Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T08:22:43.866Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The future of SIMS: Who embodies which smile and when?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 December 2010

Paula M. Niedenthal ,
Martial Mermillod ,
Marcus Maringer  and
Ursula Hess
Paula M. Niedenthal
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique (CNRS) andClermont Université, 63037 Clermont-Ferrand, France. niedenthal@wisc.eduhttp://wwwpsy.univ-bpclermont.fr/~niedenthal/
Martial Mermillod
Affiliation:
Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique (CNRS) andClermont Université, 63037 Clermont-Ferrand, France. niedenthal@wisc.eduhttp://wwwpsy.univ-bpclermont.fr/~niedenthal/
Marcus Maringer
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WB Amsterdam, The Netherlands. martial.mermillod@univ-bpclermont.frhttp://wwwpsy.univ-bpclermont.fr/~mermillod/
Ursula Hess
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany. m.maringer@rug.nlUrsula.hess@psychologie.hu-berlin.dehttp://www.psychology.hu-berlin.de/staff/1683737
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The set of 30 stimulating commentaries on our target article helps to define the areas of our initial position that should be reiterated or else made clearer and, more importantly, the ways in which moderators of and extensions to the SIMS can be imagined. In our response, we divide the areas of discussion into (1) a clarification of our meaning of “functional,” (2) a consideration of our proposed categories of smiles, (3) a reminder about the role of top-down processes in the interpretation of smile meaning in SIMS, (4) an evaluation of the role of eye contact in the interpretation of facial expression of emotion, and (5) an assessment of the possible moderators of the core SIMS model. We end with an appreciation of the proposed extensions to the model, and note that the future of research on the problem of the smile appears to us to be assured.

Type
Authors' Response
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 33 , Issue 6 , December 2010 , pp. 464 - 480
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Allen, C. & Bekoff, M. (1995) Function, natural design, and animal behavior: Philosophical and ethological considerations. Perspectives on Ethology 11:1–46.Google Scholar
Bocanegra, B. R. & Zeelenberg, R. (2009) Emotion improves and impairs early vision. Psychological Science 20:707–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boroditsky, L. & Prinz, J. (2008) What thoughts are made of. In: Embodied grounding: Social, cognitive, affective, and neuroscientific approaches, ed. Semin, G. & Smith, E. R., pp. 98–117. Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calder, A. J., Keane, J., Lawrence, A. D. & Manes, F. (2004) Impaired recogniton of anger following damage to the ventral striatum. Brain 127:1958–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campeau, S. & Davis, M. (1995) Involvement of subcortical and cortical afferents to the lateral nucleus of the amygdala in fear conditioning measured with fear-potentiated startle in rats trained concurrently with auditory and visual conditioned stimuli. Journal of Neuroscience 15:2312–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Gelder, B., Vroomen, J., Pourtois, G. & Weiskrantz, L. (1999) Non-conscious recognition of affect in the absence of striate cortex. NeuroReport 10:3759–63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Waal, F. B. M. (2003) Darwin's legacy and the study of primate visual communication. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1000:7–31.Google Scholar
Doron, N. N. & Ledoux, J. E. (1999) Organization of projections to the lateral amygdala from auditory and visual areas of the thalamus in the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 412:383–409.3.0.CO;2-5>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekman, P., Davidson, R. & Friesen, W. V. (1990) The Duchenne smile: Emotional expression and brain physiology, II. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58:342–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekman, P. & Friesen, W. V. (1982) Felt, false and miserable smiles. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6:238–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golan, O. & Baron-Cohen, S. (2006) Systemizing empathy: Teaching adults with Asperger's Syndrome and High Functioning Autism to recognize emotions using interactive multimedia. Development and Psychopathology 18(2):589–617.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halberstadt, J., Winkielman, P., Niedenthal, P. & Dalle, N. (2009) Emotional conception: How embodied emotion concepts guide perception and facial action. Psychological Science 20:1254–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hall, J. K., Hutton, S. B. & Morgan, M. J. (2010) Sex differences in scanning faces: Does attention to the eyes explain female superiority in facial expression recognition? Cognition and Emotion 24:629–37. [doi:10.1080/02699930902906882]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harver, A., Katkin, E. S. & Bloch, E. (1993) Signal-detection outcomes on heartbeat and respiratory resistance detection tasks in male and female subjects. Psychophysiology 30:223–30.Google ScholarPubMed
Hermans, E. J., Putman, P. & van Honk, J. (2006) Testosterone administration reduces empathetic behavior: A facial mimicry study. Psychoneuroendocrinology 31:859–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hess, U., Adams, R. B. Jr. & Kleck, R. E. (2009b) The face is not an empty canvas: How facial expressions interact with facial appearance. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364:3497–504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hess, U. & Fischer, A. (under review) Emotional contagion: What you see is not always what you feel.Google Scholar
Hess, U. & Kirouac, G. (2000) Emotion expression in groups. In: Handbook of emotion, 2nd edition, ed. Lewis, M. & Haviland-Jones, J., pp. 368–81. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Hess, U., Philippot, P. & Blairy, S. (1998) Facial reactions to emotional facial expressions: Affect or cognition? Cognition and Emotion 12:509–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holmes, A., Green, S. & Vuilleumier, P. (2005) The involvement of distinct visual channels in rapid attention towards fearful facial expressions. Cognition and Emotion 19:899–922.Google Scholar
Houde, S., Simard, A. & Hess, U. (2009) I show you how you feel: Mimicry as a function of assigned emotional state. Paper presented at the 49th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, Berlin, Germany, October 21-24, 2009.Google Scholar
Keltner, D. & Gross, J. J. (1999) Functional accounts of emotion. Cognition and Emotion 13:467–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keltner, D. & Haidt, J. (1999) Social function of emotions at four levels of analysis. Cognition and Emotion 13:505–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ledoux, J. (1996) The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. Simon & Shuster.Google Scholar
Lenzi, D., Trentini, C., Pantano, P., Macaluso, E., Iacoboni, M., Lenzi, G. L. & Ammaniti, M. (2009) Neural basis of maternal communication and emotional expression processing during infant preverbal stage. Cerebral Cortex 19(5): 1124–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Linke, R., De Lima, A. D., Schwegler, H. & Pape, H. C. (1999) Direct synaptic connections of axons from superior colliculus with identified thalamo-amygdaloid projection neurons in the rat: Possible substrates of a subcortical visual pathway to the amygdala. Journal of Comparative Neurology 403:158–70.3.0.CO;2-6>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maringer, M., Krumhuber, E., Fischer, A. H. & Niedenthal, P. M. (in press) Beyond smile dynamics: Mimicry and beliefs in judgments of smiles. Emotion.Google Scholar
Mermillod, M., Bonin, P., Mondillon, L., Alleysson, D. & Vermeulen, N. (in press a) Coarse scales are sufficient for efficient categorization of emotional facial expressions: Evidence from neural computation. Neurocomputing.Google Scholar
Mermillod, M., Droit-Volet, S., Devaux, D., Schaefer, A. & Vermeulen, N. (in press b) Are coarse scales sufficient for fast detection of visual threat? Psychological Science.Google Scholar
Mermillod, M., Vuilleumier, P., Peyrin, C., Alleysson, D. & Marendaz, C. (2009) The importance of low spatial frequency information for recognizing fearful facial expressions. Connection Science 21(1):75–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moffatt, C. A. & Nelson, R. J. (1992) May/December romance: Adaptive significance non probabilis est. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 15:106–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mondillon, L., Niedenthal, P. M., Gil, S. & Droit-Volet, S. (2007) Imitation and in-group versus outgroup members' facial expressions of anger: A test with a time perception task. Social Neuroscience 2:223–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, J. S., Öhman, A. & Dolan, R. J. (1999) A subcortical pathway to the right amygdala mediating “unseen” fear. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96:1680–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M., Barsalou, L. W., Ric, F. & Krauth-Gruber, S. (2005a) Embodiment in the acquisition and use of emotion knowledge. In: Emotion: Conscious and unconscious, ed. Feldman-Barrett, L., Niedenthal, P. M. & Winkielman, P., pp. 21–50. Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M., Kruth-Gruber, S. & Ric, F. (2006) The psychology of emotion: Interpersonal, experiential, and cognitive approaches. Principles of Social Psychology Series. Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Niedenthal, P. M. & Maringer, M. (2009) Embodied emotion considered. Emotion Review 1:122–28.Google Scholar
Owren, M. J. & Rendall, D. (2001) Sound on the rebound: Bringing form and function back to the forefront in understanding nonhuman primate vocal signaling. Evolutionary Anthropology 10:58–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pegna, A. J., Khateb, A., Lazeyras, F. & Seghier, M. L. (2004) Discriminating emotional faces without primary visual cortices involves the right amygdala. Nature Neuroscience 8:24–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pennebaker, J. W. & Roberts, T. A. (1992) Toward a his and hers theory of emotion: Gender differences in visceral perception. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 11:199–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pourtois, G., Dan, E. S., Grandjean, D., Sander, D. & Vuilleumier, P. (2005) Enhanced extrastriate visual response to bandpass spatial frequency filtered fearful faces: Time course and topographic evoked-potentials mapping. Human Brain Mapping 26:65–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scherer, K. R. (1987) Towards a dynamic theory of emotion: The component process model of affective states. Geneva Studies in Emotion and Communication 1:1–98. Retrieved from http://www.unige.ch/fapse/emotion/publications/pdf/tdte_1987.pdf.Google Scholar
Senju, A. & Johnson, M. A. (2009a) The eye contact effect: Mechanisms and development. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13:127–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Shi, C. & Davis, M. (2001) Visual pathways involved in fear conditioning measured with fear potentiated startle: Behavioral and anatomic studies. Journal of Neuroscience 21:9844–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Strathearn, L., Fonagy, P., Amico, J. & Montague, P. R. (2009) Adult attachment predicts maternal brain and oxytocin response to infant cues. Neuropsychopharacology 34(12):2655–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swain, J. E. (2008) Baby stimuli and the parent brain: Functional neuroimaging of the neural substrates of parent–infant attachment, Psychiatry (Edgmont) 5(8):28–36.Google ScholarPubMed
Tomkins, S. S. (1962) Affect imagery consciousness: Vol. 1. The positive affects. Springer.Google Scholar
Tomkins, S. S. (1963) Affect imagery consciousness: Vol. 2. The negative affects. Springer.Google Scholar
Vuilleumier, P., Armony, J. L., Driver, J. & Dolan, R. J. (2003) Distinct spatial frequency sensitivities for processing faces and emotional expressions. Nature Neuroscience 6:624–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wacker, J., Chavanon, M. L., Leue, A. & Stemmler, G. (2010) Trait BIS predicts alpha asymmetry and P300 in a go/no-go task. European Journal of Personality 24:85–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yuki, M., Maddux, W. W. & Masuda, T. (2007) Are the windows to the soul the same in the East and West? Cultural differences in using the eyes and mouth to recognize emotions in Japan and the United States. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 43:202–11.Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. B., Adelmann, P. K., Murphy, S. T. & Niedenthal, P. M. (1987) Convergence in the physical appearance of spouses: An implication of the vascular theory of emotional efference. Motivation and Emotion 11:335–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar