Hostname: page-component-7dd5485656-pnlb5 Total loading time: 0.001 Render date: 2025-10-30T08:37:02.720Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Précis of The Modularity of Mind

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Jerry A. Fodor
Jerry A. Fodor
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Modularity of Mind proposes an alternative to the “New Look” or “interaetionist” view of cognitive architecture that has dominated several decades of cognitive science. Whereas interactionism stresses the continuity of perceptual and cognitive processes, modularity theory argues for their distinctness. It is argued, in particular, that the apparent plausibility of New Look theorizing derives from the failure to distinguish between the (correct) claim that perceptual processes are inferential and the (dubious) claim that they are unencapsidated, that is, that they are arbitrarily sensitive to the organism's beliefs and desires. In fact, according to modularity theory, perceptual processes are computationally isolated from much of the background knowledge to which cognitive processes have access. The postulation of autonomous, domain-specific psychological mechanisms underlying perceptual integration connects modularity theory with the tradition of faculty psychology, in particular, with the work of Franz Joseph Call. Some of these historical affinities, and some of the relations between faculty psychology and Cartesianism, are discussed in the book.

Keywords

Cartesianismcognitionfaculty psychologyinteractionismlanguagemodularityneuropsychologyperceptionphrenology

Information

Type
Target Article
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 8 , Issue 1 , March 1985 , pp. 1 - 5
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ackerknecht, E. (1958) Contributions of Gall and the phrenologists to knowledge of brain function. In: The brain and its function, ed. Poynter, F. N. L.. Blackwell. [CGG]Google Scholar
Ackerman, P. L., Schneider, W. & Wickens, C. D. (1984) Deciding the existence of a time-sharing ability: A combined methodological and theoretical approach. Human Factors 26 (1):71–82. [EH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allport, D. A. (1977) On knowing the meaning of words we are unable to report: The effects of visual masking. In: Attention and Performance 6, ed. Dornic, S.. Erlbaum. [MK]Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1937) Personality: A psychological interpretation. Holt. [CGG]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1983) The architecture of cognition. Harvard University Press. [rJAF, HG, EH, MSS]Google Scholar
Atkinson, R. C. & Shiffrin, R. M. (1968) Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 2, ed. Spence, K. W. & Spence, J. T.. Academic Press. [BS]Google Scholar
Bekerian, D. A. & Bowers, J. M. (1983) Eyewitness testimony: Were we misled? Journal of Experimental Psychology. Learning, Memory and Cognition 9:139–145. [JM]Google Scholar
Borges, J. L. (1966) Pascal's sphere. In: Other inquisitions. Washington Square Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Boring, E. G. (1950) A history of experimental psychology. 2d ed.Appleton-Century-Crofts. [CGG]Google Scholar
Breland, K. & Breland, M. (1966) Animal behavior. Macmillan. [PRK]Google Scholar
Bruner, J. (1973) On Perceptual Readiness. In: Beyond the information given, ed. Anglin, J.. W. W. Norton & Co. [taJF]Google Scholar
Carpenter, G. A. & Grossberg, S. (1984) A neural theory of circadian rhythms: Split rhythms, after-effects, and motivational interactions. Submitted for publication. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J. B. (1981) Ability and task difficulty in cognitive psychology. Educational Researcher 10:11–21. [RJS]Google Scholar
Cattell, R. B. (1971) Abilities: Their structure, growth, and action. Houghton Mifflin. [JBC]Google Scholar
Cheng, K. (1984) The primacy of metric properties in the rat's sense of place. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania. [CRG] (in preparation) A purely geometric module in the rat's spatial representation. [CRG]Google Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1968) Language and mind. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. [GR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1980) Rules and representation. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 3:1–62. [JM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, E. & Dewhurst, K. (1972) An illustrated history of brain function. University of California Press. [CGG]Google Scholar
Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. & Marshall, J. C., eds. (1980) Deep dyslexia. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [MK]Google Scholar
Combe, G. (1824) Second dialogue between a philosopher of the old school and a phrenologist. Phrenological Journal and Miscellany 1:200–17. [JCM]Google Scholar
Corkin, S. (1968) Acquisition of motor skill after bilateral medial temporal-lobe excision. Neuropsychologia 6:255–65. [CGG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowey, A. (1979) Cortical maps and visual perception. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 31:1–17. [MK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chain, S. & Fodor, J. D. (1984) How can grammars help parsers? In: Natural language parsing: Psychological, computational and theoretical perspectives, ed. Dowty, D. R., Karttunen, L. & Zwicky, A.. Cambridge University Press. [JDF]Google Scholar
Crawford, M. T. (1941) The cooperative solving by chimpanzees of problems requiring serial responses to color cues. Journal of Social Psychology, 13:259–80. [CRG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demos, E. V. (1974) Children's understanding in use of affect terms. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University. [JK]Google Scholar
Dewey, J. (1922) Human nature and conduct. Henry Holt and Co. [taJF]Google Scholar
Fahlman, S. A., Hinton, G. E. & Sejnowski, T. J. (1983) Massively parallel architectures for AI: NETL, Thistle, and Boltzmann machines. In: Proceedings of the national conference on artificial intelligence. National Conference on AI. [MSS]Google Scholar
Flanagan, O. (1984) The science of the mind. MIT/Bradford Books. [HG]Google Scholar
Flourens, P. (1846) Phrenology examined. Philadelphia: Hogan and Thompson. [JCM]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1965) Psychological explanation. Random House. [GR]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975) The language of thought. Thomas Crowell. [GR, PWJ]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1981) Representations. MIT Press. [GR]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press [EH, MK, JCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1984) Observation reconsidered. Philosophy of Science 51, 1:23–43. [taJF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A., Bever, T. G. & Garrett, M. F. (1974) The psychology of language: An introduction to psycholinguistics and generative grammar. McGraw-Hill. [rJAF, JDF]Google Scholar
Ford, M., Bresnan, J. & Kaplan, R. M. (1982) A competence-based theory of syntactic closure. In: The mental representation of grammatical relations, ed. Bresnan, J.. MIT Press. [JDF]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. (1979) Levels of processing and the structure of the language processor. In: Sentence processing: Psycholinguistic studies presented to Merrill Garrett, ed. Cooper, W. E. & Walker, E.. Erlbaum. [KIF, MSS]Google Scholar
Forster, K. I. (1981) Priming and the effects of sentence and lexical contexts on naming time: Evidence for autonomous lexical processing. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 33:465–95. [KIF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foss, D. J. (1982) A discourse on semantic priming. Cognitive Psychology 14:590–607. [MSS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frazier, L. (1978) On comprehending sentences: Syntactic parsing strategies, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Connecticut. [JDF]Google Scholar
Frazier, L., Clifton, C. & Randall, J. (1983) Filling gaps: Decision principles and structure in sentence comprehension. Cognition 13:187–222. [JDF]Google Scholar
Frazier, L. & Fodor, J. D. (1978) The sausage machine: A new two-stage parsing model. Cognition 6:291–325. [JDF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallistel, C. R. (1980) The organization of action: A new synthesis. Erlbaum. [PRK]Google Scholar
Gardner, H. (1983) Frames of mind: The theory of multiple intelligences. Basic Books. [HG, EH, JM]Google Scholar
Goodman, K. S. (1970) Reading: A psycholinguistic guessing game. In: Theoretical models and processes of reading, ed. Sinder, H. & Ruddell, R. B.. International Reading Association. [MSS]Google Scholar
Gregory, R. (1970) The intelligent eye. McGraw-Hill. [taJF]Google Scholar
Gross, G. (1973) Visual functions of inferotcmporal cortex. In: Handbook of sensory physiology, vol. 7, Pt. 3B, ed. Jung, R.. Springer-Verlag. [CGG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1980) How does a brain build a cognitive code? Psychological Review, 87:1–51. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1982a) The processing of expected and unexpected events during conditioning and attention: A psychophysiological theory. Psychological Review 89:529–72. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1982b) Studies of mind and brain: Neural principles of learning, perception, development, cognition, and motor control. Reidel Press. [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1983) The quantized geometry of visual space: The coherent computation of depth, form, and lightness. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 6:625–92 [SG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1984a) Some psychophysiological and pharmacological correlates of a developmental, cognitive, and motivational theory. In: Brain and information: Event related potentials, ed. Karrer, R., Cohen, J., & Tueting, P.. New York Academy of Sciences. [SG]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. (1984b) Some normal and abnormal behavioral syndromes due to transmitter gating of opponent processes. Biological Psychiatry, in press. [SG]Google ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. (1984c) Unitization, automaticity, temporal order, and word recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, in press. [SG]Google Scholar
Head, H. (1926) Aphasia and kindred disorders of speech. Cambridge University Press. [CGG, HG]Google Scholar
Hearst, E. & Jenkins, H. M. (1974) Sign-tracking: The stimulus-reinforcer relation and directed action. The Psychonomic Society. [PRK]Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The organization of behavior. Wiley. [KIF]Google Scholar
Hirst, W., Spelke, E. S., Reaves, G. C., Caharack, C. & Neisser, U. (1980) Dividing attention without alternation or automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 109:98–117. [EH]Google Scholar
Horn, J. L. (1978) Human ability systems. In: Life-span development and behavior, vol. 1, ed. Baltes, P. B., Academic Press. [JBC]Google Scholar
Hunt, E. (1978) Mechanics of verbal ability. Psychological Review 85 (2):109–30. [EH]Google Scholar
Hunt, E. (1980) Intelligence as an information-processing concept. British Journal of Psychology 71:449–74. [RJS]Google Scholar
Hunt, E. (1983) On the nature of intelligence. Science 219:141–46. [EH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, E., Davidson, J. & Lansman, M. (1981) Individual differences in long term memory access'. Memory and Cognition 9(6):599–608. [EH]Google Scholar
Jacoby, L. L. (1983) Perceptual enhancement: Persistent effects of an experience. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 9:21–38. [JM]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1980) Mental models in cognitive science. Cognitive Science 4:71–115. [JM]Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1983) Mental models: Towards a cognitive science of language inference and consciousness. Cambridge University Press. [JM]Google Scholar
Kagan, J. (1981) The second year. Harvard University Press. [JK]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tiersky, A. (1982) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press. [JM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kant, I. (1787/1966) Critique of pure reason. Trans. Müller, F. M.. Anchor Books. [GR]Google Scholar
Katz, J. & Fodor, J. A. (1963) The structure of a semantic theory. Language 39:170–210. [KIF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, F. B., Condon, S. & McDonald, L. A. (1983) Cognitive spatial processing and the regulation of posture. Proceedings of the Psychomic Society Annual Meeting (abstract). [EH]Google Scholar
Kimball, J. (1973) Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural language. Cognition 2:15–47. [JDF]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krueger, J. & Osherson, D. (1980) On the psychology of structural similarity. In: Nature of thought: Essays in honor of D. Hebb, ed. Juscyzk, P. W. & Klein, R. M.. Erlbaum. [GR]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. (1970) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [BS]Google Scholar
LaBerge, D. & Samuels, S. J. (1974) Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychology 6:293–323. [BS]Google Scholar
Lansman, M., Poltrock, S. E. & Hunt, E. (1983) Individual differences in the vability to focus and divide attention. Intelligence 7(3):299–312. [EH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lashley, K. S. (1951) The problem of serial order in behavior. In: Cerebral mechanisms and behavior, ed. Jeffress, L. A.. Wiley. [PRK]Google Scholar
Lee, D. N. & Reddish, P. E. (1981). Plummeting gannets: A paradigm of ecological optics. Nature 293:293–94. [IGM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leeper, R. (1935) A study of neglected portion of learning – the development of sensory organization. Journal of Genetic Psychology 46:41–75. [SG]Google Scholar
Lewes, G. H. (1867, 1871) The history of philosophy from Thales to Comte. Longmans. [CGG]Google Scholar
Liberman, A. M., Isenberg, D. & Rakerd, B. (1981). Duplex perception of cues for stop consonants: Evidence for a phonetic mode. Perception & Psychophysics 30:133–43. [IGM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Luria, A. R. (1966) The higher cortical functions in man. Basic Books. [HG, MK]Google Scholar
McCarthy, J. & Hayes, P. (1969) Some philosophical problems from the standpoint of artificial intelligence. In: Machine intelligence, ed. Meltzer, B. & Michie, D.. Elsevier. [BS]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. & Rumelhart, D. M. (1981) An interactive-activation model of context effects in letter perception. Part 1: An account of basic findings. Psychological Review 88:375–407. (MSS]Google Scholar
McNemar, Q. (1964) Lost: Our intelligence? Why?. American Psychologist 19:871–82. [EH]Google Scholar
Mann, V. A. & Liberman, A. M. (1983). Some differences between phonetic and auditory modes of perception. Cognition 14:211–35. [IGM]Google Scholar
Marcel, A. J. (1974) Perception with and without awareness. Paper to the Experimental Psychology Society, Stirling. [MK]Google Scholar
Marcus, M. P. (1980) A theory of syntactic recognition for natural language MIT Press. [JDF]Google Scholar
Marshalek, B., Lohman, D. F. & Snow, R. E. (1983) The complexity continuum in the radex and hierarchial models of intelligence. Intelligence 7:107–28. [EH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1980) On the biology of language acquisition. In: Biological studies of mental processes, ed. Caplan, D.. MIT Press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Marshall, J. C. (1984) Multiple perspectives on modularity. Cognition 7, in press. [JCM]Google Scholar
Meadows, J. C. (1974) Disturbed perception of colours associated with localized cerebral lesions. Brain 97:615–32. [CGG]Google Scholar
Mehler, J., Morton, J. & Jusczyk, P. W. (1984) On reducing language to biology. Cognitice Neuropsychology 1:82–116. [JM, PWJ]Google Scholar
Merzenich, M. & Knas, J. (1980) Principles of organization of sensory-perceptual systems in mammals. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology 9:1–42. [MK]Google Scholar
Moore, B. R. (1973) The role of directed Pavlovian reactions in simple instrumental learning in the pigeon. In: Constraints on Learning, ed. Hinde, R. A. & Hinde, J.. Academic Press. [PRK]Google Scholar
Morton, J. & Patterson, K. (1980). A new attempt at an interpretation, or, an attempt at a new interpretation. In: Deep dyslexia, ed. Coltheart, M., Patterson, K. & Marshall, J.. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [JM]Google Scholar
Murray, E. A. & Mishkin, M. (1982) Amygdalectomy but not hippocampectomy impairs cross-modal delayed non-matching-to-sample in monkeys. Neuroscience Abstracts 8:23. [CGG]Google Scholar
Newcombe, F. & Marshall, J. C. (1981). On psycholinguistic classifications of the acquired dyslexias. Bulletin of the Orion Society 31:29–46. [JM]Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1982) The knowledge level. Artificial Intelligence 18:87–127. [BS]Google Scholar
Norman, D. A. (1981) Categorization of action slips. Psychological Review 88:1–15. [PRK]Google Scholar
Palmer, J. C., MacLeod, C. M., Hunt, E. & Davidson, J. (1984) Information processing correlates of reading. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, in press. [EH]Google Scholar
Parkinson, J. K. & Mishkin, M. (1982) A selective mnemonic role for the hippocampus in monkeys: Memory for the location of objects. Ncuroscience Abstracts 8:23. [CGG]Google Scholar
Pellegrino, J. W. & Glaser, R.. (1980) Components of inductive reasoning. In: Aptitude, learning, and instruction, vol. 1, Cognitive process analyses of aptitude, ed. Snow, R. E., Federico, P.-A. & Montague, W.. Erlbaum. [RJS]Google Scholar
Pierce, C. S. (1901/1955) Abduction and induction. In: Philosophical writings of Pierce, ed. Buchler, J.. Dover. Orig. pub. 1901. [GR]Google Scholar
Popper, K. R. & Eceles, J. C. (1977) The self and its brain. Springer-Verlag. [JCM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, M. (1978) Chronometric studies of mind. Erlbaum. [MK]Google Scholar
Posner, M. L. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975) Attention and cognitive control. In: Information processing and cognition, ed. Solso, R. L.. Erlbaum. [KIF, BS]Google Scholar
Rabinowicz, T. (1979) The differentiate maturation of the human cerebral cortex. In: Human Growth, vol. 3 ed. Falkner, F. & Tanner, J. M.. Plenum. [JK]Google Scholar
Rand, T. C. (1974). Diehotic release from masking for speech. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 55:678–80. [IGM]Google Scholar
Ratcliff, J. (1983) Inference processes in the early stages of sentence comprehension: A study of the plausibility effect. Ph. D. dissertation, Monash University. [KIF]Google Scholar
Reid, Thomas. (1764) An Inquiry into the human mind. [JAF, DNR]Google Scholar
Remez, R. E., Rubin, P. E.Pisoni, D. B. & Carrell, T. D. (1981). Speech perception without traditional speech cues. Science 212:947–50. [IGM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Repp, B. H., Milburn, C. & Ashkenas, J. (1983). Duplex perception: Confirmation of fusion. Perception & Psychophysics 33:333–37. [IGM]Google Scholar
Ribot, T. (1906) Diseases of memory. 5th Ed.Regan, Paul, Trench, Trubner, [CGG]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. (1976a; rev. ed. 1981) An intellectual history of psychology. Macmillan. [DNR]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. (1976b) Thomas Reid's Gestalt psychology. Philosophical Monographs 3:44–54. [DNR]Google Scholar
Robinson, D. N. (1979) Systems of modern psychology: A critical sketch. Columbia University Press. [DNR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, D. N. & Beauchamp, T. L. (1978) Personal identity: Reid's answer to Hume. The Monist 61:325–39. [DNR]Google Scholar
Rock, I. (1983) The logic of perception. MIT Press. [taJF]Google Scholar
Rozin, P. (1976) The evolution of intelligence and access to the cognitive unconscious. Progress in Psychobiology and Physiological Psychology 6:245–80. [HG]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. (1980) Schemata: The building blocks of cognition. In: Theoretical issues in reading comprehension, ed. Spiro, R., Bruce, B. & Brewer, W.. Erlbaum. [JM]Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1971) Statistical explanation and statistical relevance. University of Pittsburgh Press. [CGG]Google Scholar
Schank, R. C. (1972) Conceptual dependence: A theory of natural language understanding. Cognitive Psychology 3:552–631. [HG]Google Scholar
Schank, R. C. (1982) Dynamic memory: A theory of reminding in computers and people. Cambridge University Press. [RCS]Google Scholar
Schwartz, M. F. & Schwartz, B. (1984) In defense of organology: Jerry Fodor's Modularity of mind. Cognitive Neuropsychology 1:25–42. [BS]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. (in press) The time course of information activation and utilization in visual word recognition. In: Reading research: Advances in theory and practice, vol. 5, ed. Besner, D., Waller, T. G. & MacKinnon, G. E.. Academic Press. [MSS]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S. & Tanenhaus, M. K. (in press). Modularity and lexical access. In: Studies in cognitive science: Papers from the McCill workshops, ed. Gopnik, I.. Ablex. [rJAF, MSS]Google Scholar
Seidenberg, M. S., Waters, G. S., Sanders, M. & Langer, P. (1984) Pre-and post-lexical loci of contextual effects on word recognition. Memory & Cognition 12:315–28. [MSS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sellers, M. J. (1979) The enhancement of memory in Costa Rican children. Ph.D. dissertation. Harvard University. [JK]Google Scholar
Seymour, P. H. K. (1979) Human visual cognition. Collier Macmillan. [JM]Google Scholar
Shallice, T. (1981) Neurological impairment of cognitive processes. British Medical Journal 37:187–92. [JM]Google ScholarPubMed
Shettleworth, S. J. (1980) Reinforcement and the organization of behavior in golden hamsters: Brain stimulation reinforcement for seven action patterns. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 6:352–75. [PRK]Google Scholar
Shiffrin, R. & Schneider, W. (1977) Controlled and automatic human information processing: 2. Perceptual learning, automatic attending and a general theory. Psychological Review 84:127–90. [PWJ]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1935; 1972) The generic nature of stimulus and response. Reprinted in Cumulative Record (3rd ed). Appleton-Century-Crofts. [PRK]Google Scholar
Spearman, C. (1927) The abilities of man. Macmillan. [EH]Google Scholar
Spencer, H. (1851) Social studies. Chapman. [CGG]Google Scholar
Sperry, R. W. (1945). The problem of central nervous reorganization after nerve regeneration and muscle transposition: A critical review. Quarterly Review of Biology 20:311–69. [ PRK]Google Scholar
Spurzheim, J. G. (1934) Phrenology or the doctrine of the mental phenomena. 3d Amer. Ed.Marsh, Capen and Lyon. [CGG]Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Adaptive behavior and learning. Cambridge University Press. [PRK]Google Scholar
Stanovich, K. E. (1980) Toward an interactive-compensatory model of individual differences in the development of reading fluency. Reading Research Quarterly 16:32–71. [EH, MSS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1981) The evolution of theories of intelligence. Intelligence 5:209–30. [RJS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1982) Reasoning, problem solving and intelligence. In: Handbook of human intelligence, ed. Sternberg, R. J., Cambridge University Press. [JBC]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. (1984). Toward a triarchic theory of human intelligence. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7:269–315. [RJS]Google Scholar
Sternberg, R. J. & Powell, J. S. (1983) Comprehending verbal comprehension. American Psychologist 38:878–93. [EH]Google Scholar
Swinney, D. (1979) Lexical access during sentence comprehension: (Re)consideration of context effects. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 18:645–59. [KIF]Google Scholar
Thurstone, L. L. (1947) Multiple-factor analysis. University of Chicago Press. [JBC]Google Scholar
Tinklepaugh, O. L. (1932) Multiple delayed reactions with chimpanzees and monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology 13:207–43. [CRC]Google Scholar
Turvey, M. T., Shaw, R. E., Reed, E. S., Mace, W. M. (1981) Ecological laws of perceiving and acting. In reply to Fodor and Pylyshyn. Cognition 5:237–304. [HC]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981) The framing of decisions and the psychology of choice. Science 211:453–58. [BS]Google Scholar
Valenstein, E. S. (1973) Brain stimulation and motivation: Research and commentary. Harper & Row. [PRK]Google Scholar
von der Heydt, R., Peterhans, E. & Baumgartner, G. (1984) Illusory contours and cortical neuron responses. Science 224:1260–62. [SG]Google Scholar
Wagner, S. et al. (1981). Metaphorical mapping in human infants. Child Development 52:728–31. [JK]Google Scholar
Wanner, E. & Maratsos, M. (1978) An ATN approach to comprehension. In: Linguistic theory and psychological reality, ed. Halle, M., Bresnan, J. & Miller, G. A.. MIT Press. [JDF)Google Scholar
Warren, R. (1970) Perceptual restoration of missing speech sounds. Science 167:392–93. [DC]Google Scholar
Weiss, P. (1941) Self-differentiation of the basic patterns of coordination. Comparative Psychology Monographs 17(4). [PRK]Google Scholar
Wong, E. & Weisstein, N. (1983) Sharp targets are detected better against a figure and blurred targets are detected better against a background. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 9:194–202. [EH]Google Scholar
Woodger, J. H. (1952). Biology and language. Cambridge University Press. [JK]Google Scholar
Young, R. M. (1970) Mind, brain and adaptation in the nineteenth century. Clarendon. [CGG, JCM]Google Scholar
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. American Psychologist 35:151–75. [MK]Google Scholar
Zeki, S. M. (1978) The cortical projections of foveal striate cortex in the rhesus monkey. Journal of Psychology 277:227–44. [MK]Google Scholar
Zihl, J., Von Cramon, D. & Mai, N. (1983) Selective disturbance of movement vision after bilateral brain damage. Brain 106:313–40. [CGG]Google Scholar