Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-nlwjb Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-08T03:51:23.684Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

When weak explanations prevail

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  04 February 2010

Carl Bereiter  and
Marlene Scardamalia
Carl Bereiter
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Cognitive Science, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, Canada M5S 1V6, Electronic mail:c_bereiter@utoroise.bitnet and scardamalia@utoroise.bitnet
Marlene Scardamalia
Affiliation:
Centre for Applied Cognitive Science, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto, Canada M5S 1V6, Electronic mail:c_bereiter@utoroise.bitnet and scardamalia@utoroise.bitnet
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'

Information

Type
Open Peer Commentary
Information
Behavioral and Brain Sciences , Volume 12 , Issue 3 , September 1989 , pp. 468 - 469
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1989

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abelson, R. P. & Black, J. B. (1986) Introduction. In: Knowledge structures, ed. Calambos, J. A., Abelson, B. P. & Black, J. B.. Erlbaum. [SJR]Google Scholar
Achinstein, P. (1983) The nature of explanation. Oxford University Press. [aPT, PA]Google Scholar
Achinstein, P. (forthcoming) Hypotheses, probability, and waves. British Journal for the Philosophy of Science. [PA]Google Scholar
Ackermann, R. J. (1985) Data, instruments and theory. Princeton University Press. [PC-HC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alcock, J. E. (1987) Parapsychology: Science of the anomalous or search for the soul? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:553–65. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allen, R. J. (1986) A reconceptualization of civil trials. Boston University Law Review 66:401–37. [LJC]Google Scholar
Allport, G. W. (1964) The open system in personality theory. In: Varieties of personality theory, ed. Ruitenbeek, H. H.. Dutton, E. P.. [SJR]Google Scholar
Anderson, A. & Belnap, N. (1975) Entailment. Princeton University Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Ashley, K. D. (1988) Arguing by analogy in law: A case.based model. In: Analogical reasoning: Perspectives of artificial intelligence, cognitive science, and philosophy, ed. Helman, D. H.. Reidel. [GG]Google Scholar
Axelrod, R., ed. (1976) Structure of decision: The cognitive maps of political elites. Princeton University Press. [JK]Google Scholar
Bacon, F. (1859) Novum organum (first published 1620). In: The works of Francis Bacon, vol. 1, ed. Spedding, J., Ellis, R. & Heath, D. N.. Longmans. [LJC, BM]Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. (1958) Thinking: An experimental and social study. Allen and Unwin. [CB]Google Scholar
BonJour, L. (1985) The structure of empirical knowledge. Harvard University Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Bradley, F. H. (1914) Essays on truth and reality. Clarendon Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Buchanan, B. & Shortliffe, E., eds. (1984) Rule-based expert systems. Addison Wesley. [aPT]Google Scholar
Carey, S. (1985) Conceptual change in childhood. MIT Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Carnap, R. (1950) Logical foundations of probability. University of Chicago Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Carter, L. (1984) Reason in law. Little, Brown. [aPT]Google Scholar
Cartwright, N. (1983) How the laws of physics lie. Oxford University Press. [WGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cavendish, H. (1785) Experiments on air. Philosophical Transactions 75:372–84. [JMZ]Google Scholar
Charniak, E. & McDermott, D. (1985) Introduction to artificial intelligence. Addison-Wesley. [aPT]Google Scholar
Churchland, P. S. (1986) Neurophilosophy. MIT Press. [RNG]Google Scholar
Clark, H. & Lucy, P. (1975) Understanding what is meant from what is said: A study in conversationally conveyed requests. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 14:56–72. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1977) The probable and the provable. Oxford University Press. [rPT, LJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1978) The coherence theory of truth. Philosophical Studies 34:351–60. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1981) Can human irrationality be experimentally demonstrated? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:317–70. [RMD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1989) An introduction to the philosophy of induction and probability. Oxford University Press. [LJC]Google Scholar
Cohen, R. (1983) A computational model for the analysis of arguments. Technical report CSRG-151. Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto. [aPT]Google Scholar
Darden, L. (1983) Artificial intelligence and philosophy of science: Reasoning by analogy in theory construction. In: PSA 1982, vol. 2, ed. Asquith, P. & Nickles, T.. Philosophy of Science Association. [BNG]Google Scholar
Darwin, C. (1962) On the origin of species (text of sixth edition of 1872). Macmillan. [aPT, BM]Google Scholar
Davis, P. J. & Hersh, P. (1981) The mathematical experience. Birkhauser. [RMD]Google Scholar
Dawes, R. M. (1971) A case study of graduate admissions: Application of three principles of human decision making. American Psychologist 26:180–88. [MTHC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dawes, R. M. (1988) Rational choice in an uncertain world. Harcourt, Brace, Javanovich. [JK]Google Scholar
Dawid, A. P. (1987) The difficulty about conjunction. The Statistician 36:91–97. [LJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeJong, C. & Mooney, R. (1986) Explanation-based learning: An alternative view. Machine Learning 1:145–76. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
deKleer, J. & Williams, B. (1986) Reasoning about multiple faults. Proceedings of the Fifth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. American Association for Artificial Intelligence [JAR]Google Scholar
Dietrich, E. (in press a) Programs in the search for intelligent machines: The mistaken foundation of AL. In: The foundations of artificial intelligence: A source book, ed. Patridge, D. & Wilks, Y.. Cambridge University Press. [ED]Google Scholar
Dietrich, E. (in press b) Computationalism. Social Epistemology. [ED]Google Scholar
Donovan, A., Laudan, L. & Laudan, R., eds. (1988) Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change. Kluwer. [rPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duhem, P. (1954) The aim and structure of physical theory, trans. Wiener, P. (first published 1914). Princeton University Press. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edelman, G. (1987) Neural Darwinism. Basic Books. [DSL]Google Scholar
Eggleston, H. (1983) Evidence, proof and probability, 2nd ed.Weidenfeld and Nicholson. [LJC]Google Scholar
Einhorn, H. E. (1972) Expert measurement and mechanical combination. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance 7:86–106. [MTHC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einstein, A. (1952) On the electrodynamics of moving bodies. In: The principle of relativity, ed. Lorentz, H. A., Einstein, A., Minkowski, H. & Weyl, H.. Dover (originally published in 1905). [aPT]Google Scholar
Ennis, R. (1968) Enumerative induction and best explanation. Journal of Philosophy 65(18):523–29. [JRJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falk, R. & Bar-Hillel, M. (1983) Probabilistic dependence between events. Two Year College Mathematics Journal 14(3):240–47. [RMD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Falkenhainer, B., & Rajamoney, S. (1988) The interdependencies of theory formation, revision, and experimentation. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Machine Learning, ed. Laird, J.. Morgan Kaufmann. [aPT]Google Scholar
Feldman, J. & Ballard, D. (1982) Connectionist models and their properties. Cognitive Science 6:205–54. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feyerabend, P. (1975) Against method. London: Venso. [BM]Google Scholar
Fiske, S. & Taylor, S. (1984) Social cognition. Random House. [aPT]Google Scholar
Fodor, J. (1983) The modularity of mind. MIT Press. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fodor, J. A., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988) Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis. In: Connections and symbols, ed Pinker, S. & Mehier, J.. MIT Press. [JK]Google Scholar
Foster, M. & Martin, M., eds. (1966) Probability, confirmation, and simplicity. Odyssey Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Franklin, A. (1986) The neglect of experiment. Cambridge University Press. [PC-HC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galison, P. (1987) How experiments end. University of Chicago Press. [PC-HC]Google Scholar
Gärdenfors, P. (1976) Relevance and redundancy in deductive explanations. Philosophy of Science 43:420–31. [MS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, A. (1987) An artificial intelligence approach to legal reasoning. MIT PressøBradford Books. [aPT]Google Scholar
Gibbs, R. (1984) Literal meaning and psychological theory. Cognitive Science 8:275–304. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giere, R. N. (1988) Explaining science: A cognitive approach. University of Chicago Press. [RNG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gluck, M. A., & Bower, G. H. (1988) From conditioning to category learning: An adaptive network model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 117:227–47. [JK]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Glymour, C. (1980) Theory and evidence. Princeton University Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Glymour, C., Schemes, R., Spirtes, P. & Kelly, K. (1987) Discovering causal structure: Artificial intelligence, philosophy of science, and statistical modelling. Academic Press. [RNG]Google Scholar
Goel, A., Ramanujam, J. & Sadayappan, P. (1988) Towards a neural architecture for abductive reasoning. Proceedings of the Second IEEE International Conference on Neural Networks, vol. 1, San Diego. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golding, M. (1984) Legal reasoning. Knopf. [aPT]Google Scholar
Goldman, A. (1986) Epistemology and cognition. Harvard University Press. [aPT, WGL]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S., ed. (1988) Neural networks and natural intelligence. MIT Press. [JK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Levine, D. S. (1987) Neural dynamics of attentionally modulated Pavlovian conditioning: Blocking, interstimulus interval, and secondary reinforcement. Applied Optics 26:5015–30. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacking, I. (1982) Experimentation and scientific realism. Philosophical Topics 13:71–87. [WGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and intervening. Cambridge University Press. [PC-HC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hanen, M. (1987) Unpublished manuscript. University of Calgary. [aPT]Google Scholar
Harman, G. (1965) The inference to the best explanation. Philosophical Review 74:88–95. [JRJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G. (1968) Enumerative induction as inference to the best explanation. Journal of Philosophy 65(18):529–33. [JRJ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harman, G. (1973) Thought. Princeton University Press. [arPT, ED]Google Scholar
Harman, G. (1986)Change in view: Principles of reasoning. MIT PressøBradford Books. [aPT, WGL]Google Scholar
Harman, G., Ranney, M., Salem, K., Doring, F., Epstein, J. & Jaworksa, A. (1988) A theory of simplicity. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [aPT]Google Scholar
Hedges, L. (1987) How hard is hard science, how soft is soft science? American Psychologist 42:443–55. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hegel, G. (1967) The phenonsenology of mind, trans. Baillie, J. (first published 1807). Harper & Row. [aPT]Google Scholar
Hempel, C. (1965) Aspects of scientific explanation. Free Press. [aPT, PA]Google Scholar
Hempel, C. (1966) Philosophy of natural science. Prentice-Hall. [RNM]Google Scholar
Hendler, J. (1987) Marker-passing and microfeatures. Proceedings of the Tenth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. [aPT]Google Scholar
Himmelfarb, G. (1962) Darwin and the Darwinian revolution. Doubleday. [BM]Google Scholar
Hinton, G. E. (1981) A parallel computation that assigsls canonical object-based frames of reference. Proceedings of the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, Vancouver, Canada. [BM]Google Scholar
Hobbs, J., Stickel, M., Martin, P. & Edwards, D. (1988) Interpretation as abduction. Proceedings of the 26th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogarth, R. M. & Einhorn, H. J. (1989) Order effects in belief updating: The belief-adjustment model. Working paper. Center for Decision Research, University of Chicago. [JK]Google Scholar
Holland, J., Holyoak, K., Nisbett, R. & Thagard, P. (1986) Induction: Processes of inference, learning, and discovery. MIT PressøBradford Books. [arPT]Google Scholar
Holyoak, K. & Thagard, P. (in press) Analogical mapping by constraint satisfaction. Cognitive Science. [arPT]Google Scholar
Jones, E. & Davis, K. (1965) From acts to dispositions: The attribution process in person perception. In: Advances in experimental social psychology. vol. 2, ed. Berkowitz, L.. Academic Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Josephson, J. (1982) Explanation and induction. Ph.D. thesis, Ohio State University. (University Microfilms DEO 82–22107) [JRJ]Google Scholar
Josephson, J., Chandrasekaran, B., Smith, J. & Tanner, M. (1987) A mechanism for forming composite explanatory hypotheses. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics 17:445–54. [aPT, JRJ, JAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamin, L. (1974) The science and politics of IQ. Halstead Press. [CB]Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1787ø1963) Critique of pure reason. Smith, N. Kemp, translator, 2nd edition. Macmillan. [BM]Google Scholar
Kant, I. (1790ø1951) Critique of judgement. Bertrand, J. H., translator. Collier-Macmillan. [BM]Google Scholar
Kaye, D. H. (1986) Do we need a calculus of weight to understand proof beyond reasonable doubt? Boston University Law Review 66:657–72. [LJC]Google Scholar
Kintsch, W. (1988) The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integration model. Psychological Review 95:163–82. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirwan, R. (1789ø1968) An essay on pholgiston and the constitution of acids (new impression of second English edition). Cass. [aPTJGoogle Scholar
Kirwan, R. (1789) An essay on phlogiston and the constitution of acids. London: J. Johnson. [JMZ]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1981) Explanatory unification. Philosophy of Science 48:507–31. [aPT, ED]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klayman, J. & Ha., Y.-W. (1987) Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis-testing. Psychological Review 94(2):211–28. [JK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klayman, J. & Ha., Y.-W. (1989) Hypothesis testing in rule discovery: Strategy, structure and content. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 15:596–604. [JK]Google Scholar
Koehler, J. J. (1989) Judgments of evidence quality among scientists as a function of prior beliefs and commitments. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, [JK]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1970) Structure of scientific revolutions (2nd ed., first published 1962). University of Chicago Press. [aPT, BM]Google Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1977) The essential tension. University of Chicago Press. [ED]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunda, Z. (1987) Motivation and inference: Self-serving generation and evaluation of causal theories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53:636–47. [arPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1970) Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programs. In: Criticism and the growth of knowledge, ed. Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A.. Cambridge University Press. [aPT, LJC, MS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lalljee, M. & Abelson, R. P. (1983) The organizatiots of explanstions. In: Attribution theory: Social and functional extensions, ed. Hewstone, M.. Blackwell. [SJR]Google Scholar
Langley, P., Simon, H. A., Bradshaw, G. L. & Zytkow, J. (1987) Scientific discovery: Computational explorations of the creative process. MIT Press. [HAS, JMZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Langley, P., Zytkow, J. M., Simon, H. A. & Bradshaw, G. (1983) Mechanisms for qualitative and quantitative discovery. In: Proceedings of the International Machine Learning Workshop, ed. Michalski, H. S.. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. [JMZ]Google Scholar
Laudan, L. (1976) Two dogmas of methodology. Philosophy of Science 43:585–97. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavoisier, A. (1862) Oeuvres (6 vols.). Paris: Imprimerie Impériale. [aPT, JMZ]Google Scholar
Leake, D. (1988) Evaluating explanations. Proceedings of the Seventh National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. [aPT]Google Scholar
Lehnert, W. (1987) Case-based problem solving with a large knowledge base of learned cases. Proceedings of the Sixth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. [aPT]Google Scholar
Lehrer, K. (1974) Knowledge. Clarendon Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Leibniz, G. W. (1765ø1981) New essays on human understanding, ed. Remnant, P. & Bennett, J.. Cambridge University Press. [BM]Google Scholar
Leibniz, G. W. (1865) Letter to Conring, 19 March 1678. In: Die philosophische Schriften von Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, vol. 1, ed. Gerhardt, C. I.. Wiedmannsche Buchhandlung. [LJC]Google Scholar
Levi, I. (1967) Gambling with truth. Knopf. [PA]Google Scholar
Levi, I. (1980) The enterprise of knowledge. MIT Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Levine, D. S. (in press) Introduction to neural and cognitive modeling. Erlbaum. [JK]Google Scholar
Lycan, W. (1988) Judgment and justification. Cambridge University Press. [aPT, WGL]Google Scholar
MacKinnon, E. (1978) The development of Kant's conception of scientific explanation. Proceedings of the 1978 Biennial Meeting of thc Philosophy of Science Association. [BM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marr, D. (1982) Vision. Freeman. [aPT]Google Scholar
Messick, D. M. & van de Geer, J. P. (1981) A reversal paradox. Psychological Bulletin 90:582–93. [RMD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, T., Keller, R. & Kedar-Cabelli, S. (1986) Explanation-based generalization: A unifying view. Machine Learning 1:47–80. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Musgrave, A. (1976) Why did oxygen supplant phlogiston? Research programmes in the chemical revolution. In: Method and appraisal in the physical sciences, ed. Howson, C.. Cambridge University Press. [JMZ]Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1976) Cognition and Reality. Freeman. [RMD]Google Scholar
Nersessian, N. J. (1984) Faraday to Einstein: Constructing meaning in scientflc theories. Nijhoff. [RNG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomings of social judgement. Prentice-Hall. [aPT]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. & Wilson, T. D. (1977) Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review 84:231–59. [DCE]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nowak, G. & Thagard, P. (forthcoming) Copernicus, Newton, and explanatory coherence. Minnesota Studies in the Philosophy of Science. [aPT]Google Scholar
O'Rorke, P., Aha, D. & Sage, S. (1988) A deductive-nomological model of abduction with learning. Unpublished manuscript. University of California at Irvine. [aPT]Google Scholar
Partington, J. R. (1962) A history of chemistry, vol. 3. MacmillanøSt. Martin's Press. [JMZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, J. (1986) Fusion, propagation, and structuring in belief networks. Artificial Intelligence 29:241–88. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearl, J. (1987) Distributed revision of composite beliefs. Artificial Intelligence 33:173–215. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peirce, C. S. (1931–1958) Collected papers (8 vols.), ed. Hartshorne, C., Weiss, P. & Burks, A.. Harvard University Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Peng, Y. & Reggia, J. (1987) A probabilistic causal model for dignostic problem solving. IEEE Transactions on Systems Man and Cybernetics 17:146–62; 395–406. [JAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peng, Y. & Reggin, J. (in press) A connectionist model for diagnostic problem solving. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man and Cybernetics. [aPT, JAR]Google Scholar
Pennington, N. & Hastie, R. (1986) Evidence evaluation in complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51:242–58. [aPT, JK]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pennington, N. & Hastie, R. (1987) Explanation-based decision making. Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [aPT, RMD]Google Scholar
Pennington, N. & Hastie, R. (1988) Explanation-based decision making: Effects of memory structure on judgment. Journal of Experunental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 14(3):521–33. [RMD, JK]Google Scholar
Perrin, G. (1988) The chemical revolution: Shifts in guiding assumptions. In: Scrutinizing science: Empirical studies of scientific change, ed. Donovan, A., Laudan, L. & Laudan, R.. Kiuwer. [aPT]Google Scholar
Poincare, H. (1952) Science and method. Dover Publications. [ED]Google Scholar
Polanyi, M. (1963) The potential theory of adsorption. Science 141:1010–13. [NEW]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pople, H. (1973) On the mechanization of abductive logic. Proceedings of the Third International joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. [JAR]Google Scholar
Pople, H. (1977) The formation of composite hypotheses in diagnostic problem solving. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International Joint Conference on Artificial intelligence. Morgan Kaufmann. [aPT]Google Scholar
Popper, K. (1959) The logic of scientific discovery. Hutchinson. [aPT]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1953) From a logical point of view. Harper & Row. [WGL]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1960) Word and object. MIT Press. [WCL]Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. (1961) From a logical point of view (2nd ed). Harper Torch-books. [aPT, BM]Google Scholar
Rajamoney, S. & DeJong, G. (1988) Active explanation reduction: An approach to the multiple explanations problem. In: Proceedings of the Fifth international Conference on Machine Learning, ed. Laird, J.. Morgan Kaufmann. [aPT]Google Scholar
Ranney, M. (1987) Changing naive conceptions of motion. Doctoral dissertation, Learning, Research, and Development Center, University of Pittsburgh. [aPT]Google Scholar
Ranney, M. & Thagard, P. (1988) Explanatory coherence and belief revision in naive physics. Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. Erlbaum. [arPT, MTHC, JK]Google Scholar
Rao, K. H. & Palmer, J. (1987) The anomaly called psi: Recent research and criticism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 10:539–51. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Read, S. J. (1987) Constructing causal scenarios: A knowledge structure approach to causal reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52:288–302. [SJR]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Read, S. J. & Miller, L. C. (1989a) Inter-personalism: Toward a goal-based theory of persons in relationships. In: Goal concepts in personality and social psychology, ed. Pervin, L.. Erlbaum. [SJR]Google Scholar
Read, S. J. (1989b) The importance of goals in personality: Toward a coherent model of persons. In: Social intelligence, vol. 2, ed. Wyer, R. S., Jr. & Srull, T. K.. Erlbaum. [SJR]Google Scholar
Reggia, J., Nau, D. & Wang, P. (1983) Diagnostic expert systems based on a set covering model. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies 19: 437–60. [aPT, JAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reggia, J., Nau, D., Wang, P. & Peng, Y. (1985) A formal model of diagnostic inference. Information Sciences 37: 227–85. [JAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reiter, R. (1987) A theory of diagnosis from first principles. Artificial Intelligence 32:57–95. [JAR]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rescher, N. (1973) The coherence theory of truth. Clarendon Press. [aPt]Google Scholar
Rose, D. & Langley, P. (1986) Chemical discovery as belief revision. Machine Learning 1:423–52. [JMZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ross, L.Lepper, M. R. (1980) The perserverance of beliefs: Empirical and normative considerations. In: New directions for methodology of social and behavioral science: Fallible judgement in behavioral research, vol. 4, ed. Shweder, R. & Fiske, D. W.. Jossey-Bass. [JK]Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., McGlelland, J. B. & the PDP Research Group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition, 2 vols. MIT Press. [aPT]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salmon, W. (1966) The foundations of scientific inference. University of Pittsburgh Press. [aPT, ED]Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1970) Statistical explanation. In: The nature and function of scientific theories, ed. Colodny, R.. University of Pittsburgh Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Salmon, W. (1984) Scientific explanation and the causal structure of the world. Princeton University Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Schank, R. (1986) Explanation patterns. Erlbaum. [aPT]Google Scholar
Schank, R. C. & Abelson, R. P. (1977) Scripts, plans, goals, and understanding. Erlbaum. [SJR]Google Scholar
Schneider, W. & Detweiler, M. (1987) A connectionistøcontrol architecture for working memory. In: The psychology of learning and motivation, vol. 21, ed. Bower, G. H.. Academic Press. [GG]Google Scholar
Schoeman, F. (1986) Cohen on inductive probability and the law of evidence. Philosophy of Science 54:76–91. [LJC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schum, D. (1986) Probability and the processes of discovery, proof, and choice. Boston University Law Review 66:825–76. [LJC]Google Scholar
Scriven, M. (1962) Explanations, predictions, and laws. In: Minnesota studies in the philosophy of science, vol. 3, ed Feigl, H. & Maxwell, G.. University of Minnesota Press. [JRJ]Google Scholar
Sellars, W. (1963) Science, perception, and reality. Routledge and Kegan Paul. [WGL]Google Scholar
Stalker, D. F., ed. (1984) Linguistics and Philosophy 7(1). [Special issue on “coherence.”] [WGL]Google Scholar
Taubman, B. (1988) The preppy murder trial. St. Martin's Press. [aPT]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. (1978) The best explanation: Criteria for theory choice. Journal of Philosophy 75:76–92. [aPT, MS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thagard, P. (1986) Parallel computation and the mind-body problem. Cognitive Science 10:301–18. [aPT]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. (1988a) Computational philosophy of science. MIT PressøBradford Books. [arPT, RNG]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thagard, P. (1988b) The dinosaur debate: Application of a connectionist model of theory evaluation. Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University. [aPT]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. (in press a) Connectionism and epistemology: Goldman on winner-take-all networks. Philosophia. [aPT]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. (in press b) The conceptual structure of the chemical revolution. Philosophy of Science. [arPT]Google Scholar
Thagard, P., Holyoak, K., Nelson, G. & Gochfeld, D. (1989) Analogical retrieval by constraint satisfaction. Unpublished manuscript, Princeton University. [aPT]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. & Kunda, Z. (1987) Hot cognition: Mechanisms of motivated inference. In: Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society, ed. Hunt, E.. Erlbaum. [rPT]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. & Nowak, G. (1988) The explanatory coherence of continental drift. In: PSA 1988, vol. 1, ed. Fine, A. & Leplin, J.. Philosophy of Science Association. [aPT, MS]Google Scholar
Thagard, P. (in press) The conceptual structure of the geological revolution. In: Computational models of discovery and theory formation, ed. Shrager, J. & Langley, P.. Erlbaum. [arPT]Google Scholar
Trabasso, T., Secco, T. & van den Broek, P. (1984) Causal cohesion and story coherence. In: Learning and comprehension of texts, ed. Mandl, H., Stein, N. & Trabasso, T.. Erlbaum. [aPT]Google Scholar
Tribe, L. H. (1971) Trial by mathematics: Precision and ritual in the legal process. Harvard Law Review 84(6): 1329–93. [RMD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tweney, R. D. (1985) Faraday's discovery of induction: A cognitive approach. In: Faraday rediscovered, ed. Gooding, D. & James, F.. Stockton. [RNG]Google Scholar
Urbach, P. (1974) Progress and degeneration in the “IQ debate.” British journal of the Philosophy of Science 25:99–135; 235–59. [CB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Fraassen, B. (1980) The scientific image. Clarendon Press. [aPT, WGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wald, J., Farach, M., Tagamets, M. & Reggia, J. (in press) Generating plausible diagnostic hypotheses with self-processing causal networks. Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence. [JAR]Google Scholar
Waltz, D. L. & Pollack, J. B. (1985) Massively parallel parsing: A strongly interactive model of natural language interpretation. Cognitive Science 9(1):51–74. [PO]Google Scholar
Whewell, W. (1967) The philosophy of the inductive sciences (first published 1840). Johnson Reprint. [aPT]Google Scholar
Wilensky, R. (1983) Planning and understanding: A computational approach to human reasoning. Addison-Wesley. [SJR]Google Scholar
Williams, G. (1979) The mathematics of proof. Criminal Law Review 297:308; 340–54. [LJC]Google Scholar
Zytkow, J. M. & Lewenstam, A. (1982) Czy tlenowa teoris Lavoisiera byla lepsza od teorii flogistonowej? (Was the oxygen theory of Lavoisier better than the phlogiston theory?) Studia Filozoficzne 202–203:39–65. [JMZ]Google Scholar
Zytkow, J. M. & Simon, H. A. (1986) A theory of historical discovery: The construction of componential models. Machine Learning 1:107–36. [JMZ]CrossRefGoogle Scholar