Hostname: page-component-857557d7f7-cmjwd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-11-22T18:54:09.908Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Précis of From neuropsychology to mental structure1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 May 2011

Tim Shallice
Tim Shallice
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, England, Electronic mail: ucjtsts@ucl.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Neuropsychological results are increasingly cited in cognitive theories although their methodology has been severely criticised. The book argues for an eclectic approach but particularly stresses the use of single-case studies. A range of potential artifacts exists when inferences are made from such studies to the organisation of normal function – for example, resource differences among tasks, premorbid individual differences, and reorganisation of function. The use of “strong” and “classical” dissociations minimises potential artifacts. The theoretical convergence between findings from fields where cognitive neuropsychology is well developed and those from the normal literature strongly suggests that the potential artifacts are not critical. The fields examined in detail in this respect are short-term memory, reading, writing, the organisation of input and output speech systems, and visual perception. Functional dissociation data suggest that not only are input systems organised modularly, but so are central systems. This conclusion is supported by findings on impairment of knowledge, visual attention, supervisory functions, memory, and consciousness.

Keywords

amnesiaaphasiaattentioncase studycognitionconsciousnessdyslexiamemorymodularityneuropsychologyplanningreading

Information

Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 14 , Issue 3 , September 1991 , pp. 429 - 438
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Allport, D. A., Antonis, B. & Reynolds, P. (1972) On the division of attention: A disproof of the single channel hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 24:225–35. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altafullah, I., Halgren, E., Stapleton, J. M. & Crandall, P. H. (1986) Interictal spike-wave complexes in the human medial temporal lobe: Typical topography and comparisons with cognitive potentials. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 63:503–16. [MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, E. M. (1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, vol. 2, ed. Spence, K. W. & Spence, J. T.. Academic Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Audley, R. J. & Jonckheere, A. R. (1956) The statistical analysis of the learning process: II. Stochastic processes and learning behavior. British Journal of Statistical Psychology 9:87–94. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ayala, F. J. (1978) The mechanisms of evolution. Scientific American 239(3):56–69. [HJJ]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baars, B. J. (1988) A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge University Press. [BJB]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1968) How does acoustic similarity affect short-term memory? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 20:249–64. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. (1986) Working memory. Clarendon Press. [DC, NC]Google ScholarPubMed
Baddeley, A. D. & Hitch, G. (1974) Working memory. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 8, ed. Bauer, G. H.. Academic Press. [DC]Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Lewis, V. (1984) When does rapid presentation enhance digit span? Bulletin of the Psychonomics Society 22:403–05. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baddeley, A. D. & Warrington, E. K. (1970) Amnesia and the distinction between long and short memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 15:575–89. [aTS]Google Scholar
Badecker, W. & Caramazza, A. (1985) On considerations of method and theory governing the use of clinical categories in neurolinguistics and cognitive neuropsychology. Cognition 20:97–125. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bahrick, H. P. (1984) Semantic memory content in permastore: Fifty years of memory for Spanish learned in school. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 113:1–29. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baxter, D. M. & Warrington, E. K. (1987) Transcoding sound to spelling: Single or multiple sound unit correspondence? Cortex 23:11–28. [MM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauvois, M. F. & Dérouesné, J. (1979) Phonological alexia: Three dissociations. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 42:1115–24. [aTS, MM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauvois, M. F. & Dérouesné, J. (1981) Lexical or orthographic agraphia. Brain 104:21–49. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beauvois, M. F. & Dérouesné, J. (1982) Recherche en psychologie cognitive et reeducation: Quel rapports? In: Reeduquer le cerveau, ed. Seron, X.. Mardaga. [aTS]Google Scholar
Block, N. (1980) Troubles with functionalism. In: Readings in the philosophy of psychology, vol. 1, ed. Block, N.. Harvard University Press. [CA]Google Scholar
Boden, M. (1977) Artificial intelligence and natural man. Basic Books. [aTS]Google Scholar
Brener, R. (1940) An experimental investigation of memory span. Journal of Experimental Psychology 26:467–82. [DC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broadbent, D. E., Vines, R. & Broadbent, M. (1978) Recency effects in memory, as a function of modality of intervening events. Psychological Research 40:5–13. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruce, V. & Young, A. W. (1980) Understanding face recognition. British Journal of Psychology 77:305–22. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruton, C. J., Crow, T. J., Frith, C. D., Johnstone, E. C., Owens, D. G. C. & Robejts, G. W. (1990) Schizophrenia and the brain: A prospective clinico-neuropathological study. Psychological Medicine 20:285–304. [CF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bub, D., Cancelliere, A. & Kertesz, A. (1985) Whole-word and analytic translation of spelling to sound in a non-semantic reader. In: Surface dyslexia, ed. Patterson, K. E., Coltheart, M. & Marshall, J. C.. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Butters, N. & Cermak, L. S. (1974) Some comments on Warrington and Baddeley's report of normal short-term memory in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 12:283–85. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Butterworth, B. (1979) Hesitation and the production of verbal paraphasias and neologisms in jargon aphasia. Brain and Language 8:133–61. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calvin, W. H. (1990) The cerebral symphony: Seashore reflections on the structure of consciousness. Bantam Books. [OF]Google Scholar
Caplan, D. & Waters, G. S. (1990) Short-term memory and language comprehension: A critical review of the neuropsychological literature. In: The neuropsychology of short-term memory, ed. Shallice, T. & Vallar, G.Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [DC]Google Scholar
Cappa, S. F., Cavalotti, G. & Vignolo, L. A. (1981) Phonemic and lexical errors in fluent aphasia: Correlation with lesion site. Neuropsychologia 19:171–77. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A. (1984) The logic of neuropsychological research and the problem of patient classification in aphasia. Brain and Language 21:9–20. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A. (1986) On drawing inferences about the structure of normal cognitive processes from patterns of impaired performance: The case for single-patient studies. Brain and Cognition 5:41–66. [aTS, AC, MM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A. & Badecker, W. (1989) Patient classification in neuropsychological research. Brain and Cognition 10:256–95. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A. & Hillis, A. E. (1990) Where do semantic errors come from? Cortex 26:95–122. [AC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A. & McCloskey, M. (1988) The case for single-patient studies. Cognitive Neuropsychology 5:517–28. [aTS, AC, MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, A. & McCloskey, M. (1991) The poverty of methodology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14:444–45. [MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, A. & Miceli, G. (1990) The structure of graphemic representations. Cognition 37:243–97. [rTS, MM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A., Berndt, R. S. & Basili, A. G. (1983) The selective impairment of phonological processing: A case study. Brain and Language 18:128–74. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caramazza, A., Miceli, G. & Villa, G. (1986) The role of the (output) phonological buffer in reading, writing, and repetition. Cognitive Neuropsychology 3:37–76. [AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caramazza, A., Miceli, G., Villa, G. & Romani, C. (1987) The role of the graphemic buffer in spelling: Evidence from a case of acquired dysgraphia. Cognition 26:59–85. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cermak, L. S. (1976) The encoding capacity of a patient with amnesia due to encephalitis. Neuropsychologia 14:311–26. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chaniak, E. & McDermott, D. (1985) Introduction to artificial intelligence. Addison-Wesley. [aTS]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:1–61. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980a) A review of the syndrome. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge. [aTS]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1980b) Deep dyslexia: A right-hemisphere hypothesis. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge. [aTS]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M. (1985) Cognitive neuropsychology and the study of reading. In: Attention and performance, vol. 11, ed. Posner, M. I. & Marin, O. S. M.. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Corkin, S., Cohen, N. J., Sullivan, E. V., Clegg, R. A., Rosen, T. J. & Ackerman, R. H. (1985) Analyses of global memory impairments of different etiologies. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 444:10–40. [MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costello, A. de L. & Warrington, E. K. (1987) Dissociation of visuospatial neglect and neglect dyslexia. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 50:1110–16. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coughlan, A. K. & Warrington, E. K. (1981) The impairment of verbal semantic memory: A single case study. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 44:1079–83. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, N. (1988) Evolving conceptions of memory storage, selective attention, and their mutual constraints within the human information processing system. Psychological Bulletin 104:163–91. [rTS, NC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, N., Cartwright, C., Winterowd, C. & Sherk, M. (1987) An adult model of preschool children's speech memory. Memory and Cognition 15:511–17. [NC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cowan, N., Saults, J. S., Winterowd, C. & Sherk, M. (in press) Enhancement of 4-year-old children's memory span for phonologically similar and dissimilar word lists. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. [NC]Google Scholar
Cowey, A. (1985) Aspects of cortical organisation related to selective attention and selective impairments of visual perception: A tutorial review. In: Attention and performance, vol. 11, ed. Posner, M. I. & Marin, O. S. M.. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Craik, F. I. M. & Watkins, M. J. (1973) The role of rehearsal in short-term memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 12:599–607. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damasio, H. & Damasio, A. R. (1980) The anatomical basis of conduction aphasia. Brain 103:337–50. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Delbecq-Derouesne, J., Beauvois, M. F. & Shallice, T. (1990) Preserved recall versus impaired recognition. Brain 113:1045–74. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennett, D. C. (1986) Julian Jaynes's software archeology. Canadian Psychology 27(2):149–54. [OF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1988) The evolution of consciousness. Center for Cognitive Studies, Tufts University, CCM–88–1. [OF]Google Scholar
Derouesne, J. & Beauvois, M. F. (1985) The “phonemic” stage in the non-lexical reading process: Evidence from a case of phonological alexia. In: Surface dyslexia, ed. Patterson, K. E., Coltheart, M. & Marshall, J. C.. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Dick, M. B., Kean, M.-L. & Sands, D. (1989a) Memory for action events in Alzheimer-type dementia: Further evidence of an encoding failure. Brain and Cognition 9:71–87. [MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dick, M. B., Kean, M.-L. & Sands, D. (1989b) Memory for internally-generated words in Alzheimer-type dementia: Breakdown in encoding and semantic memory. Brain and Cognition 9:88–108. [MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drachman, D. A. & Arbit, J. (1966) Memory and the hippocampal complex II. Archives of Neurology 15:53–61. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Elbert, T. & Rockstroh, B. (1987) Threshold regulation – a key to the understanding of the combined dynamics of EEG and event-related potentials. Journal of Psychophysiology 1:314–31. [MES]Google Scholar
Ellis, A. W. (1979) Slips of the pen. Visible Language 13:264–82. [aTS]Google Scholar
Ellis, A. W. (1987) Intimations of modularity, or, the modularity of mind: Doing cognitive neuropsychology without syndromes. In: The cognitive neuropsychology of language, ed. Coltheart, M., Sartori, G. & Job, R.. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Fahlman, S. E. (1974) A planning system for construction tasks. Artificial Intelligence 5:1–49. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fehling, M. R., Altman, A. M. & Wilber, B. B. (1989) The heuristic control virtual machine: An implementation of the Schemer computational model of reflective, real-time problem-solving. In: Blackboard architectures and applications, ed. Jagannathan, V. & Baum, L.. Academic Press. [BJB]Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. (1991) Consciousness. In: The science of the mind, 2nd ed. MIT Press. [OF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [arTS, CA, DBA, OF, HJJ, YG, YG-G, CU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A., Bever, T. C. & Garrett, M. F. (1974) The psychology of language. McGraw Hill. [aTS]Google Scholar
Frith, C. D. (1987) The positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia reflect impairments in the perception and initiation of action. Psychological Medicine 17:631–48. [CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C. D. & Done, D. J. (1983) Stereotyped responding by schizophrenic patients on a two-choice guessing task. Psychological Medicine 13:779–86.[CF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frith, C. D. (1989) Experiences of alien control in schizophrenia reflect a disorder in the central monitoring of action. Psychological Medicine 19:359–63. [GF]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fuster, J. M. (1980) The prefrontal cortex. Raven Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books. [DBA]Google Scholar
Geiselman, R. E., Woodward, J. A. & Beatty, J. (1982) Individual differences in verbal memory performance: A test of alternative information-processing models. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 3:109–34. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gentilini, M., De Renzi, E. & Crisi, C. (1987) Bilateral paramedian thalamic artery infarcts: Report of eight cases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 50:900–09. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glanzer, M., Dorfman, D. & Kaplan, B. (1981) Short-term storage in the processing of text. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 20:656–70. [DC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1988a) Changing concepts of cortical connectivity: Parallel distributed cortical networks. In: Neurobiology of neocortex, ed. Rakic, P. & Singer, W.. John Wiley & Sons. [CMB]Google Scholar
Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1988b) Topography of cognition: Parallel distributed networks in primate association cortex. Annual Review of Neuroscience 11:137–56. [rTS, MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graf, P., Squire, L. & Mandler, G. (1984) The information that amnesic patients do not forget. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 10:164–78. [aTS]Google Scholar
Graff-Radford, N. R., Tranel, D., van Hoesen, G. & Brandt, J. P. (1990) Diencephalic amnesia. Brain 113:1–25. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grodzinsky, Y. (1990) Theoretical perspectives on language deficits. MIT Press. [YG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y., Pierce, A. & Marakovitz, S. (in press) Neuropsychological reasons for a transformational derivation of verbal passive. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. [YG]Google Scholar
Grodzinsky, Y., Wexler, K., Chien, Y.-C. & Marakovitz, S. (1989) The breakdown of binding relations. Paper presented at the Academy of Aphasia, Santa Fe, NM. [YG]Google Scholar
Halgren, E. (1984) Human hippocampal and amygdala recording and stimulation: Evidence for a neural model of recent memory. In: The neuropsychology of memory, ed. Butters, N. & Squire, L.. Guilford Press. [MES]Google Scholar
Halgren, E. & Smith, M. E. (1987) Cognitive evoked potentials as modulatory processes in human memory formation and retrieval. Human Neurobiology 6:129–40. [MES]Google ScholarPubMed
Halgren, E., Wilson, C. L. & Stapleton, J. M. (1985) Human medialtemporal lobe stimulation disrupts both the formation and retrieval of recent memories. Brain and Cognition 4:287–95. [MES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halsband, V., Grahn, S. & Ettlinger, G. (1985) Unilateral spatial neglect and defective performance in one half of space. International Journal of Neuroscience 28:173–95. [CU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes-Roth, B. (1984) A blackboard model of control. Artificial Intelligence 16:1–84. [BJB]Google Scholar
Heilman, K. M., Bowers, D., Valenstein, E. & Watson, R. T. (1987) Hemispace and hemispatial neglect. In: Neurophysiological and neuropsychological aspects of spatial neglect, ed. Jeannerod, M.. North-Holland. [CU]Google Scholar
Herrmann, D. J. & Harwood, J. R. (1980) More evidence for the existence of separate semantic and episodic stores in long-term memory. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 6:467–87.[aTS]Google Scholar
Hillis, A. E., Rapp, B., Romani, C. & Caramazza, A. (1990) Selective impairment of semantics in lexical processing. Cognitive Neuropsychology 7:161–89. [AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hinton, G. E. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1986) Learning and relearning in Boltzmann machines. In: Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, vol. 1, ed. Rumelhart, D. E. & McClelland, J. L.. MIT Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. & Shallice, T. (1991) Lesioning an “attractor” network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia. Psychological Review. [arTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hockey, G. R. J. (1973) Rate of presentation in running memory and direct manipulation of input-processing strategies. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 25:104–11. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, D. (1789) A treatise on human nature. John Noon (reprinted 1888 Oxford University Press, Oxford). [JTLW]Google Scholar
Humphrey, N. K. (1983) Consciousness regained. Oxford University Press. [HJJ]Google Scholar
Hyman, B. T., Damasio, A. R., Van Hoesen, G. W. & Barnes, C. L. (1984) Alzheimer's disease: Cell specific pathology isolates the hippocampal system. Science 225:1168–70. [MES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, F. (1982) Epiphenomenal qualia. Philosophical Quarterly 32:127–36. [CA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. & Dallas, M. (1981) On the relationship between autobiographical memory and perceptual learning. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 110:306–40. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, W. (1890) The principles of psychology. Henry Holt. [NC]Google Scholar
Jarvella, R. J. (1970) Effects of syntax on running memory span for connected discourse. Psychonomic Science 19:235–36. [DC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvella, R. J. (1971) Syntactic processing of connected speech. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 10:409–16. [DC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1968) Attention. In: International encyclopedia of the social sciences, ed. Sills, D. L.. 1:444–49. Macmillan. [HJJ]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J. (1985) On the evolution of mind. In: Brain & mind, ed. Oakley, D.. Methuen. [HJJ]Google Scholar
Jerison, H. J.Jerison, H. J. (1991) Brain size and the evolution of mind: 59th James Arthur Lecture on the Evolution of the Human Brain. American Museum of Natural History, New York. [HJJ]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models. Harvard University Press. [OF]Google Scholar
Kinsbourne, M. (1972) Behavioral analysis of the repetition deficit in conduction aphasia. Neurology 22:1126–32. [DC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kinsbourne, M. (1987) Mechanisms of unilateral neglect. In: Neurophysiological and Neuropsychological Aspects of Spatial Neglect, ed. Jeannerod, M.. North Holland. [rTS]Google Scholar
Kinsbourne, M. & Wood, F. (1975) Short-term memory processes and the amnesic syndrome. In: Short-term memory, ed. Deutsch, D. & Deutsch, J. A.. Academic Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Kleiman, G. M. (1975) Speech recoding in reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 24:323–39. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Knight, R. T. (1984) Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology 59:9–20. [arTS, MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kohonen, T. (1982) Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biological Cybernetics 43:59–69. [CA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolb, B. & Whishaw, I. Q. (1983) Performance of schizophrenic patients on tests sensitive to left or right frontal, temporal or parietal function in neurological patients. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 171:435–43. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolk, H. H. J. & van Grunsven, M. J. F. (1984) Metalinguistic judgements on sentence structure in agrammatism: A matter of task misinterpretation. Neuropsychologia 22:31–39. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M., Holtzman, J. D., Farah, M. J. & Gazzaniga, M. S. (1985) A computational analysis of mental image generation: Evidence from functional dissociations in split-brain patients. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 114:311–41. [CMB]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, T. S. (1962) Structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [YG-G]Google Scholar
Làdavas, E., Menghini, G. & Umiltà, C. (in press) On the rehabilitation of hemispatial neglect. In: Cognitive neuropsychology and cognitive rehabilitation, ed. Humphreys, G. W.. Erlbaum. [CU]Google Scholar
Làdavas, E., Petronio, A. & Umiltà, C. (1990) The deployment of visual attention in the intact field of hemineglect patients. Cortex 27:307–13. [CU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laird, J. E., Newell, A. & Rosenbloom, P. S. (1987) SOAR: An architecture for general intelligence. Artificial Intelligence 33:1–64. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1950) In search of the engram. In: Symposia for the Society for Experimental Biology, No. 4. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [CA, YG-G]Google Scholar
Levine, D. N., Calvanio, R. & Popovics, A. (1982) Language in the absence of inner speech. Neuropsychologia 20:391–409. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lewandowsky, S. & Murdock, B. B. Jr., (1989) Memory for serial order. Psychological Review 96:25–57. [rTS, YG-G]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lhermitte, F. (1983) “Utilization behavior” and its relation to lesions of the frontal lobes. Brain 106:237–55. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lichtheim, L. (1885) On aphasia. Brain 7:433–84. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luria, A. R. (1966) Higher cortical functions in man. Tavistock. [aTS]Google Scholar
Lyon, D. R. (1977) Individual differences in immediate serial recall: A matter of mnemonics. Cognitive Psychology 9:403–11. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mair, W. G. P., Warrington, E. K. & Weiskrantz, L. (1979) Memory disorders in Korsakoffs psychosis. Brain 102:749–83. [MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E., eds. (1988) Consciousness in contemporary science. Oxford University Press. [OF]Google Scholar
Margrain, S. A. (1967) Short-term memory as a function of input modality. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 19:109–14. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Markowitsch, H. J. (1983) Transient global amnesia. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Review 7:35–43. [MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marr, D. (1971) A theory of archicortex. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B 262:23–81. [MES]Google ScholarPubMed
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [aTS, CMB, YG-G]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. & Newcombe, F. (1966) Syntactic and semantic errors in paralexia. Neuropsychologia 4:169–76. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1973) Patterns of paralexia: A psycholinguistic approach. Journal of Psycholinguists Research 2:175–99. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, R. A. & Warrington, E. K. (1987) Understanding: A function of short-term memory? Brain 110:1565–75. [DC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCarthy, R. A. (1990) Auditory verbal span of apprehension: A phenomenon in search of a function? In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [DC]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L. (1977) Letter and configuration information in word identification. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 16:137–50. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981) An interaction model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88:375–407. [YG-G]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E., eds. (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explanations in the microstructure of cognition. MIT Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
McCloskey, M. & Caramazza, A. (1988) Theory and methodology in cognitive neuropsychology: A response to our critics. Cognitive Neuropsychology 5:583–623. [rTS, AC, MM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCloskey, M., Goodman-Schulman, R. & Aliminosa, D. (1990) The structure of output orthographic representations: Evidence from an acquired dysgraphic patient. Paper presented at the Academy of Aphasia meetings, Baltimore, MD. [MM]Google Scholar
McGinn, C. (1989) Can we solve the mind-body problem? Mind 98:349–66. [OF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGinn, C. (1991) The problem of consciousness: Essays towards a resolution. Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
McKoon, G., Ratliff, R. & Dell, G. S. (1986) A critical evaluation of the semantic-episodic distinction. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 12:295–306. [aTS]Google ScholarPubMed
McLeod, P. D., McLaughlin, C. & Nimmo-Smith, I. (1985) Information encapsulation and automaticity. Evidence from the visual control of finely tuned actions. In: Attention and performance, vol. 11, ed. Posner, M. & Marin, O. S. M.. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
McNaughton, B. L. & Morris, R. G. M. (1987) Hippocampal synaptic enhancement and information storage within a distributed memory system. Trends in Neuroscience 10:408–15. [MES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Michel, F. & Andreewsky, E. (1983) Deep dysphasia: An auditory analog of deep dyslexia in the auditory modality. Brain and Language 18:212–23. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A. (1956) The magical number seven plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review 63:81–97. [DC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Milner, B. (1963) Effects of different brain lesions on card-sorting. Archives of Neurology 9:90–100. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milner, B. (1966) Amnesia following operation on the temporal lobes. In: Amnesia, ed. Zangwill, C. W. M. & Whittig, O.. Butterworths. [EH]Google Scholar
Milner, B. (1982) Some cognitive effects of frontal-lobe lesions in man. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298:211–26. [aTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Milner, B., Petrides, M. & Smith, M. L. (1985) Frontal lobes and the temporal organisation of memory. Human Neurobiology 4:137–42. [aTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Mittelstaedt, H. (1990) Basic solutions to the problem of head-centric visual localization. In: Perception & control of self-motion, ed. Warren, R. & Wertheim, A. H.. [rTS, BB]Google Scholar
Morris, R. G. & Baddeley, A. D. (1988) Primary and working memory functioning in Alzheimer-type dementia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 10:279–96. [NC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morton, J. (1979) Facilitation in word-recognition experiments causing changes in the logogen model. In: Processing of visible language, vol. 1, ed. Kolers, P. A., Wrolstad, M. E. & Bouma, H.. Plenum Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1980) The logogen model and orthographic structure. In: Cognitive approaches in spelling, ed. Frith, U.. Academic Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Morton, J. (1984) Brain based and non-brain based models of language. In: Biological perspectives on language, ed. Caplan, D., Lecours, A. R. & Smith, A.. MIT Press. [DC]Google Scholar
Morton, J. & Patterson, K. E. (1980) A new attempt at an interpretation, or, an attempt at a new interpretation. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge. [aTS]Google Scholar
Moscovitch, M. & Umiltà, C. (1989) Modularity and neuropsychology. In: Modular deficits in Alzheimer's disease, ed. Schwartz, M.. MIT/Bradford. [YG-G]Google Scholar
Moscovitch, M. & Umiltà, C. (in press) Modularity and neuropsychology: Implications for the organization of attention and memory in normal and brain-damaged people. In: Modular processes in dementia, ed. Schwartz, M.. MIT/Bradford. [rTS, CU]Google Scholar
Mozer, M. C. & Behrmann, M. (1990) Reading with attentional impairments in a brain damaged model of neglect and attentional dyslexia (unpub. manuscript). [arTS]Google Scholar
Murdock, B. B. (1982) A theory for the storage and retrieval of item and associative information. Psychological Review 89:609–26. [YG-G]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, R. E. (1976) Comparative neurology of vocalization and speech: Proof of a dichotomy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 180:745–57. [HJJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myerson, J., Hale, S., Wagstaff, D., Poon, L. W. & Smith, G. A. (1990) The information-loss model: A mathematical theory of age-related cognitive slowing. Psychological Review 97:475–87. [NC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979a) Subjective and objective. In: Mortal questions. Cambridge University Press. [OF]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1979b) What is it like to be a bat? In: Mortal questions. Cambridge University Press. [OF]Google Scholar
Nagel, T. (1986) The view from nowhere. Oxford University Press. [OF]Google Scholar
Newcombe, F. & Marshall, J. C. (1980) Transcoding and lexical stabilization in deep dyslexia. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge. [aTS]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973) You can't play 20 questions with nature and win. In: Visual information processing, ed. Chase, W. G.. Academic Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Nolan, K. A. & Caramazza, A. (1982) Modality-independent impairments in word processing in a deep dyslexic patient. Brain and Language 16:237–64. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, D. A. & Bobrow, D. G. (1975) On data-limited and resource-limited processes. Cognitive Psychology 7:44–64. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1979) Descriptions: An intermediate stage in memory retrieval. Cognitive Psychology 11:107–23. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norman, D. A. & Shallice, T. (1986) Attention to action: Willed and automatic control of behavior. In: Consciousness and self-regulation, vol. 4, ed. Davidson, R. J., Schwartz, G. E. & Shapiro, D.. Plenum Press. [arTS]Google Scholar
Norris, D. G. (1990) How to build a connectionist idiot (savant). Cognition 35:277–91. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nowlan, S. (1990) Competing experts: An experimental investigation of associative mixture models. University of Toronto Computer Science Technical Report CRG-TR-90-5. [rTS]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E. (1981) Neuropsychological approaches to the study of reading. British Journal of Psychology 72:151–74. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patterson, K. E. & Morton, J. (1985) From orthography to phonology: An attempt at an old interpretation. In: Surface dyslexia, ed. Patterson, K. E., Coltheart, M. & Marshall, J. C.. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Patterson, K. E., Seidenberg, M. S. & McClelland, J. L. (1989) Connections and disconnections: Acquired dyslexia in a computational model of reading processing. In: Parallel distributed processing: Implications for psychology and neurobiology, ed. Morris, R. G. M.. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [rTS]Google Scholar
Penney, C. G. (1975) Modality effects in short-term verbal memory. Psychological Bulletin 82:68–84. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peterson, S. E., Fox, P. T., Posner, M. I., Mintun, M. & Raichle, M. E. (1988) Positron emission tomography studies of the cortical anatomy of single-word processing. Nature 331:585–89. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petrides, M. (1987) Conditional learning and the primate frontal cortex. In: The frontal lobes revisited, ed. Perecman, E.. IRBN Press. [arTS]Google Scholar
Posner, M. I. (1978) Chronometric explorations of mind. Erlbaum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Postman, L. (1975) Verbal learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology 26:291–335. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reason, J. T. (1984) Lapses of attention. In: Varieties of attention, ed. Parasuraman, R., Davies, R. & Beatty, J.. Academic Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Ringo, J. L. (1990) Unilateral and bilateral electrical stimulation of medial temporal lobe in the monkey. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts 16:617. [MES]Google Scholar
Rizzolatti, G. & Gallese, V. (1988) Mechanisms and theories of spatial neglect. In: Handbook of neuropsychology, vol. 1, ed. Boiler, F. & Grafman, J.. Elsevier. [CU]Google Scholar
Roediger, H. L. (1990) Implicit memory. American Psychologist 45:1043–56. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rolls, E. T. (1990) Functions of neural networks in the hippocampus and of backprojections in the cerebral cortex in memory. In: Brain organization and memory, ed. McGaugh, J. L., Weinberger, N. M. & Lynch, G.. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [MES]Google Scholar
Rosvold, H. E. & Mishkin, M. (1961) Non-sensory effects of frontal lesions on discrimination learning and performance. In: Brain mechanisms and learning, ed. Delafrasnaye, J. F.. Thomas. [arTS]Google Scholar
Rowe, E. J. (1974) Ordered recall of sounds and words in short-term memory. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society 4:559–61. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubinstein, H., Lewis, S. S. & Rubinstein, M. A. (1971) Evidence for phonemic recoding in visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal learning and Verbal Behaviour 10:645–57. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rudge, P. & Warrington, E. K. (in press) Selective impairment of memory and visual perception in splenial tumours. Brain. [rTS]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. & Norman, D. A. (1982) Simulating a skilled typist: A study of skilled cognitive-motor performance. Cognitive Science 6:1–36. [YG-G]Google Scholar
Saffran, E. M. (1980) Reading in deep dyslexia is not idiographic. Neuropsychologia 18:219–23. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saffran, E. M. & Martin, N. (1990) Neuropsychological evidence for lexical involvement in short-term memory. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [DC]Google Scholar
Saffran, E. M., Bogyo, L. C., Schwartz, M. F. & Marin, O. S. M. (1980) Does deep dyslexia reflect right-hemisphere reading? In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge. [aTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Salame, P. & Baddeley, A. D. (1982) Disruption of short-term memory by unattended speech: Implications for the structure of working memory. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 21:150–64. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandson, J. & Albert, M. L. (1984) Varieties of perseveration. Neuropsychologia 22:715–32. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schacter, D. L. (1990) Toward a cognitive neuropsychology of awareness: Implicit knowledge and anosagnosia. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology 12:155–78. [CU]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schacter, D. L. & Tulving, E. (1982) Memory, amnesia and the episodic/semantic distinction. In: Expression of knowledge, ed. Isaacson, P. L. & Spear, N. E.. Plenum. [aTS]Google Scholar
Schacter, D. L., McAndrews, M. P. & Moscovitch, M. (1988) Access to consciousness: Dissociations between implicit and explicit knowledge in neuropsychological syndromes. In: Thought without language, ed. Weiskrantz, L.. Oxford University Press. [CU]Google Scholar
Schank, R. C. (1982) Dynamic memory. Cambridge University Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. F., Saffran, E. M. & Marin, O. S. M. (1980) Fractionating the reading process in dementia: Evidence for word-specific print-to-sound associations. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge. [aTS]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. & McClelland, J. L. (1989) A distributed, developmental model of word recognition and naming. Psychological Review 96:523–68. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sejnowski, T. J. & Rosenberg, C. R. (1986) NETtalk: A parallel network that learns to read aloud. Johns Hopkins University Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Technical Report. JHU/EECS–86/01. [rTS]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1972) Dual functions of consciousness. Psychological Review 79:383–93. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T. (1979) Case study approach in neuropsychological research. Journal of Clinical Neuropsychology 1:183–211. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (1981) Phonological agraphia and lexical route in writing. Brain 104:413–29. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T. (1982) Specific impairments in planning. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298:199–209. [CMB]Google ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T. (1988a) Information-processing models of consciousness: Possibilities and problems. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Oxford University Press. [OF]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1988b) From neuropsychology to mental structure. Cambridge University Press. [CA, NC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. (in press) The revival of consciousness in cognitive science. [rTS]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. & Burgess, P. (in press a) Higher-order cognitive impairments and frontal lobe lesions in man. In: Frontal lobe function and injury, ed. Levin, H. S., Eisenberg, H. M. & Benton, A. L.. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [rTS]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. & Burgess, P. (in press b) Deficits in strategy application following frontal lobe damage in man. Brain [arTS]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. & Vallar, G. (1990) The impairment of auditory-verbal short-term storage. In: Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory, ed. Vallar, G. & Shallice, T.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [arTS]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. & Warrington, E. K. (1975) Word recognition in a phonemic dyslexic patient. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 27:187–99. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T. & Warrington, E. K. (1980) Single and multiple component central dyslexic syndromes. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. E. & Marshall, J. C.. Routledge. [arTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Shallice, T., McLeod, P. & Lewis, K. (1985) Isolating cognitive modules with the dual-task paradigm: Are speech perception and production separate processes? Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 37a:507–32. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T., Warrington, E. K. & McCarthy, R. (1983) Reading without semantics. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 35a:111–38. [arTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shallice, T., Burgess, P., Schon, F. & Baxter, D. (1989) The origins of utilisation behaviour. Brain 112:1587–98. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shapiro, L. & Levin, B. (1990) Verb processing during sentence comprehension in aphasia. Brain & Language 38:21–47. [YG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shiffrin, R. M. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing II: Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1969) The sciences of the artificial. MIT Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Sokol, S. & McCloskey, M. (1988) Levels of representation in verbal number production. Applied Psycholinguistics 9:267–81. [rTS, AC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sperling, G. & Speelman, R. G. (1970) Acoustic similarity and auditory short-term memory: Experiments and a model. In: Models of human memory, ed. Norman, D. A.. Academic Press. [rTS, DC]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W., Stamm, J. S. & Miner, N. (1956) Relearning tests for interocular transfer following division of the optic chiasma and corpus callosum in cats. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 49:529–33. [HJJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Squire, L. R., Cohen, N. & Nadel, L. (1984) The medial temporal lobe in memory consolidation: A new hypothesis. In: Memory consolidation, ed. Weingartner, H. & Parder, E.. Erlbaum. [MES]Google Scholar
Sternberg, S. (1969) The discovery of processing stages: Extensions of Donders' method. Ada Psychologia 30:276–315. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stroop, J. R. (1935) Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology 18:643–62. [EH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strub, R. L. & Gardner, H. (1974) The repetition defect in conduction aphasia: Mnestic or linguistic? Brain and Language 1:241–55. [DC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sussman, G. J. (1975) A computational model of skill acquisition. American Elsevier. [rTS]Google Scholar
Swinney, D., Zurif, E. & Nicol, J. (1989) The effects of focal brain damage on sentence processing: An examination of the neurological organization of a mental module. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 1:25–37. [YG]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teuber, H. L. (1955) Physiological psychology. Annual Review of Psychology 9:267–96. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tulving, E. (1972) Episodic and semantic memory. In: Organisation of memory, ed. Tulving, E. & Donaldson, W.. Academic Press. [aTS]Google Scholar
Tulving, E. & Schacter, D. L. (1990) Priming and human memory system. Science 247:301–05. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tzortis, C. & Albert, M. L. (1974) Impairment of memory for sequences in conduction aphasia. Neuropsychologia 12:355–66. [DC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Umiltà, C. (1988) The control operations of consciousness. In: Consciousness in contemporary science, ed. Marcel, A. J. & Bisiach, E.. Clarendon. [CU]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E., Bowers, D., Verfaillie, M., Heilman, K. M., Day, A. & Watson, R. T. (1987) Retrosplenial amnesia. Brain 110:1631–46. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vallar, G. & Shallice, T., eds. (1990) Neuropsychological impairments of short-term memory. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Hoesen, G. W. (1982) The parahippocampal gyrus: New observations regarding its cortical connections in the monkey. Trends in Neuroscience 5:345–50. [MES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Cramon, D. Y., Hebel, N. & Schuri, U. (1985) A contribution to the anatomic basis of thalamic amnesia. Brain 108:993–1008. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warrington, E. K. (1982a) The fractionation of arithmetical skills: A single case study. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 34A:31–51. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warrington, E. K. (1982b) Neuropsychological studies of object recognition. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B 298:15–33. [aTS]Google ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & McCarthy, R. A. (1988) The fractionation of retrograde amnesia. Brain and Cognition 7:184–200. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & Shallice, T. (1969) The selective impairment of auditory verbal short-term memory. Brain 92:885–96. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. & Weiskrantz, L. (1970) Amnesic syndrome: Consolidation or retrieval? Nature 228:628–30. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Warrington, E. K. (1978) Further analysis of the prior learning effect in amnesic patients. Neuropsychologia 16:169–77. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Watkins, O. C. & Watkins, M. J. (1977) Serial recall and the modality effect: Effects of word frequency. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Learning and Memory 3:712–18. [rTS, YG-G]Google Scholar
Weinberger, D. R., Berman, K. F. & Illowsky, B. P. (1988) Physiological dysfunction of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia III: A new cohort and evidence for a monoaminergic mechanism. Archives of General Psychiatry 45(7):609–15. [CF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winocur, G. & Kinsbourne, M. (1978) Contextual cueing as an aid to Korsakoff amnesics. Neuropsychologia 16:671–81. [rTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wood, C. C. (1978) Variations on a theme of Lashley: Lesion experiments on the neural model of Anderson, Silverstein, Ritz and Jones. Psychological Review 85:582–91. [aTS, YG-G]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Woods, R. T. & Piercy, M. (1974) A similarity between amnesic memory and normal forgetting. Neuropsychologia 12:437–45. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, A. W., de Haan, E. F., Newcombe, F. & Hay, D. C. (1990) Facial neglect. Neuropsychologia 28:391–415. [CU]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zola-Morgan, S. & Squire, L. R. (1990) The primate hippocampal formation: Evidence for a time-limited role in memory storage. Science 250:288–90. [rTS, MES]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zurif, E. B., Gardner, H. & Brownell, H. H. (1989) The case against the case against group studies. Brain and Cognition 10:237–55. [aTS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed