Hostname: page-component-5bbb9b7966-r26tt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-02-25T00:32:40.879Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Operant conditioning and natural selection

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Andrew M. Colman
Andrew M. Colman
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, England
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 7 , Issue 4 , December 1984 , pp. 684 - 685
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allee, W. C. (1938) Cooperation among animals. Abelard-Schuman. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Allport, F. H. (1955) Theories of perception and the concept of structure. Wiley. [GDW]Google Scholar
Ardrey, R. (1961) African genesis. Atheneum. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Aslin, R. N. (1981) Experiential influences and sensitive periods in development: A unified model. In: Development of perception: Psychobiological perspectives, vol. 2, ed. Aslin, R. N., Alberts, J. R. & Petersen, M. R.. Academic Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Aslin, R. N. & Pisoni, D. B. (1980) Some developmental processes in speech perception. In: Child phonology: Perception and production, ed. Yeni-Komshian, G. H., Kavanagh, J. F. & Ferguson, C. A.. Academic Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Azrin, N. H., Hutchinson, R. R. & Laughlin, R. (1965) The opportunity for aggression as an operant reinforcer during aversive stimulation. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 8:171–80. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Barash, D. P. & Lipton, J. E. (in press) Overcoming the Neanderthal mentality. McGraw-Hill. [DPB]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. (1976) Attention structure and the evolution of human psychological characteristics. In: The social structure of attention, ed. Chance, M. R. A. & Larsen, R. R.. Wiley. [JHB]Google Scholar
Barkow, J. (1983) Begged questions in behavior and evolution. In: Animal models of human behavior, ed. Davey, G.. [JHB]Google Scholar
Beach, F. A. (1950) The snark was a boojum. American Psychologist 5:115–24. [JPH, taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beach, F. A. (1955) The descent of instinct. Psychological Review 62:401–10. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
de Beer, G. (1940) Embryos and ancestors. Oxford University Press. 3d rev. ed. 1958. [GG]Google Scholar
Blanchard, R. J. & Blanchard, D. C. (1980) The organization of aggressive behaviors in rodents. In: The biology of aggression, ed. Brain, P. F. & Benton, D.. Nordhoof. [DCB]Google Scholar
Blanshard, B. (1967) The problem of consciousness – a debate. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 27:317–24. [AMC, rBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonner, J. T., ed. (1982) Evolution and development. Springer Verlag [SNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Branden, N. (1963) The contradiction of determinism. Objectivist Newsletter 2:17–20. [AMC]Google Scholar
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1961) The misbehavior of organisms. American Psychologist 16:681–84. [GMB, taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, P. L. & Jenkins, H. M. (1968) Auto-shaping of the pigeon's key-peck. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 11:1–8. [AMC, rBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brunjes, P. C. & Alberts, J. R. (1979) Olfactory stimulation induces filial preferences for huddling in rat pups. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:548–55. [GG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bull, J. J. & Vogt, R. C. (1979) Temperature-dependent sex determination in turtles. Science 206:1186–88. [DW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bullock, T. H. (1970) The reliability of neurones. Jacques Loeb memorial lectures, Woods Hole, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and Marine Biological Laboratory Massachusetts. [GDW]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1973) Instinct and innate behavior: Toward an ethological psychology. In: The study of behavior, ed. Nevin, J. A. & Reynolds, G. S.. Scott, Foresman & Co. [GMB]Google Scholar
Burghardt, G. M. (1977) Ontogeny of communication. In: How animals communicate, ed. Sebeok, T. A.. Indiana University Press. [GMB]Google Scholar
Campbell, D. T. (1960) Blind variation and selective retention in creative thought as in other knowledge processes. Psychological Review 67:380–400. [JERS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caraco, T. (1980) On foraging time allocation in a stochastic environment. Ecology 61:119–28. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraco, T. (1983) White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia Peucophrys): Foraging preferences in a risky environment. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 12:63–69. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caraco, T., Martindale, S. & Whittam, T. S. (1980) An empirical demonstration of risk-sensitive foraging preferences. Animal Behaviour 28:820–30. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Catania, A. C. (1981) Contingency, continguity, correlation, and the concept of causation. In: Advances in the study of behaviour, vol. 2, Predictability, correlation and contiguity. Wiley. [JERS]Google Scholar
Clark, M. M. & Galef, B. G. Jr (1979) A sensitive period for the maintenance of emotionality in Mongolian gerbils. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 93:200–210. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clowes, J. S. & Wassermann, G. D. (1984) Genetic control theory of developmental events. Bulletin of Mathematical Biology, in press. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Craik, K. J. W. (1943). The nature of explanation. Cambridge University Press. [SKR]Google Scholar
Crawford, L. (1983) Local contrast and memory windows as proximate foraging mechanisms. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 63:283–93. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Darwin, C. (1859) On the origin of species by means of natural selection. R. West. [JPH]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1868) The variation of animals and plants under domestication. John Murray. [MTG]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1872) The expression of the emotions in man and animals. R. West. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Laguna, G. (1927) Speech: Its function and development. Yale University Press. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Delius, J. D. (1970) The ontogeny of behaviour. In: The neurosciences second study program, ed. Schmitt, F. O.. Rockefeller University Press. [JDD]Google Scholar
Delius, J. D. (1985) Behaviour, free for all. In: Behavior analysis and contemporary psychology, ed. Lowe, C. F., Richelle, M., Blackman, D. E. & Bradshaw, C. M.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. In press. [JDD]Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1983) Intentional systems in cognitive ethology: The “Panglossian paradigm” defended. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:343–55. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denny, M. R., ed. (1980) Comparative psychology. Ẇiley, [GMB]Google Scholar
Diderot, D. (1796) Supplément au Voyage de Bougainville. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Drachman, D. B. & Sokoloff, L. (1966) The role of movement in embryonic joint development. Developmental Biology 14:401–20. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubos, R. (1965) Humanistic biology. American Scientist 53:4–19. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I. (1975) Ethology: The biology of behavior. 2d ed.Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [GMB]Google Scholar
Dubos, R. (1979) Human ethology:Concepts and implications for the sciences of man. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:1–57. [IE-E, DW]Google Scholar
Einstein, A. (1960) Fund-raising telegram for the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists, 23 May 1946. In: Einstein on peace, ed. Nathan, O. & Norden, H.. Simon & Schuster. [DPB]Google Scholar
Eldredge, N. & Gould, S. J. (1972) Punctuated equilibria: An alternative to phyletic gradualism. In: Models in paleobiology, ed. Schopf, T. J. M.. Freeman, Cooper & Co. [AK]Google Scholar
Erlenmeyer-Kimling, E., Hirsch, J. & Weiss, J. M. (1962) Studies in experimental behavior genetics: III. Selection and hybridization analyses of individual differences in the sign of geotaxis. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 55:722–31. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1967) The biological basis of personality. C. C. Thomas. [HJE]Google Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1979) The conditioning model of neurosis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:155–99. [HJE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eysenck, H. J. (1982) Neobehavioristic (S-R) theory. In: Contemporary behavior therapy, ed. Wilson, G. T. & Franks, C. M.. Guilford Press. [HJE]Google Scholar
Fentress, J. C. (1973) Development of grooming in mice with amputated forelimbs. Science 179:704–5. [IE-E]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferguson, M. W. J. & Joanen, T. (1982) Temperature of egg incubation determines sex in Alligator mississippiensis. Nature 296:850–53. [DW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferster, C. B. & Skinner, B. F. (1957) Schedules of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fishbein, H. D. (1976) Evolution, development, and children's learning. Goodyear Publishing Company. [AJP]Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1918) The correlation between relatives on the supposition of Mendelian inheritance. Transactions of the Royal Society (Edinburgh) 52:399–433. [SAA]Google Scholar
Freud, S. (1939) Moses and monotheism. Random House. [AK]Google Scholar
Friedmann, H. (1956) Quoted in article entitled “African honey-guides.” Science 123:55. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Garcia, J., Clarke, J. & Hankins, W. G. (1973) Natural responses to scheduled rewards. In: Perspectives in ethology, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P.. Plenum Press. [JERS]Google Scholar
Garcia, J. & Koelling, R. A. (1966) The relation of cue to consequence in avoidance learning. Psychonomic Science 5:121–22. [JDD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garstang, W. (1922) The theory of recapitulation: A critical restatement of the biogenetic law. Journal of the Linnean Society of London 35:81–101. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1969a) The evolution of hermaphroditism among animals. Quarterly Review of Biology 44:189–208. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghiselin, M. T. (1969b) The triumph of the Darwinian method. University of California Press. [MTG]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974) The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. University of California Press. [MTG]Google Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1981) Categories, life, and thinking. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:269–83. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1971) Development of species identification in birds. University of Chicago Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1976a) Conceptions of prenatal development: Behavioral embryology. Psychological Review 83:215–34. [GG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, G. (1976b) The roles of experience in the development of behavior and the nervous system. In: Neural and behavioral specificity, ed. Gottlieb, G.. Academic Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Gottlieb, G. (1981) Roles of early experience in species-specific perceptual development. In: Development of perception: Psychobiological perspectives, vol. 1, ed. Aslin, R. N., Alberts, J. R. & Petersen, M. R.. Academic Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. (1977) Ontogeny and phylogeny. Harvard University Press. [MTG, GG, AK]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptationist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B205:581–98. [MTG, AK]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Vrba, E. S. (1982) Exaptation – a missing term in the science of form. Paleobiology 8:4–15. [AJP, rBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, D. B., ed. (1985) Developmental behavioral genetics and learning. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [RP]Google Scholar
Gray, P. H. (1963) The descriptive study of imprinting in birds from 1863 to 1953. Journal of General Psychology 68:333–46. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregory, R. L. (1969) On how so little information controls so much behavior. In: Towards a theoretical biology, two sketches, ed. Waddington, C. H.. Edinburgh University Press. [SK]Google Scholar
Haeckel, E. (1891) Anthropogenie oder entwicklungsgeschichte des Menschen: Keimes- und Stammes-Geschichte. 4th rev. enl. ed.Engelmann. [GG]Google Scholar
Hailman, J. P. (1969) How an instinct is learned. Scientific American 221:98–106. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hailman, J. P. (1982a) Evolution and behavior: An iconoclastic view. In: Learning, development, and culture, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. Wiley. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hailman, J. P. (1982b) Ontogeny: Toward a general theoretical framework for ethology. In: Perspectives in ethology, vol. 5, ed. Bateson, P. P. G. & Klopfer, P. H.. Plenum Press. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hailman, J. P. (1984) Historical notes on the biology of learning. In: Issues in the ecological study of learning, ed. Johnston, T. D. & Pietrewicz, A. T.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [JPH]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) The genetical evolution of social behaviour. Journal of Theoretical Biology 7:1–52. [JLB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hebb, D. O. (1949) The organization of behavior. Wiley. [GDW]Google Scholar
Heinroth, O. (1911) Beiträge zur Biologie, namentlich Ethologie und Psychologie der Anatiden. Verhandlung V. Internationale Ornithologische Kongress. [JPH]Google Scholar
Heller, R. & Milinsky, M. (1979) Optimal foraging of sticklebacks on swarming prey. Animal Behaviour 27:1127–41. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinde, R. A. (1966) Animal behaviour: A Synthesis of ethology and comparative psychology. 1st ed.McGraw-Hill. [JDD]Google Scholar
Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J. (1973) Constraints on learning: Limitations and predispositions. Academic Press. [AK]Google Scholar
Hirsch, J. (1963) Behavior genetics and individuality understood. Science 142:1436–42. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hirsh, H. V. B. & Jacobson, M. (1975) The perfectible brain: Principles of neuronal development. In: Handbook of psychobiology, ed. Gazzaniga, M. S. & Blakemore, C.. Academic Press. [HCP]Google Scholar
Ho, M. W. & Saunders, P. T. (1979) Beyond neoDarwinism: An epigenetic approach to evolution. Journal of Theoretical Biology 78:673–91. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ho, M. W. & Saunders, P. T. (1982) The epigenetic approach to the evolution of organisms. In: Learning, development and culture: Essays in evolutionary epistemology, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. Wiley. [HCP]Google Scholar
Hoffman, H. S., Schiff, D., Adams, J. & Serle, J. L. (1966) Enhanced distress vocalization through selective reinforcement. Science 151:352–54. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hogan, J. A. & Roper, T. J. (1978) A comparison of the properties of different reinforcers. Advances in the Study of Behavior 8:155–255. [JAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holland, P. C. (1977) Conditioned stimulus as a determinant of the form of the Pavlovian conditioned response. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 3:77–104. [JERS]Google ScholarPubMed
Holliday, R. & Maynard Smith, J., ed. (1979) The evolution of adaptation by natural selection. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 205: whole issue. [JAH]Google Scholar
Hollis, K. L. (1982) Pavlovian conditioning of signal-centered action patterns and autonomic behavior: A biological analysis of function. Advances in the Study of Behavior 12:1–64. [JERS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. (1982) A sequential approach to risk taking. Animal Behaviour 30:1260–61. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huxley, J. (1964) Psychometabolism: General and Lorenzian. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 7:399–432. [tarBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobson, M. (1969) Development of specific neuronal connections. Science 163:543–47. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Henry Holt & Co. [JPH]Google Scholar
Johnston, T. D. (1982) Learning and the evolution of developmental systems. in: Learning, development, and culture: Essays in evolutionary epistemology, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. Wiley. [GG]Google Scholar
Johnston, T. D. & Gottlieb, G. (1981) Epigenesis and phylogenesis: Reordering the priorities. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:243. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kacelnik, A., Houston, A., & Krebs, J. R. (1981) Optimal foraging and territorial defence in the great tit (Parus major). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 8:35–40. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, S. (1977) Participation in the design process: A cognitive approach. In: Perspectives on environment and behavior, ed. Stokols, D.. Plenum Press. [SK]Google Scholar
Kaplan, S. (1983) A model of person-environment compatibility. Environment and Behavior 15:311–32. [SK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, S. & Kaplan, R. (1982) Cognition and environment: Functioning in an uncertain world. Praeger. [SK]Google Scholar
Kavanau, J. L. (1964) Behavior: Confinement, adaptation, and compulsory regimes in laboratory studies. Science 143:490. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelleher, R. T. (1962) Variables and behavior. American Psychologist 17:659–60. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, L. M., Ostapoff, E. M. & Rubel, E. W. (1979) Influence of acoustic experience on the ontogeny of frequency generalization gradients on the chicken. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 5:97–115. [GG]Google ScholarPubMed
Kettlewell, H. B. D. (1961) The phenomenon of industrial melanism in Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology 6:245–62. [SAA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kortlandt, A. (1965) On the essential morphological basis for human culture. Current Anthropology 6:320–25. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Krischke, N. (1983) Beitrage zur Ontogenese der Flug- und Manövrierfähigkeit der Haustaube (Columba livia var. domestica), Behaviour 84:265–86. [GG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, Z. Y. (1921) Giving up instincts in psychology. Journal of Philosophy 17:645–64. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, Z. Y. (1924) A psychology wíthout heredity. Psychological Review 31:427–51. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuo, Z. Y. (1967) The dynamics of behavior development. Random House. (IE-E]Google Scholar
Lashley, K. (1938) Experimental analysis of instinctive behavior. Psychological Review 45:445–71. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, S. M. & Bressler, R. (1981) Prevention of diabetic nephropathy by diet control in the db/db mouse. Diabetes 30:106–11. [DW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehrman, D. S. (1953) A critique of Konrad Lorenz's theory of instinctive behavior. Quarterly Review of Biology 28:337–63. [GPB, IE-E, JPH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lehrman, D. S. (1970) Semantic and conceptual issues in the nature-nurture problem. In: Development and evolution of behavior, ed. Aronson, L. R., Tobach, E., Lehrman, D. S. & Rosenblatt, J. S.. Freeman. [GG, JAH]Google Scholar
Leibniz, G. W. (1695) New system of the nature and communication of substances, as well as of the union existing between the soul and the body. Transl. in Parkinson, G. H. R. (1973) Leibniz: Philosophical writings. J. M. Dent & Sons. [MTG]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1982) Organism and environment. In: Learning, development, and culture, ed. Plotkin, H. C.. Wiley. [SNS]Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1983) Elementary errors about evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:367–68. [MTG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Locke, E. A. (1966) The contradiction of epiphenomenalism. British Journal of Psychology 57:203–4. [AMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lorenz, K. (1961) Phylogenetische Anpassung und adaptive Modifikation des Verhaltens. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 18:139–87. [GPB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1965) Evolution and modification of behavior. University of Chicago Press. [GPB, JDD, IE-E, GG, JPH, taBFS]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1966) On aggression. Harcourt, Brace & World. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Lorenz, K. (1981) The foundations of ethology. Simon and Schuster. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarland, D. J. & Houston, A. I. (1981) Quantitative ethology: The state space approach. Pitman. [AK]Google Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1951) Mindlike behaviour in artifacts. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 2:105–21. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, D. M. (1952) Mentality in machines. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society Suppl. 26:61–86. [GDW]Google Scholar
Mackintosh, N. J. (1974) The psychology of animal learning. Academic Press. [AK]Google Scholar
McNamara, J. M. & Houston, A. I. (1982) Short-term behaviour and life-time fitness. In: Functional ontogeny, ed. McFarland, D. J.. Pitman. [AK]Google Scholar
Marler, P. & Hamilton, W. J. (1966) Mechanisms of animal behavior. Wiley. [JDD]Google ScholarPubMed
Mayr, E. (1963) Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press. [JERS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metz, J. A. J. (1971) State space models for animal behaviour. Annals of Systems Research 6:65–109. [AK]Google Scholar
Milinski, M. & Heller, R. (1978) Influence of a predator on the optimal foraging behaviour of sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) Nature 275:642–44. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1969) Psychology as a means of promoting human welfare. American Psychologist 24:1063–75. [SK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, J. A. (1978a) A summary and criticism of Skinner's early theory of learning. Canadian Psychological Review 19:215–23. [AMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mills, J. A. (1978b) A summary and criticism of Skinner's second theory of learning. Canadian Psychological Review 19:328–37. [AMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mineka, S. & Suomi, S. J. (1978) Social separation in monkeys. Psychological Bulletin 85:1376–1400. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, B. R. (1973) The role of directed Pavlovian reactions in simple instrumental learning in the pigeon. In: Constraints on learning, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Stevenson-Hinde, J.. Academic Press. [JERS]Google Scholar
Mortenson, F. J. (1975) Animal behavior: Theory and research. Brooks/Cole. [GMB]Google Scholar
Nanney, D. L. (1977) Molecules and morphologies: The perpetuation of pattern in the ciliated protozoa. Journal of Protozoology 24:27–35. [DW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nevin, J. A. & Reynolds, G. S., eds. (1973) The study of behavior: Learning, motivation, emotion, and instinct. Scott, Foresman & Co. [GMB]Google Scholar
Newman, O. (1980) Community of interest. Doubleday. [SK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oppenheimer, J. M. (1967) Essays in the history of embryology and biology. MIT Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Osgood, C. (1962) An alternative to war or surrender. University of Illinois Press. [DPB]Google Scholar
Palay, S. L. (1967) Principles of cellular organization. In: The neuwsciences, ed. Quarton, G. C., Melnechuk, T. & Schmitt, F. O.. Rockefeller University Press. [GDW]Google Scholar
Pascal, B. (1670) Pensées. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Patten, B. C. (1982) Environs: Relativistic elementary particles for ecology. American Naturalist 119:179–219. [SNS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perkel, D. H. (1970) Spike trains as carriers of information. In: The neurosciences second study program, ed. Schmitt, F. O.. Rockefeller University Press. [GDW]Google Scholar
Peterson, N. (1960) Control of behavior by presentation of an imprinted stimulus. Science 132:1395–96. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piaget, J. (1979) Behaviour and evolution. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [HCP]Google Scholar
Piaget, J. & Garcia, R. (1982) Psicogenesis e historia de la ciencia. Siglo XXI. [AK]Google Scholar
Plomin, R. (1983) Developmental behavioral genetics. Child Development 54:253–59. [RP]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plomin, R. (1985) Behavioral genetics, behavioral analysis, and development. In: Developmental behavioral genetics and learning, ed. Gray, D. B.. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. [RP]Google Scholar
Plomin, R., DeFries, J. C. & McClearn, G. E. (1980) Behavioral genetics. Freeman. [RP]Google Scholar
Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. (1979) Learning, change and evolution. Advances in the Study of Behaviour 10:1–41. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plotkin, H. C. & Odling-Smee, F. J. (1981) A multiple level model of evolution and its implications for sociobiology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:225–68. [HCP]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. R. (1957) The open society and its enemies. Routledge & Kegan Paul. [taBFS]Google Scholar
Pringle, J. W. S. (1951) On the parallel between learning and evolution. Behaviour 3:174–215. [JDD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raff, R. A. & Kaufman, T. C. (1983) Embryos, genes, and evolution. Macmillan. [JERS]Google Scholar
Rescorla, R. A. (1967) Pavlovian conditioning and its proper control procedures. Psychological Review 74:71–80. [JERS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Resnick, L. B. (1983) Mathematics and science learning: A new conception. Science 220:477–78. [SK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Romanes, G. J. (1884) Mental evolution in animals. Keegan, Paul, Trench & Co. [JPH]Google Scholar
Romanes, G. J. (1889) Mental evolution in man. D. Appleton & Co. [JPH]Google Scholar
Schaller, G. B. (1964) The year of the gorilla. University of Chicago Press. [SK]Google Scholar
Sebeok, T. A. (1965) Animal communication. Science 147:1006–14. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Segall, M. H. (1979) Cross-cultural psychology. Brooks/Cole. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Seligman, M. E. P. (1970) On the generality of the laws of learning. Psychological Review 77:406–18. [JDD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shettleworth, S. J. (1975) Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Hunger, environment and food reinforcement. Journal of Experimental Psychology 104:56–87. [JERS]Google Scholar
Siegler, R. S. (1983) Review of The development of mathematical thinking. Science 221:1042–43. [SK]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1932a) Drive and reflex strength, I. Journal of General Psychology 6:22–37. [rBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1932b) Drive and reflex strength, II. Journal of General Psychology 6:38–48. [rBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1937) Two types of conditioned reflex: A reply to Konorski and Miller. Journal of General Psychology 16:272–79. [rBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1938) The behavior of organisms. Appleton-Century. [GMB, AMC, JDD, tarBFS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1948a) “Superstition” in the pigeon. Journal of Experimental Psychology 38:168–72. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1948b) Walden two. Macmillan. [rBFS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1950) Are theories of learning necessary? Psychological Review 57:193–216. [AMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1953) Science and human behavior. Macmillan. [AMC, rBFS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1957) Verbal behavior. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1960) Pigeons in a pelican. American Psychologist 15:28–37. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1969) Contingencies of reinforcement: A theoretical analysis. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [GMB]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1971) Beyond freedom and dignity. Knopf. [rBFS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1979) The shaping of a behaviorist. Alfred A. Knopf. [RP]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1981) Selection by consequences. Science 213:501–4. [SNS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1982) Contrived reinforcement. Behavior Analyst 5:3–8. [rBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1983a) Can the experimental analysis of behavior rescue psychology? Behavior Analyst 6:9–17. [rBFS, JERS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1983b) Origins of a behaviorist. Psychology Today 17(9):22–33. [AMC]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. & Morse, W. H. (1957) Concurrent activity under fixed-interval reinforcement. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 50:279–81. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sommerhoff, G. (1950) Analytical biology. Oxford University Press. [GDW]Google Scholar
Sommerhoff, G. (1974) Logic of the living brain. Wiley. [GDW]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1971) How a developing brain gets itself properly wired for adaptive function. In: The biopsychology of development, ed. Tobach, E., Aronson, L. R. & Shaw, E.. Academic Press. [IE-E]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1977) Schedule-induced behavior. In: Handbook of operant behavior, ed. Honig, W. K., & Staddon, J. E. R.. Prentice-Hall. [JAH]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Adaptive behavior and learning. Cambridge University Press. [JERS]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. & Simmelhag, V. (1971) The “superstition” experiment: A reexamination of its implications for the principles of adaptive behavior. Psychological Review 78:3–43. [AK, rBFS, JERS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stent, G. (1981) Strength and weakness of the genetic appraoch to the development of the nervous system. Annual Review of Neuroscience 4:163–94. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephens, D. W. (1981) The logic of risk-sensitive foraging preferences. Animal Behaviour 29:628–29. [AK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stiers, M. & Silberberg, A. (1974) Lever-contact responses in rats: Auto-maintenance with and without a negative response-reinforcer dependency. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 22:497–506. [AMC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Terrace, H. S. (1963) Discrimination learning with and without “errors.” Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 6:1–27. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thorndike, E. L. (1898) Animal intelligence: An experimental study of the associative processes in animals. Psychological Reviews, Monographic Supplement 8:1–109. [JPH]Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1900a) The associative processes in animals. Biological Lectures from the Marine Biological Laboratory of Woods Hole, 1899, 7:69–91. [GMB]Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1900b) Instinct. Biological Lectures from the Marine Biological Laboratory of Woods Hole, 1899, 7:57–67. [GMB]Google Scholar
Thorndike, E. L. (1965) Animal intelligence. Hafner. 1st ed. 1911. [GG]Google Scholar
Thorpe, W. H. (1951) The learning abilities of birds. Part I. Ibis 93:1–52. [taBFS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Timberlake, W. (1983) Rats' responses to a moving object related to food or water: A behavior-systems analysis. Animal Learning and Behavior 11:309–20. [GMB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1951) The study of instinct. Oxford University Press. [JDD, JPH]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, N. (1953) The herring-gull's world. Collins. [taBFS, JERS]Google Scholar
Trapold, M. A. & Overmier, J. B. (1972) The second learning process in instrumental conditioning. In: Classical conditioning, vol. 2, Current research and theory, ed. Black, A. H. & Prokasy, W. F.. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [JERS]Google Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1957) The strategy of genes. Allen and Unwin. [AJP]Google Scholar
Waddington, C. H. (1960) Evolutionary adaptation. In: The evolution of life, ed. Tax, S.. University of Chicago Press. [HCP]Google Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1978) Behavioral genetics and animal learning. In: Psychopharmacology of aversively motivated behavior, ed. Anisman, H. & Bignami, G.. Plenum Press. [DW]Google Scholar
Wahlsten, D. (1979) Some logical fallacies in the classical ethological point of view. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 2:48–49. [DW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1978) Neurobiological theory of psychological phenomena. Macmillan and University Park Press. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1979) Reply to Popper's attack on epiphenomenalism. Mind 88:572–75. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1981a) Book review of Teleology by Andrew Woodfield. Philosophia 10:125–32. [GDW]Google Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1981b) On the nature of the theory of evolution. Philosophy of Science 48:609–28. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1982a) Materialism and mentality. Review of Metaphysics 35:715–29. [GDW]Google Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1982b) TIMA part 1. TIMA as a paradigm for the evolution of molecular complementarities and macromolecules. Journal of Theoretical Biology 96:77–86. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wassermann, G. D. (1982c) TIMA part 2. TIMA-based instructive evolution of macromolecules and organs and structures. Journal of Theoretical Biology 99:609–28. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wassermann, G. D. (1983a) Human behaviour and biology. Dialectica 37:169–84. [GDW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wassermann, G. D. (1983b) Quantum mechanics and consciousness. Nature and System 5:3–16. [GDW]Google Scholar
Watson, J. B. (1924) Behaviorism. W. W. Norton. [GMB, taBFS]Google Scholar
Webster, G. & Goodwin, B. (1981) History and structure in biology. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 25:39–62. [DW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
West, M. J., King, A. P. & Eastzer, D. H. (1981) The cowbird: Reflections on development from an unlikely source. American Scientist 69:56–66. [DW]Google Scholar
Whitman, C. O. (1899) Animal behavior. Biological Lectures from the Marine Biological Laboratory of Woods Hole, 1898, 6:285–338. [GMB]Google Scholar
Williams, D. R. & Williams, H. (1969) Automaintenance in the pigeon: Sustained pecking despite contingent non-reinforcement. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 12:511–20. [AMC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection: A critique of some current evolutionary thought. Princeton University Press. [MTG, JAH]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1975) Sociobiology: The new synthesis. Harvard University Press. [GMB]Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1978) On human nature. Harvard University Press. [AJP]Google ScholarPubMed
Woodfield, A. (1976) Teleology. Cambridge University Press. [GBW]Google Scholar
Wynne-Edwards, V. C. (1965) Self-regulating systems in populations of animals. Science 147:1543–48. [JPH, taBFS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed