Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-cfpbc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-19T16:00:26.212Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Health-Risk Behaviours in Adolescents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2022

Parwinder Singh Open the ORCID record for Parwinder Singh [Opens in a new window]  and
Amandeep Singh
Parwinder Singh*
Affiliation:
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
Amandeep Singh
Affiliation:
Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Rupnagar, Punjab, India
*
*Corresponding author: Parwinder Singh, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab 140001, India. Email: singh_parwinder@iitrpr.ac.in
Get access

Abstract

Health-Risk Behaviours (HRBs) are significantly associated with avoidable mortality in adolescents, and preventing HRBs requires an adequate understanding of related factors. Among associated factors, emotion regulation difficulties may impact youths’ engagement in HRBs. Researchers explored the relation of emotion regulation with HRBs; however, specific emotion regulation difficulties for less severe and more prevalent HRBs, such as self-harming behaviour, risky-driving, violence, unhealthy dietary behaviour, and poor adherence to prescribed medication, has not been much explored. The current study aimed to explore the predictability of adolescents’ specific difficulties in emotion regulation in relation to their engagement in HRBs. For this purpose, six different HRBs, that is, self-harm, violence, risky-driving, unhealthy dietary behaviour, inadequate physical activity, and lack of medication adherence, were studied. A total of 617 (Males = 356) adolescents (Mage = 15.77) from five districts of Punjab state (India) provided required information on standardised self-report measures. The data were subjected to regression analysis, and the findings show that the participants who scored high on emotion regulation difficulties reported engagement in HRBs more than their counterparts. Some specific difficulties are more important than others for different forms of HRBs. It implies that the intervention programmes targeting specific HRBs should address specific facets of emotional dysregulation.

Keywords

emotion regulation difficultieshealth-risk behavioursadolescentspredictabilityprevention
Type
Standard Paper
Information
Behaviour Change , Volume 40 , Issue 2 , June 2023 , pp. 86 - 102
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Australian Association for Cognitive and Behaviour Therapy

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ajzen, I (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50, 179–211. doi:10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-t.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Musharaf, S (2020). Prevalence and predictors of emotional eating among healthy young Saudi women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Nutrients, 12, 2923. doi:10.3390/nu12102923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arnau-Sabatés, L, Sala-Roca, J and Jariot-Garcia, M (2012). Emotional abilities as predictors of risky driving behavior among a cohort of middle-aged drivers. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 45, 818–825. doi:10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.021.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bailey, JM, Regan, TW, Bartlem, KM, Wiggers, JH, Wye, PM and Bowman, JA (2019). A survey of the prevalence of modifiable health risk behaviours among carers of people with a mental illness. BMC Public Health, 19, 1–10. doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7577-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bandura, A (1985). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory (1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.Google Scholar
Berking, M, Orth, U, Wupperman, P, Meier, LL and Caspar, F (2008). Prospective effects of emotion-regulation skills on emotional adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55, 485–494. doi:10.1037/a0013589.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bjureberg, J, Sahlin, H, Hellner, C, Hedman-Lagerlöf, E, Gratz, KL, Bjärehed, J, … Ljótsson, B (2017). Emotion regulation individual therapy for adolescents with nonsuicidal self-injury disorder: A feasibility study. BMC Psychiatry, 17, doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1527-4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozzini, AB, Bauer, A, Maruyama, J, Simões, R and Matijasevich, A (2020). Factors associated with risk behaviors in adolescence: A systematic review. Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry. doi:10.1590/1516-4446-2019-0835.Google Scholar
Carver, CS and Scheier, MF (1982). Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality–social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin, 92, 111–135. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.92.1.111.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cawley, J and Ruhm, CJ (2011). The economics of risky health behaviors. In Handbook of health economics (vol. 2, pp. 95–199). Elsevier. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-53592-4.00003-7.Google Scholar
Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (2019). Youth risk behavior survey: Data summary & trends report 2007–2017. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/healthyyouth/data/yrbs/pdf/trendsreport.pdf.Google Scholar
Chadda, RK and Deb, KS (2013). Indian family systems, collectivistic society and psychotherapy. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55, 299–309. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.105555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chambers, R, Gullone, E and Allen, NB (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 560–572. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cohen, J (1992) Statistical power analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1, 98–101. doi: 10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, ML, Flanagan, ME, Talley, AE and Micheas, L (2006). Individual differences in emotion regulation and their relation to risk taking during adolescence. In Snyder, DK, Simpson, JA and Hughes, NJ (Eds.), Emotion regulation in couples and families: Pathways to dysfunction and health (pp. 183–203). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crockett, AC, Myhre, SK and Rokke, PD (2015). Boredom proneness and emotion regulation predict emotional eating. Journal of Health Psychology, 20, 670–680. doi:10.1177/1359105315573439.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
De Berardis, D, Fornaro, M, Orsolini, L, Ventriglio, A, Vellante, F and Di Giannantonio, M (2020). Emotional dysregulation in adolescents: Implications for the development of severe psychiatric disorders, substance abuse, and suicidal ideation and behaviors. Brain Sciences, 10, 591. doi:10.3390/brainsci10090591.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Denson, TF, DeWall, CN and Finkel, EJ (2012). Self-control and aggression. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 21, 20–25. doi:10.1177/0963721411429451.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espeland, MA, Small, DM and Stoeckel, LE (2018). Diet, obesity, and physical inactivity: Linking diabetes and dementia. In Type 2 diabetes and dementia (pp. 117–141). Academic Press. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-809454-9.00007-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Estévez, A, Jáuregui, P, Lopez-Gonzalez, H, Mena-Moreno, T, Lozano-Madrid, M, Macia, L, … Jiménez-Murcia, S (2020). The severity of gambling and gambling related cognitions as predictors of emotional regulation and coping strategies in adolescents. Journal of Gambling Studies, 1–13. doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09953-2.Google Scholar
Finkel, EJ and Hall, AN (2018). The I3 model: A metatheoretical framework for understanding aggression. Current Opinion in Psychology, 19, 125–130. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fu, L, Wang, P, Zhao, M, Xie, X, Chen, Y, Nie, J and Lei, L (2020). Can emotion regulation difficulty lead to adolescent problematic smartphone use? A moderated mediation model of depression and perceived social support. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104660. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104660.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garofalo, C and Velotti, P (2017). Negative emotionality and aggression in violent offenders: The moderating role of emotion dysregulation. Journal of Criminal Justice, 51, 9–16. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2017.05.015.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garofalo, C, Neumann, CS, Kosson, DS and Velotti, P (2020). Psychopathy and emotion dysregulation: More than meets the eye. Psychiatry Research, 290, 113160. doi:10.1177%2F0886260519900946.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ghorbani, S, Kameneh, AS, Motahedy, A and Alipour, Z (2020). Comparative effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation, positive and negative affection, aggressive and self-harm behaviors of 13-16-year-old female students. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7, 20–32. doi:10.18415/ijmmu.v7i9.1883.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
González-Iglesias, B, Gómez-Fraguela, JA and Luengo-Martín, MN (2012). Driving anger and traffic violations: Gender differences. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 15, 404–412. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2012.03.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gratz, KL and Roemer, L (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54. doi:10.1007/s10862-008-9102-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gratz, KL, Levy, R and Tull, MT (2012). Emotion regulation as a mechanism of change in an acceptance-based emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality pathology. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 26, 365–380. doi:10.1891/0889-8391.26.4.365.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gratz, KL, Bardeen, JR, Levy, R, Dixon-Gordon, KL and Tull, MT (2015). Mechanisms of change in an emotion regulation group therapy for deliberate self-harm among women with borderline personality disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 65, 29–35. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.12.005.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gross, JJ (1999). Emotion and emotion regulation. In Pervin, LA and John, OP (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (2nd ed, pp. 525–552). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Gross, JJ (2015). Emotion regulation: Current status and future prospects. Psychological Inquiry, 26, 1–26. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2014.940781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hagger, M, Cameron, L, Hamilton, K, Hankonen, N and Lintunen, T (Eds.) (2020). The handbook of behavior change (Cambridge handbooks in psychology). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781108677318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hallion, LS, Steinman, SA, Tolin, DF and Diefenbach, GJ (2018). Psychometric properties of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) and its short forms in adults with emotional disorders. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 539. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hapunda, G, Mahama, S, Mesurado, B, Verma, SK and Koller, S (2019). Cultural variability and consistency in adolescents’ emotional regulation and relationship with their parents: Data from Argentina, Ghana, India and Zambia. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 24, 333–350. doi:10.1080/02673843.2018.1544083.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartley, CA and Somerville, LH (2015). The neuroscience of adolescent decision-making. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 5, 108–115. doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.09.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayley, AC, de Ridder, B, Stough, C, Ford, TC and Downey, LA (2017). Emotional intelligence and risky driving behaviour in adults. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 49, 124–131. doi:10.1016/j.trf.2017.06.009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynos, AF and Fruzzetti, AE (2011). Anorexia nervosa as a disorder of emotion dysregulation: Evidence and treatment implications. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18, 183–202. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2850.2011.01250.x.Google Scholar
Horne, O and Csipke, E (2009). From feeling too little and too much, to feeling more and less? A nonparadoxical theory of the functions of self-harm. Qualitative Health Research, 19, 655–667. doi:10.1177/1049732309334249.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janssen, HJ, Weerman, FM and Eichelsheim, VI (2017). Parenting as a protective factor against criminogenic settings? Interaction effects between three aspects of parenting and unstructured socializing in disordered areas. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 54, 181–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jekauc, D and Brand, R (2017). Editorial: How do emotions and feelings regulate physical activity? Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01145.Google ScholarPubMed
Kerin, JL, Webb, HJ and Zimmer-gembeck, MJ (2018). Resisting the temptation of food: Regulating overeating and associations with emotion regulation, mindfulness, and eating pathology. Australian Journal of Psychology, 70, 167–178. doi:10.1111/ajpy.12169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, Y and Parker, D (2008). Driving violations, aggression and perceived consensus. European Review of Applied Psychology, 58, 43–49. doi:10.1016/j.erap.2006.05.001.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klonsky, ED (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clinical Psychology Review, 27, 226–239. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Klonsky, ED (2009). The functions of self-injury in young adults who cut themselves: Clarifying the evidence for affect-regulation. Psychiatry Research, 166, 260–268. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2008.02.008.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolar, DR, Neumayr, C, Roth, M, Voderholzer, U, Perthes, K and Schlegl, S (2019). Testing an emotion regulation model of physical activity in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: A pilot ecological momentary assessment. European Eating Disorders Review, 28, 170–183. doi: 10.1002/erv.2706CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kotabe, HP and Hofmann, W (2015). On integrating the components of self-control. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 10, 618–638. doi:10.1177/1745691615593382.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lansing, AE, Plante, WY, Golshan, S, Fennema-Notestine, C and Thuret, S (2019). Emotion regulation mediates the relationship between verbal learning and internalizing, trauma-related and externalizing symptoms among early-onset, persistently delinquent adolescents. Learning and Individual Differences, 70, 201–215. doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2017.01.014.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Laye-Gindhu, A and Schonert-Reichl, KA (2005). Nonsuicidal self-harm among community adolescents: Understanding the “Whats” and “Whys” of self-harm. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 34, 447–457. doi:10.1007/s10964-005-7262-z.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leventhal, H, Meyer, D and Nerenz, D (1980). The common sense model of illness danger. In Rachman, S (Ed.), Medical psychology (vol. 2, pp. 7–30). New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Liao, Y, Shonkoff, ET and Dunton, GF (2015). The acute relationships between affect, physical feeling states, and physical activity in daily life: A review of current evidence. Frontiers in Psychology, 6. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01975.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima, CAG, Maia, MDFM, Brito, MFSF, Pinho, LD and Silveira, MF (2020). Psychometric properties of the Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) instrument in Brazilian college students. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 30. doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linehan, MM (1993). Dialectical behavior therapy for treatment of borderline personality disorder: Implications for the treatment of substance abuse. NIDA Research Monograph, 137, 201–201.Google ScholarPubMed
Lozano-Madrid, M, Clark Bryan, D, Granero, R, Sánchez, I, Riesco, N, Mallorquí-Bagué, N, … Fernández-Aranda, F (2020). Impulsivity, emotional dysregulation and executive function deficits could be associated with alcohol and drug abuse in eating disorders. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9, 1936. doi:10.3390/jcm9061936.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Macht, M (2008). How emotions affect eating: A five-way model. Appetite, 50, 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2007.07.002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayer, JD, Salovey, P, Caruso, DR and Sitarenios, G (2003). Measuring emotional intelligence with the MSCEIT v2. 0. Emotion, 3, 97. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/1528-3542.3.1.97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McLaughlin, KA, Hatzenbuehler, ML, Mennin, DS and Nolen-Hoeksema, S (2011). Emotion dysregulation and adolescent psychopathology: A prospective study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49, 544–554. doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.06.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miles, SR, Sharp, C, Tharp, AT, Stanford, MS, Stanley, M, Thompson, KE and Kent, TA (2017). Emotion dysregulation as an underlying mechanism of impulsive aggression: Reviewing empirical data to inform treatments for veterans who perpetrate violence. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 34, 147–153. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2017.01.017.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morawetz, C, Steyrl, D, Berboth, S, Heekeren, HR and Bode, S (2020). Emotion regulation modulates dietary decision-making via activity in the prefrontal–striatal valuation system. Cerebral Cortex, 30, 5731–5749. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa147.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moretti, MM and Peled, M (2004). Adolescent-parent attachment: Bonds that support healthy development. Paediatrics & Child Health, 9, 551–555. doi:10.1093/pch/9.8.551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, M, Haun, D, Kärtner, J and Legare, CH (2017). The persistent sampling bias in developmental psychology: A call to action. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 162, 31–38. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Niermann, CYN, Herrmann, C, von Haaren, B, van Kann, D and Woll, A (2016). Affect and subsequent physical activity: An ambulatory assessment study examining the affect-activity association in a real-life context. Frontiers in Psychology, 7. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nock, MK (2010). Self-injury. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 6, 339–363. doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131258.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perez, J, Venta, A, Garnaat, S and Sharp, C (2012). The difficulties in emotion regulation scale: Factor structure and association with nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescent inpatients. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 34, 393–404. doi:10.1007/s10862-012-9292-7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pond, RS, Kashdan, TB, DeWall, CN, Savostyanova, A, Lambert, NM and Fincham, FD (2012). Emotion differentiation moderates aggressive tendencies in angry people: A daily diary analysis. Emotion, 12, 326–337. doi:10.1037/a0025762.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Raine, A, Dodge, K, Loeber, R, Gatzke-Kopp, L, Lynam, D, Reynolds, C, … Liu, J (2006). The reactive–proactive aggression questionnaire: Differential correlates of reactive and proactive aggression in adolescent boys. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 32, 159–171.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ram, D, George, M and Gowdappa, B (2018). Correlation of cognitive functions with emotional dysregulation in alcohol dependence: A preliminary study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 60, 307–311. doi:10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_183_18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhodes, RE and Kates, A (2015). Can the affective response to exercise predict future motives and physical activity behavior? A systematic review of published evidence. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 49, 715–731. doi:10.1007/s12160-015-9704-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rhodes, RE, Fiala, B and Conner, M (2009). A review and meta-analysis of affective judgments and physical activity in adult populations. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 38, 180–204. doi:10.1007/s12160-009-9147-y.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rivers, SE, Brackett, MA, Omori, M, Sickler, C, Bertoli, MC and Salovey, P (2013). Emotion skills as a protective factor for risky behaviors among college students. Journal of College Student Development, 54, 172–183. doi:10.1353/csd.2013.0012.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberton, T, Daffern, M and Bucks, RS (2012). Emotion regulation and aggression. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 17, 72–82. doi:10.1016/j.avb.2011.09.006.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roberton, T, Daffern, M and Bucks, RS (2014). Maladaptive emotion regulation and aggression in adult offenders. Psychology, Crime & Law, 20, 933–954. doi:10.1080/1068316X.2014.893333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roditis, M, Delucchi, K, Cash, D and Halpern-Felsher, B (2016). Adolescents’ perceptions of health risks, social risks, and benefits differ across tobacco products. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 558–566. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.01.012.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rogers, RW (1975). A protection motivation theory of fear appeals and attitude change. The Journal of Psychology, 91, 93–114. doi:10.1080/00223980.1975.9915803.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenstock, IM (1974). Historical origins of the health belief model. Health Education Monographs, 2, 328–335. doi:10.1177/109019817400200403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ryan, RM and Deci, EL (2018). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness (1st ed.). New York: The Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Šeibokaitė, L, Endriulaitienė, A, Sullman, MJ, Markšaitytė, R and Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė, K (2017). Difficulties in emotion regulation and risky driving among Lithuanian drivers. Traffic Injury Prevention, 18, 688–693. doi:10.1080/15389588.2017.1315109.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selby, EA and Joiner, TE (2009). Cascades of emotion: The emergence of borderline personality disorder from emotional and behavioral dysregulation. Review of General Psychology, 13, 219–229. doi:10.1037/a0015687.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sher, KJ and Grekin, ER (2007). Alcohol and affect regulation. In Gross, JJ (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 560–580). New York: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Shorey, RC, McNulty, JK, Moore, TM and Stuart, GL (2015). Emotion regulation moderates the association between proximal negative affect and intimate partner violence perpetration. Prevention Science, 16, 873–880. doi:10.1007/s11121-015-0568-5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sim, L and Zeman, J (2005). Emotion regulation factors as mediators between body dissatisfaction and bulimic symptoms in early adolescent girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 25, 478–496. doi:10.1177/0272431605279838.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stappenbeck, CA, Davis, KC, Cherf, N, Gulati, NK and Kajumulo, KF (2016). Emotion regulation difficulties moderate the association between heavy episodic drinking and dating violence perpetration among college men. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 25, 921–935. doi:10.1080/10926771.2016.1232328.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, RA (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 25–52. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.1994.tb01276.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Trógolo, MA, Melchior, F and Medrano, LA (2014). The role of difficulties in emotion regulation on driving behavior. Journal of Behavior, Health & Social Issues, 6, 107–117. doi:10.5460/jbhsi.v6.1.47607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, BJ, Chapman, AL and Layden, BK (2012). Intrapersonal and interpersonal functions of non suicidal self-injury: Associations with emotional and social functioning. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 42, 36–55. doi:10.1111/j.1943-278x.2011.00069.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, JM, Brener, N, Thornton, J, Harris, WA, Bryan, LN, Shanklin, SL, … Dittus, P (2020). Overview and methods for the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System - United States, 2019. MMWR Supplements, 69, 1–10. doi:10.15585/mmwr.su6901a1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Webb, TL, Miles, E and Sheeran, P (2012). Dealing with feeling: A meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation. Psychological Bulletin, 138, 775. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0027600.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, HA and Ferrand, RA (2019). Improving adolescent health: An evidence-based call to action. The Lancet, 393, 1073–1075. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32996-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weiss, NH, Sullivan, TP and Tull, MT (2015). Explicating the role of emotion dysregulation in risky behaviors: A review and synthesis of the literature with directions for future research and clinical practice. Current Opinion in Psychology, 3, 22–29. doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.013.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Whelton, WJ (2004). Emotional processes in psychotherapy: Evidence across therapeutic modalities. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 11, 58–71. doi:10.1002/cpp.392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiser, S and Telch, C F (1999) Dialectical behavior therapy for binge-eating disorder. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55, 755–768.3.0.CO;2-R>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wolff, JC, Thompson, E, Thomas, SA, Nesi, J, Bettis, AH, Ransford, B, … Liu, RT (2019). Emotion dysregulation and non-suicidal self-injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. European Psychiatry, 59, 25–36. doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2019.03.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (2021). Adolescent and young adult health Fact Sheet. Retrieved from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescents-health-risks-and-solutions.Google Scholar
Zafar, H, Debowska, A and Boduszek, D (2021). Emotion regulation difficulties and psychopathology among Pakistani adolescents. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 121–139. doi:10.1177%2F1359104520969765.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Žardeckaitė-Matulaitienė, K., Endriulaitienė, A., Šeibokaitė, L., Markšaitytė, R., & Slavinskienė, J. (2020). Difficulties in emotion regulation and attitudes towards risky driving in a group of pre-licensed drivers. Psychological Topics, 29, 339–356. doi:10.31820/pt.29.2.7.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, KS, Richardson, R and Baker, KD (2019). Maturational changes in prefrontal and amygdala circuits in adolescence: Implications for understanding fear inhibition during a vulnerable period of development. Brain Sciences, 9, 65. doi:10.3390/brainsci9030065.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zysberg, L and Rubanov, A (2010). Emotional intelligence and emotional eating patterns: A new insight into the antecedents of eating disorders? Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior, 42, 345–348. doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2009.08.009.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed