholar
Ryder, R. (1975) Victims of science. David-Poynter. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Exupery, Saint, de, Antoine (1943) The little prince, trans. Woods, K.. Reynal & Hitchcock. [EFS]Google Scholar
Salzen, E. A. (1979) Social attachment and a sense of security. In: Human ethology, ed. von Cranach, M., Foppa, K., Lepenies, W. & Ploog, D.. Cambridge University Press. [EAS]Google Scholar
(1981) Perception of emotion in faces. In: Perceiving and remembering faces, ed. Davies, G., Ellis, H. & Shepherd, J.. Academic Press. [EAS]Google Scholar
(1989) The construction of emotion from facial action. In: Handbook of research on face processing. North Holland. [EAS]Google Scholar
Sambraus, H. H. (1981) Abnormal behavior as an indication of immaterial suffering. International Journal of the Study of Animal Problems 2: 245–48. [AFF]Google Scholar
(1982) Ethologische Grundlagen einer tiergerechten Nutztierhaltung. Tierhaltung 13: 23–41. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. A. (1947) Foundations of economic analysis. Harvard University Press. [DJ]Google Scholar
Sanford, J., Ewbank, R., Moloney, V., Taverner, W. D. & Uvarov, O. (1986) Guidelines for the recognition and assessment of pain in animals. Veterinary Record 117: 334–38. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Sapontzis, S. F. (1987) Morals, reason, and animals. Temple University Press. [MAF, BER, ANR, SFS]Google Scholar
Sartre, J.-P. (1956) Being and nothingness: An essay on phenomenological ontology, trans. Barnes, H.. Philosophical Library. [MAF]Google Scholar
Schiller, C. (1957) Instinctive behavior: International Universities Press. [BER]Google Scholar
Segal, E. F., ed. (1989) The housing, care, and psychological well-being of captive and laboratory primates. Noyes. [EFS]Google Scholar
Segal, M. (1978) Serotonic innervation of the locus coeruleus from the dorsal raphe. Journal of Physiology (Cambridge) 286: 401–15. [CRC]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1975) Helplessness: On depression, development, and death. W. H. Freeman. [CRC]Google Scholar
Sen, A. K. (1973) Behavior and the concept of preference. Economica 40: 2411–59. [DJ]Google Scholar
Sevenster, P. (1973) Incompatibility of response and reward. In: Constraints on learning: Limitations and predispositions, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Sharpe, R. (1988) The cruel deception: The use of animals in medical research. Thorson. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Shepherdson, D. (in press) Design for behaviour: Designing environment s to stimulate natural behaviour patterns in animals. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Zoo Design and Construction. [rMSD]Google Scholar
Sherry, D. F., Mrosovsky, N. & Hogan, J. A. (1980) Weight loss and anorexia during incubation in birds. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 94: 89–98. [DMcF, rMSD]Google Scholar
Shettleworth, S. (1973) Food reinforcement and the organisation of behaviour in golden hamsters. In: Constraints on learning: Limitations and predispositions, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Sibly, R. & McFarland, D. J. (1976) On the fitness of behaviour sequences. American Naturalist 110: 610–17. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Sih, A. (1984) The behavioral response race between predator and prey. American Naturalist 123: 143–50. [AEM]Google Scholar
(1986) Antipredator responses and the perception of danger by mosquito larvae. Ecology 67: 434–41. [AEM]Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1972) Famine, affluence, and morality. Philosophy and Public Affairs 1: 94–104. [rPS]Google Scholar
(1975) Animal liberation: A new ethics for our treatment of animals. New York Review of Books. [MAF, BER, ANR, rPS]Google Scholar
(1975) Animal liberation. Avon Books. [MAN, SFS]Google Scholar
(1976) Animal liberation. Jonathan Cape. [aMSD, JA]Google Scholar
(1979) Practical ethics. Cambridge University Press. [arPS]Google Scholar
(1980) Utilitarianism and vegetarianism. Philosophy and Public Affairs 9: 325–37. [rPS]Google Scholar
(1981) The expanding circle. Farrar, Straus & Giroux. [arPS, JD, EAS]Google Scholar
(1985) Ten years of animal liberation. New York Review of Books, January 17. [rPS]Google Scholar
(1987) Life’s uncertain voyage. In: Metaphysics and morality: Essays in honour of], J. C. Smart, ed. Pwettit, P., Sylvan, R. & Norman, J.. Basil Blackwell. [rPS]Google Scholar
(in press) Animal liberation: A new ethic for the treatment of animals, 2d ed. New York Review of Books. [rPS]Google Scholar
Singer, P. & Dawson, K. (1988) IVF technology and the argument from potential. Philosophy and Public Affairs 17: 87–104. [aPS]Google Scholar
Singer, P. & Kuhse, H. (1986) The ethics of embryo research. Law, Medicine, and Health Care 14: 133–38. [aPS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1963) Behaviorism at fifty. Science 140: 951–58. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Smidt, D., ed. (1983) Indicators relevant to farm animal welfare. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1980) Optimality analysis of operant behaviour and their relation to optimal foraging. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Stellar, E. & Hill, J. H. (1952) The rat’s rate of drinking as a function of water deprivation. Journal of Comparative Physiological Psychology 45: 96–102. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Stephens, D. W. (1981) The logic of risk-sensitive foraging. Animal Behaviour 29: 628–29. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Stephens, D. W., & Krebs, J. R. (1986) Foraging theory. Princeton University Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Stone, E. A. (1975) Stress and catecholamines. In: Catecholamines and behavior, vol. 2, ed. Fridhoff, A. J.. Plenum Press. [CRC]Google Scholar
Strawson, P. F. (1959) Individuals: An essay in descriptive metaphysics. Methuen. [MAF]Google Scholar
Stricklin, W. R. (1983) Matrilinear social dominance and spatial relationships among Angus and Hereford cows. Journal of Animal Science 57: 1397–1405. [JAM]Google Scholar
Stricklin, W. R., & Mench, J. A. (1987) Social organization. In: Veterinary clinics of North America, vol. 3(2), Farm Animal Behavior, ed. E. O. Price. Saunders. [JAM]Google Scholar
Sutherland, W. & Moss, D. (1985). The inactivity of animals: The influences of stochasticity and prey size. Behaviour 92: 1–8. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Syme, G. J., & Syme, L. A. (1979) Social structure in farm animals. Elsevier. [JAM]Google Scholar
Trannenbaum, J. & Rowan, A. N. (1985) Rethinking the morality of animal research. Hastings Center Report 15(5):32–43. [ANR]Google Scholar
Taylor, P. W. (1986) Respect for life: A theory of environmental ethics. Princeton University Press. [MAF]Google Scholar
Teitelbaum, P. (1982) Disconnection and antagonistic interaction of movement subsystems in motivated behavior. In: Changing concepts of the nervous system, ed. Morrison, A. J. & Strick, P.. Academic Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Temple, W. & Foster, T. M. (1980) Applications of preference assessment in animal welfare. In: Behaviour in relation to production, management, and welfare of farm animals, ed. Wodzicka-Tomaszewska, M., Edey, T. N. & Lynch, J. J.. University of New England, Armidale. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Terrance, H. (1987) Thought without words. In: Mindwaves, ed. Blakemore, C. & Greenfield, S.. Basil Blackwell. [arMSD]Google Scholar
Thompson, T. I. (1964) Visual reinforcement in fighting cocks. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 7: 45–49. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1965) The assessment of pain and distress in animals. In: Report of the Technical Committee to enquire into the welfare of animals kept under intensive livestock systems, Brambell, F. W. R. (Chairman). HMSO [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1967) Discussion to Part II of Environmental control in poultry production, ed. Carter, T. C.. Oliver and Boyd. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1984) A temporal limit on the effect of future food on current performance in an analogue of foraging and welfare. Journal for the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 41: 117–24. [aMSD, DMB]Google Scholar
Toates, F. (1986) Motivational systems. Cambridge University press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1987) The relevance of models of motivation and learning to animal welfare. In: Biology of stress in farm animals: An integrative approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & Van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Toates, F. M. (1980) Animal behaviour: A systems approach. Wiley. [JA]Google Scholar
(1981) The control of ingestive behaviour by internal and external stimuli: A theoretical review. Appetite 2: 35–50. [FT]Google Scholar
(1986) Motivational systems. Cambridge University Press. [FT]Google Scholar
(1987) The relevance of models of motivation and learning to animal welfare. In: The biology of stress in farm animals: An integrative approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & Van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [FT]Google Scholar
(1988) Motivation and emotion from a biological perspective. In: Cognitive perspectives on emotion and motivation, ed. Hamilton, V., Bower, G. H. & Frijda, N. H.. Kluwer Academic. [FT]Google Scholar
Toates, F. M., & j., Archer (1978) A comparative review of motivational systems using classical control theory. Animal Behaviour 26: 368–80. [JA]Google Scholar
Tschantz, B. (1982) Verhalten, Bedarf, und Bedarfsdeckung bi Nuitztieren. In: Aktuelle Arbeiten zur artegemässen Tierhaltung 281: 114–28,98. Kuratorium fur Technik und Bauwesen in der Landwirtschaft. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S. (1989) Classical conditioning: The new hegemony. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 12: 121–79. [JST]Google Scholar
(in press) A new methodology for measuring blood pressure in awake baboons with use of behaviora l training techniques. Journal of Medical Primatology. [JST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S., Ator, N. A., Brady, J. V. & Craven, K. A. (in press) Beyond chronic catheterization in laboratory primates. In: Psychological wellbeing of captive primates, ed. E. Segal. Noyes. [JST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S., & Brady, J. V. (1984) Stress and coping. In: Personality and behavior disorders, 2d ed., ed. Endler, N. S. & Hunt, J. McVicker. Wiley. [JST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S., Brady, J. V. & Harris, A. H. (1982) Animal studies of stressful interactions: A behavioral-physiological overview. In: Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects, ed. Goldgerger, L. & Breznitz, S.. Free Press. [JST]Google Scholar
Turkkan, J. S., Hienz, R. D. & Harris, A. H. (1984) Novel long-term cardiovascular effects of industrial noise. Physiology and Behavior 33: 21–26. [JST]Google Scholar
Van Dongen, P. A. M. (1981) Th e central noradrenergic transmission and the locus coeruleus: A review of the data and their implications for neurotransniission and neuromodulation. Progress in Neurobiology 16: 117–43. [CRC]Google Scholar
van Putten, G. (1981) Restriction of induce d behavior. Applied Animal Ethology 7: 381–93. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1988) Farming beyond the ability for pigs to adapt. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 20: 63–71. [AFF]Google Scholar
van Putten, G. & Dammers, J. (1976) A comparative study of the well-being of piglets reare d conventionally and in cages. Applied Animal Ethology 2: 339–56. [aMSD]Google Scholar
van Rooijen, J. (1981) Are feelings adaptations? The basis of modern applied ethology. Applied Animal Ethology 7: 187–98. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1984) Impoverished environments and welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 12: 3–13. [aMSD]Google Scholar
(1985) Ontogeny and preference in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 14: 388–89. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Vestergaard, K. (1980) The regulation of dustbathing and other behaviour patterns in the laying hen: A Lorenzian approach. In: The laying hen and its environment, ed. Moss, R.. Martinus Nijhoff. [aMSD]Google Scholar
von Hoist, D. (1986) Vegetative and somatic components of tree shrews’ behavior. Journal of the Autonomic Nervous System, Supplement:657–70. [FT]Google Scholar
Wabeck, C. J., & Merkley, J. W. (1974). Cage density effect on bone strength of broilers. Poultry Science 53: 1987.Google Scholar
Walker, S. (1983) Animal thought. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Walker, S. F. (1987) Animal learning. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [SW]Google Scholar
Wall, P. D. (1974) My foot hurts me: An analysis of a sentence. In: Essays on the nervous system: A festschrift for Professor J. Z. Young. Clarendon Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Warden, C. J. (1931) Animal motivation: Experimental studies on the albino rat. Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Warden, C. J., Jenkins, T. N. & Warner, L. H. (1935) Comparative psychology: A comprehensive treatise, vol. 1. Ronald Press. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Webster, K. E. (1973) Thalamus and basal ganglia in reptiles and birds. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 33: 164–203. [rMSD]Google Scholar
Weis, J. M., Bailey, W. H., Goodman, P. A., Hoffman, J. J., Ambrose, M. J., Salman, S. & Charry, J. M. (1982) A model for neurochemical study of depression. In: Behavioral models and the analysis of drug action, ed. Spiegelstein, M. Y. & Levy, A.. Elsevier. [CRC]Google Scholar
Weiss, J. M., Pohorecky, L. A., Salman, S. & Gruenthal, M. (1976) Attenuation of gastric lesions by psychological aspects of aggressio n in rats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 90: 252–59. [FT]Google Scholar
Weld, K., Metz, B. & Erwin, J. (1989) Environmental enrichment for laboratory primates: Use of manipulable objects. Paper presented at the first annual meeting of the American Psychological Society, Alexandria, VA. [JST]Google Scholar
Wemelsfelder, F. (in press). Boredom and laboratory animal welfare. In: The experimental animal in hiomedical research, ed. B. E. Rollin. CMC-Press. [FW]Google Scholar
Wennrich, G. & Strauss, D. D. (1977) A contribution to the evidence of motivational accumulation in domestic hens (Gallus gallus domesticus). Deutsches Tierarzl. Wschr. 84: 293–332. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Widowski, T. M., & Curtis, S. E. (1988) Effects of access to straw, cloth tassel, or both on prepartu m activity of sows. Proceedings of the sixth International Congress on Animal Hygiene, (Skara, Sweden) 2: 696–99. [TW]Google Scholar
(in press) Behavioral responses of periparturient sows and juvenile pigs, to prostaglandin F2a. Journal Animal Science. [TW]Google Scholar
Widowski, T. M., Curtis, S. E., Dziuk, P. J., Wagner, W. C. & Sherwood, O. D. (1988) Prolactin is a hormonal correlate of PGF2a-induced nestbuilding in sows. Journal of Animal Science 66 (Supplement 1):234. [TW]Google Scholar
Wiepkema, P. R. (1987) Behavioural aspects of stress. In: Biology of stress in farm animals: An integrative approach, ed. Wiepkema, P. R. & Van Adrichem, P. W. M.. Martinus Nijhoff. [FT]Google Scholar
Wiepkema, P. R., Broom, D. M., Duncan, I. J. H. & van Putten, G. (1983) Abnormal behavior in farm animals. Commission for the Europea n Community Report. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Wigglesworth, V. B. (1980) Do insects feel pain? Antenna 4: 8–9. [ANR]Google Scholar
Wise, R. A., & Bozarch, M. A. (1987) A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction. Psychological Review 94(4):469–92. [CRC]Google Scholar
WNET/Channel 113 (1974) The price of knowledge. Transcript, December 12. [rPS]Google Scholar
Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1973) Animal welfare in modern agriculture. British Veterinary Journal 129: 167–73. [aMSD]Google Scholar
Woolverton, W. L., Ator, N. A., Beardsley, P. M. & Carroll, M. E. (1989) Effects of environmental conditions on the psychological well-being of primates: A review of the literature. Life Sciences 44: 901–17. [JST]Google Scholar
Zayan, R. & Duncan, I. J. H. (1987) Cognitive aspects of social behaviour in the domestic fowl. Elsevier. [aMSD]Google Scholar