Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-wq484 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T11:44:04.965Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cross-language interference in bilinguals with neurodegenerative disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2023

Marco Calabria Open the ORCID record for Marco Calabria [Opens in a new window]
Marco Calabria*
Affiliation:
Cognitive NeuroLab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
*
Corresponding author: Marco Calabria, Cognitive Neurolab, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, Rambla del Poblenou, 156 - 08018 Barcelona (Spain). Email: mcalabria@uoc.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The aim of the study is to explore the differential effects of neurodegenerative disorders on cross-language interference and facilitation, by comparing the performance in a bilingual Stroop task of Catalan–Spanish bilinguals with different neurodegenerative disorders [Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), n = 16; Alzheimer's disease (AD), n = 16; and Parkinson's disease (PD), n = 16)] and healthy controls (n = 14). Interference is the difference in naming latencies between the incongruent (colour words not matching with their ink colour) and control (non-colour words) conditions. Facilitation is the difference between the control and congruent conditions (colour words matching with their ink colour).

The results showed that AD and MCI patients, but not PD, showed a larger interference effect than healthy controls. Nevertheless, the patient groups showed the same facilitation effect as healthy controls.

The contribution of cortical and subcortical brain areas to cross-language interference suppression is discussed in relation to the type of brain degeneration.

Keywords

interference suppressionbilingual language controlneurodegenerative diseasesconflict monitoring
Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 27 , Issue 2 , March 2024 , pp. 217 - 228
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2007). Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20(3), 242–275.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23(4), 557–582. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690960801920602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2016). Neuroimaging of language control in bilinguals: Neural adaptation and reserve. Bilingualism, 19(4), 689–698. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728916000225CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abutalebi, J., Miozzo, A., & Cappa, S. F. (2000). Do subcortical structures control “language selection” in polyglots? Evidence from pathological language mixing. Neurocase, 6(1), 51–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790008402757Google Scholar
Adam, S., Collette, F., Van Der Linden, M., Lemauvais, L., & Salmon, E. (2005). Further exploration of controlled and automatic memory processes in early Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 19(4), 420–427. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.19.4.420CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aglioti, S., & Fabbro, F. (1993). Paradoxical selective recovery in a bilingual aphasic following subcortical lesions. NeuroReport, 4(12), 1359–1362. https://doi.org/10.1097/00001756-199309150-00019CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amieva, H., Phillips, L. H., Della Sala, S., & Henry, J. D. (2004). Inhibitory functioning in Alzheimer's disease. Brain, 127(5), 949–964. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh045CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Andrés, P., & Van der Linden, M. (2000). Age-related differences in supervisory attentional system functions. Journals of Gerontology - Series B Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 55(6), P373–P380. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/55.6.P373CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ansaldo, A. I., Saidi, L. G., & Ruiz, A. (2010). Model-driven intervention in bilingual aphasia: Evidence from a case of pathological language mixing. Aphasiology, 24(2), 309–324. https://doi.org/10.1080/02687030902958423CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bélanger, S., Belleville, S., & Gauthier, S. (2010). Inhibition impairments in Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment and healthy aging: Effect of congruency proportion in a Stroop task. Neuropsychologia, 48(2), 581–590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.10.021CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ben-David, B. M., Tewari, A., Shakuf, V., & Van Lieshout, P. H. H. M. (2014). Stroop effects in Alzheimer's disease: Selective attention speed of processing, or color-naming? A meta-analysis. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease, 38(4), 923–938. https://doi.org/10.3233/JAD-131244CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bondi, M. W., Serody, A. B., Chan, A. S., Eberson-Shumate, S. C., Delis, D. C., Hansen, L. A., & Salmon, D. P. (2002). Cognitive and neuropathologic correlates of Stroop Color-Word Test performance in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychology, 16(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1037/0894-4105.16.3.335CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Botvinick, M. M., Carter, C. S., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological Review, 108(3), 624–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Branzi, F. M., Della Rosa, P. A., Canini, M., Costa, A., & Abutalebi, J. (2016). Language control in bilinguals: Monitoring and response selection. Cerebral Cortex, 26(6), 2367–2380. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhv052CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bugg, J. M., DeLosh, E. L., Davalos, D. B., & Davis, H. P. (2007). Age differences in stroop interference: Contributions of general slowing and task-specific deficits. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 14(2), 155–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/138255891007065CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calabria, M., Marne, P., Romero-Pinel, L., Juncadella, M., & Costa, A. (2014). Losing control of your languages: A case study. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 31(3), 266–286. https://doi.org/10.1080/02643294.2013.879443CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calabria, M., Costa, A., Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2018). Neural basis of bilingual language control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1426(1), 221–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13879CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calabria, M., Pérez Pérez, J., Martínez-Horta, S., Horta-Barba, A., Carceller, M., Kulisevsky, J., & Costa, A. (2021). Language reconfiguration in bilinguals: A study with Huntington's disease patients. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism, 14(8), 459–483. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.18022.calCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cattaneo, G., Calabria, M., Marne, P., Gironell, A., Abutalebi, J., & Costa, A. (2015). The role of executive control in bilingual language production: A study with Parkinson's disease individuals. Neuropsychologia, 66, 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.11.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cattaneo, G., Costa, A., Gironell, A., & Calabria, M. (2020). On the specificity of bilingual language control: A study with Parkinson's disease patients. Bilingualism, 23(3), 570–578. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891900004XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, J. D., Dunbar, K., & McClelland, J. L. (1990). On the control of automatic processes: A parallel distributed processing account of the stroop effect. Psychological Review, 97(3), 332–361. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.97.3.332CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, A., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Is lexical selection in bilingual speech production language-specific? Further evidence from Spanish–English and English–Spanish bilinguals. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2(3), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728999000334CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A., Miozzo, M., & Caramazza, A. (1999). Lexical Selection in Bilinguals: Do Words in the Bilingual's Two Lexicons Compete for Selection? Journal of Memory and Language, 41(3), 365–397. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1999.2651CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A., La Heij, W., & Navarrete, E. (2006). The dynamics of bilingual lexical access. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(2), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002495CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A., Albareda, B., & Santesteban, M. (2008). Assessing the presence of lexical competition across languages: Evidence from the Stroop task. Bilingualism, 11(1), 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728907003252CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Djamshidian, A., O'Sullivan, S. S., Lees, A., & Averbeck, B. B. (2011). Stroop test performance in impulsive and non impulsive patients with Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders, 17(3), 212–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2010.12.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duke, L. M., & Kaszniak, A. W. (2000). Executive control functions in degenerative dementias: A comparative review. Neuropsychology Review, 10(2), 75-99. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1009096603879CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dulaney, C. L., & Rogers, W. A. (1994). Mechanisms underlying reduction in Stroop interference with practice for young and old adults. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 20(2), 470.Google ScholarPubMed
Duong, A., Whitehead, V., Hanratty, K., & Chertkow, H. (2006). The nature of lexico-semantic processing deficits in mild cognitive impairment. Neuropsychologia, 44(10), 1928–1935.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Esposito, A. G., Baker-Ward, L., & Mueller, S. T. (2013). Interference suppression vs. response inhibition: An explanation for the absence of a bilingual advantage in preschoolers’ Stroop task performance. Cognitive development, 28(4), 354–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fabbro, F., Skrap, M., & Aglioti, S. (2000). Pathological switching between languages after frontal lesions in a bilingual patient. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 68(5), 650–652. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.68.5.650CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Faust, M. E., & Balota, D. A. (2008). Inhibition, facilitation, and attentional control in dementia of the Alzheimer's type: The role of unifying principles in cognitive theory development. In Gorfein, D. S. & MacLeod, C. M. (Eds.), Inhibition in cognition. (pp. 213–238). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, M., Almeida, J., Janssen, N., & Caramazza, A. (2006a). Lexical selection in bilingual speech production does not involve language suppression. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 32(5), 1075–1089. https://doi.org/10.1037/0278-7393.32.5.1075Google Scholar
Finkbeiner, M., Gollan, T. H., & Caramazza, A. (2006b). Lexical access in bilingual speakers: What's the (hard) problem? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9(2), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002501CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975). Mini-mental state: apractical method for grading the mental state of patients for clinicians. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 12, 189–198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Forster, K. I., & Forster, J. C. (2003). DMDX: A Windows display program with millisecond accuracy. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 35(1), 116–124. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03195503CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
García-Caballero, A., García-Lado, I., González-Hermida, J., Area, R., Recimil, M. J., Juncos Rabadán, O., Lamas, S., Ozaita, G., & Jorge, F. J. (2007). Paradoxical recovery in a bilingual patient with aphasia after right capsuloputaminal infarction. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 78(1), 89–91. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2006.095406CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girelli, L., Sandrini, M., Cappa, S., & Butterworth, B. (2001). Number-Stroop performance in normal aging and Alzheimer's-type dementia. Brain and Cognition, 46(1–2). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(01)80053-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Goetz, C. C. (2003). The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS): Status and recommendations. In Movement Disorders (Vol. 18, Issue 7, pp. 738–750). https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.10473Google Scholar
Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2008). Understanding the link between bilingual aphasia and language control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21(6), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2008.01.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. W., & Abutalebi, J. (2013). Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 25(5), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.796377CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Henik, A., Singh, J., Beckley, D. J., & Rafal, R. D. (1993). Disinhibition of Automatic Word Reading in Parkinson's Disease. Cortex, 29(4), 589–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(13)80283-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Howard, D., Patterson, K. E., & Thames Valley Test Company (1992). The pyramids and palm trees test. Bury St Edmunds, UK: Thames Valley Test Company Ltd.Google Scholar
Hsieh, Y. H., Chen, K. J., Wang, C. C., & Lai, C. L. (2008). Cognitive and motor components of response speed in the Stroop test in Parkinson's disease patients. Kaohsiung Journal of Medical Sciences, 24(4), 197–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1607-551X(08)70117-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L., & Lees, A. J. (1992). Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry, 55(3), 181–184. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.55.3.181CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jeffrey, K. D., & Jacoby, T. L. (2006). The Aging of Executive Functions. In Bialystok, E. & Craik, F. I. M. (Eds.), Lifespan Cognition: Mechanisms of Change. Portland: Ringgold, Inc.Google Scholar
Kong, A. P. H., Abutalebi, J., Lam, K. S. Y., & Weekes, B. (2014). Executive and language control in the multilingual brain. Behavioural Neurology, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/527951CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kousaie, S., & Phillips, N. A. (2012). Ageing and bilingualism: Absence of a “bilingual advantage” in Stroop interference in a nonimmigrant sample. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 65(2), 356–369. https://doi.org/10.1080/17470218.2011.604788CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Heij, W. (2005). Selection processes in monolingual and bilingual lexical access. In Kroll, J. F. & de Groot, A. M. B. (Eds.), Handbook of bilingualism: Psycholinguistic approaches (pp. 289–307). Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Leemann, B., Laganaro, M., Schwitter, V., & Schnider, A. (2007). Paradoxical switching to a barely-mastered second language by an aphasic patient. Neurocase, 13(3), 209–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790701502667CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, F., Li, S., & Guo, T. (2016). Reactive and proactive control in bilingual word production: An investigation of influential factors. Journal of Memory and Language, 86, 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2015.08.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacLeod, C. M. (1991). Half a century of reseach on the stroop effect: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 109(2), 163–203. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.109.2.163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mariën, P., Abutalebi, J., Engelborghs, S., & De Deyn, P. P. (2005). Pathophysiology of language switching and mixing in an early bilingual child with subcortical aphasia. Neurocase, 11(6), 385–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/13554790500212880CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKhann, G. M., Knopman, D. S., Chertkow, H., Hyman, B. T., Jack, C. R. Jr, Kawas, C. H., Klunk, W. E., Koroshetz, W. J., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., Mohs, R. C., Morris, J. C., Rossor, M. N., Scheltens, P., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., Weintraub, S., & Phelps, C. H. (2011). The diagnosis of dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: recommendations from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association, 7(3), 263–269. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.005CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Melara, R. D., & Algom, D. (2003). Driven by information: A tectonic theory of Stroop effects. Psychological Review, 110(3), 422–471. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.110.3.422CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mendez, M. F., Perryman, K. M., Ponton, M. O., & Cummings, J. L. (1999). Bilingualism and dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 11(3), 411–412. https://doi.org/10.1176/jnp.11.3.411CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Montoya, A., Price, B. H., Menear, M., & Lepage, M. (2006). Brain imaging and cognitive dysfunctions in Huntington's disease. Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, 31(1), 21–29.Google ScholarPubMed
Morris, J. C., Heyman, A., Mohs, R. C., Hughes, J. P., van Belle, G., Fillenbaum, G., Mellits, E. D., & Clark, C. (1989). The consortium to establish a registry for Alzheimer's disease (CERAD): I. Clinical and neuropsychological assessment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurology, 39(9), 1159–1165. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.39.9.1159Google Scholar
Owen, A. M. (2004). Cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease: the role of frontostriatal circuitry. The Neuroscientist, 10(6), 525–537. https://doi.org/10.1177/1073858404266776CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parris, B. A., Augustinova, M., & Ferrand, L. (2019). Editorial: The Locus of the Stroop Effect. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2860. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02860CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parris, B. A., Hasshim, N., Wadsley, M., Augustinova, M., & Ferrand, L. (2022). The loci of Stroop effects: a critical review of methods and evidence for levels of processing contributing to color-word Stroop effects and the implications for the loci of attentional selection. Psychological Research, 86(4), 1029–1053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00426-021-01554-xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peña-Casanova, J., Quiñones-Úbeda, S., Gramunt-Fombuena, N., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Cerulla, N., Molinuevo, J. L., Ruiz, E., Robles, A., Barquero, M. S., Antúnez, C., Martínez-Parra, C., Frank-García, A., Fernández, M., Alfonso, V., Sol, J. M., & Blesa, R. (2009a). Spanish multicenter normative studies (NEURONORMA project): Norms for verbal fluency tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(4), 395–411. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp042CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Peña-Casanova, J., Quiñones-Úbeda, S., Quintana-Aparicio, M., Aguilar, M., Badenes, D., Molinuevo, J. L., Torner, L., Robles, A., Barquero, M. S., Villanueva, C., Antúnez, C., Martínez-Parra, C., Frank-García, A., Sanz, A., Fernández, M., Alfonso, V., Sol, J. M., Blesa, R., & Team, for the N. S. (2009b). Spanish Multicenter Normative Studies (NEURONORMA Project): Norms for Verbal Span, Visuospatial Span, Letter and Number Sequencing, Trail Making Test, and Symbol Digit Modalities Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 24(4), 321–341. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acp038CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Periáñez, J. A., Lubrini, G., García-Gutiérrez, A., & Ríos-Lago, M. (2021). Construct validity of the stroop color-word test: Influence of speed of visual search, verbal fluency, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and conflict monitoring. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 36(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acaa034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Protopapas, A. (2007). CheckVocal: A program to facilitate checking the accuracy and response time of vocal responses from DMDX. Behavior Research Methods, 39(4), 859–862. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03192979CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the Trail Making Test as an Indicator of Organic Brain Damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8(3), 271–276. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roelofs, A. (2010). Attention and Facilitation: Converging Information Versus Inadvertent Reading in Stroop Task Performance. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 36(2), 411–422. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018523Google ScholarPubMed
Roelofs, A., & Hagoort, P. (2002). Control of language use: Cognitive modeling of the hemodynamics of Stroop task performance. Cognitive Brain Research, 15(1), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00218-5CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sampedro, F., Marín-Lahoz, J., Martínez-Horta, S., Camacho, V., Lopez-Mora, D. A., Pagonabarraga, J., & Kulisevsky, J. (2021). Extrastriatal SPECT-DAT uptake correlates with clinical and biological features of de novo Parkinson's disease. Neurobiology of Aging, 97, 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.10.016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scarpina, F., & Tagini, S. (2017). The stroop color and word test. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 557. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00557CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sisco, S. M., Slonena, E., Okun, M. S., Bowers, D., & Price, C. C. (2016). Parkinson's disease and the Stroop color word test: processing speed and interference algorithms. Clinical Neuropsychologist, 30(7), 1104–1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/13854046.2016.1188989CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Snowden, J. S. (2017). The neuropsychology of Huntington's disease. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 32(7), 876–887.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spieler, D. H., Balota, D. A., & Faust, M. E. (1996). Stroop Performance in Healthy Younger and Older Adults and in Individuals with Dementia of the Alzheimer's Type. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 22(2), 461–479. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-1523.22.2.461Google ScholarPubMed
Stilwell, B. L., Dow, R. M., Lamers, C., & Woods, R. T. (2016). Language changes in bilingual individuals with Alzheimer's disease. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 51(2), 113–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12190CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sulpizio, S., Del Maschio, N., Fedeli, D., & Abutalebi, J. (2020). Bilingual language processing: A meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 108, 834–853. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.12.014CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swanberg, M. M., Tractenberg, R. E., Mohs, R., Thal, L. J., & Cummings, J. L. (2004). Executive dysfunction in Alzheimer disease. Archives of Neurology, 61(4), 556–560. https://doi.org/10.1001/archneur.61.4.556CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Talwar, P., Kushwaha, S., Chaturvedi, M., & Mahajan, V. (2021). Systematic Review of Different Neuroimaging Correlates in Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease. Clinical Neuroradiology, 31(4), 953–967. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00062-021-01057-7CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tse, C. S., Balota, D. A., Yap, M. J., Duchek, J. M., & McCabe, D. P. (2010). Effects of healthy aging and early stage dementia of the Alzheimer's type on components of response time distributions in three attention tasks. Neuropsychology, 24(3), 300–315. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018274CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Williams-Gray, C. H., Evans, J. R., Goris, A., Foltynie, T., Ban, M., Robbins, T. W., Brayne, C., Kolachana, B. S., Weinberger, D. R., Sawcer, S. J., & Barker, R. A. (2009). The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson's disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort. Brain, 132(11), 2958–2969. https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awp245CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zied, K. M., Phillipe, A., Karine, P., Valerie, H. T., Ghislaine, A., Arnaud, R., & Didier, L. G. (2004). Bilingualism and adult differences in inhibitory mechanisms: Evidence from a bilingual stroop task. Brain and Cognition, 54(3), 254–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2004.02.036CrossRefGoogle Scholar