Hostname: page-component-89b8bd64d-72crv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-05-06T18:25:00.241Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Scientist-Practitioner Model Revisited: Strategies for Implementation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 October 2014

Rosemery O. Nelson-Gray
Rosemery O. Nelson-Gray*
Affiliation:
University of North Carolina
*
Psychology Department, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro NC 27412, USA
Get access

Abstract

The scientist-practitioner model remains valuable in improving the treatment of individual clients and in enhancing clinical science. One deterrent to its implementation, however, is the unsuitability of traditional research methods to clinical settings. Alternative research tools are presented, namely, practical ways to collect dependent measures, specification of treatment and measures of treatment integrity, and single-subject research designs.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Behaviour Change , Volume 11 , Issue 2 , June 1994 , pp. 61 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual for mental disorders, (3rd ed. revised). Washington, DC: Author.Google Scholar
Barlow, D.H., Hayes, S.C., & Nelson, R.O. (1984). The scientist-practitioner. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Barlow, D.H., & Hersen, M. (1984). Single-case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change (2nd ed.). New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Barlow, D.H., Reynolds, E.J., & Agras, W.S. (1973). Gender identity change in a transsexual. Archives of General Psychiatry, 28, 569–576.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A.T., Freeman, A., Pretzer, J., Davis, D.D., Fleming, B., Ottaviani, R., Beck, J., Simon, K.M., Padesky, C., Meyer, J., & Trexler, L. (1990). Cognitive therapy of personality disorders. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Beck, A.T., Rush, A.J., Shaw, B.F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Beck, A.T., Ward, C.H., Mendelson, M., Mock, J., & Erbaugh, J. (1961). An inventory for measuring depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 561–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloom, M., & Fischer, J. (1982). Evaluating practice: Guidelines for the accountable professional. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Bornstein, P.H., Bach, P.J., Heider, J.F., & Ernst, J. (1981). Clinical treatment of marital dysfunction: A multiple-baseline analysis. Behavioral Assessment, 3, 335–343.Google Scholar
Carr, E.G., & Durand, V.M. (1985). The social-communicative basis of severe behavior problems in children. In Reiss, S. & Bootzin, R. (Eds.), Theoretical issues in behavior therapy (pp. 219–254). New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Cronbach, L.J. (1975). Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology. American Psychologist, 30, 116–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Corcoran, K., & Fischer, J. (1987). Measures for clinical practice. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Davison, G.C., & Stuart, R.B. (1975). Behavior therapy and civil liberties. American Psychologist, 30, 755–763.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Epling, W.F., & Pierce, W.D. (1986). The basic importance of applied behavior analysis. The Behavior Analyst, 9, 89–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farmer, R., & Nelson-Gray, R.O. (1990). The accuracy of counting vs. estimating event frequency in behavioral assessment: The effects of behavior frequency, number of behaviors monitored, and time delay. Behavioral Assessment, 12, 425–442.Google Scholar
Galassi, J.P., & Brooks, L. (1992). Integrating scientist and practitioner training in counseling psychology: Practicum is the key. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 5, 57–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hall, R.V., Cristler, C., Cranston, S.S., & Tucker, B. (1970). Teachers and parents as researchers using multiple baseline designs. Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 3, 247–255.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, F.R., Wolf, M.M., & Baer, D.M. (1964). Effects of adult social reinforcement on child behavior. Young Children, 20, 8–17.Google Scholar
Hawkins, R.P. (1974, 03). Who decided that was the problem? Two stages of responsibility for applied behavior analysts. Paper presented at the First Drake Conference on Professional Issues in Behavior Analysis, Drake University, Des Moines, IA.Google Scholar
Hay, W.M., Hay, L.R., & Nelson, R.O. (1977a). Direct and collateral changes in on-task and academic behavior resulting from on-task versus academic contingencies. Behavior Therapy, 8, 431–441.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hay, W.M., Hay, L.R., & Nelson, R.O. (1977b). The adaptation of covert modeling procedures to the treatment of chronic alcoholism and obsessive-compulsive behavior: Two case reports. Behavior Therapy, 8, 70–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayes, S.C. (1981). Single case experimental design and empirical clinical practice. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 193–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haynes, S.N., Lemsky, C., & Sexton-Radek, K. (1987). Why clinicians infrequently do research. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 18, 515–519.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heppner, P.P., Carter, J.A., Claiborn, C.D., Brooks, L., Gelso, C.J., Fasinger, R.E., Holoway, E.L., Stone, G.L., Wampold, B.E., & Galassi, J.P. (1992). A proposal to integrate science and practice in counseling psychology. The Counseling Psychologist, 29, 107–122.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hersen, M., & Barlow, D.H. (1976). Single-case experimental designs: Strategies for studying behavior change. New York: Pergamon.Google Scholar
Hinkle, J.S. (1992). Computer-assisted career guidance and single-subject research: A scientist-practitioner approach to accountability. Journal of Counseling and Development, 70, 391–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hochbaum, G.M., Sorenson, J.R., & Lorig, K. (1992). Theory in health education practice. Health Education Quarterly, 19, 295–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jayaratne, S., & Levy, R.L. (1979). Empirical clinical practice. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Kanfer, F.H. (1990). The scientist-practitioner connection: A bridge in need of constant attention. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 21, 264–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kanfer, F.H. & Grimms, L.G. (1977). Behavioral analysis: Selecting target behaviors in the interview. Behavior Modification, 1, 7–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kazdin, A.E. (1981). Drawing valid inferences from case studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 183–192.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kazdin, A.E. (1982). Single-case research designs: Methods for clinical and applied settings. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kiesler, D.J. (1981). Empirical clinical psychology: Myth or reality? Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 212–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolko, D.J., Dorsett, P.G., & Milan, M.A. (1981). A total-assessment approach to the evaluation of social skills training: The effectiveness of an anger control program for adolescent psychiatric patients. Behavioral Assessment, 3, 383–402.Google Scholar
Kratochwill, T.R. (1978). Single-subject research: Strategies for evaluating change. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Leonard, S. (1981). Sex related motor behavior change: A demonstration of empirical clinical practice. Behavioral Assessment, 3, 403–410.Google Scholar
Martin, P.R. (1989). The scientist-practitioner model and clinical psychology: Time for change? Australian Psychologist, 24, 71–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Masters, W.H., & Johnson, V.E. (1970). Human sexual inadequacy. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
McKnight, D.L., Nelson, R.O., Hayes, S.C., & Jarrett, R.B. (1984). Importance of treating individually-assessed response classes in the amelioration of depression. Behavior Therapy, 15, 315–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehl, P.E. (1954). Clinical versus statistic prediction: A theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R.O. (1977). Assessment and therapeutic functions of self-monitoring. In Hersen, M., Eisler, R.M., & Miller, P.M. (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification, Vol. 5 (pp. 263–308). New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Nelson, R.O. (1981). Realistic dependent measures for clinical use. Journal of Consulting and Clinical psychology, 49, 168–182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, R.O. (1987). DSM-III and behavioral assessment. In Last, C.G. & Hersen, M. (Eds.), Issues in diagnostic research (pp. 303–327). New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R.O. (1988). Relationships between assessment and treatment from a behavioral perspective, Journal of psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 10, 155–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R.O., & Barlow, D.H. (1981). Behavioral assessment: Initial strategies and initial procedures. In Barlow, D.H. (Ed.), Behavioral assessment of adult disorders (pp. 13–43). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Nelson, R.O., & Hayes, S.C. (1986). The nature of behavioral assessment. In Nelson, R.O. & Hayes, S.C. (Eds.) Conceptual foundations of behavioral assessment (pp. 3–41). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Nelson-Gray, R.O., Harmon, R., Daniel, S.S., Johnson, D., & Foyle, L.W. (1992, 11). The effectiveness of cognitive therapy tailored to depressives with personality disorders. Paper presented to the meeting of the Association for Advancement of Behavior Therapy, Boston.Google Scholar
Pfeiffer, S.I., Burd, S., & Wright, A. (1992). Clinicians and research: Recurring obstacles and some possible solutions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 48, 140–145.3.0.CO;2-N>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O'Sullivan, J.J., & Quevillon, R.P. (1992). 40 years later — Is the Boulder Model still alive? American Psychologist, 47, 67–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raimy, V.C. (Ed.). (1950). Training in clinical psychology: Proceedings of the Boulder Conference on Graduate Education in Clinical Psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Rincover, A., Cook, R., People, A., & Packard, D. (1979). Sensory extinction and sensory reinforcement principles and programming multiple adaptive behavior change. Journal of Applied Behavioral Analysis, 12, 221–233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rounsaville, B.J., Chevron, E.S., & Weissman, M.M. (1984). Specification of techniques in interpersonal psychotherapy. In Williams, J. and Spitzer, R. (Eds.), Psychotherapy research: Where are we and where do we go? (pp. 160–171). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Simionato, R. (1991). The link between empirical research, epistemic values, and psychological practice. Australian Psychologist, 26, 123–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolpe, J. (1958). Psychotherapy by reciprocal inhibition. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Yeaton, W.H., & Securest, L. (1981). Critical dimensions in the choice and maintenance of successful treatments: Strength, integrity, and effectiveness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 49, 156–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed