Hostname: page-component-54dcc4c588-2bdfx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-09-11T07:09:25.622Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dynamic engagement of cognitive control in intra-sentential code-switching during comprehension

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 May 2022

Siyi Jiang Open the ORCID record for Siyi Jiang [Opens in a new window] ,
Lvheng Ma  and
Baoguo Chen
Siyi Jiang
Affiliation:
Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Lvheng Ma
Affiliation:
Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Baoguo Chen*
Affiliation:
Beijing Key Laboratory of Applied Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
*
Address for correspondence: Baoguo Chen Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University No. 19, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China E-mail: Chenbg@bnu.edu.cn
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study investigated whether the deployment of cognitive control was modulated by the intra-sentential code-switching types during comprehension. L1-dominant Chinese–English bilinguals were administered a self-paced reading task in two reading contexts – namely, alternation context and dense code-switching context. We assessed language switch cost and reversed language dominance effect in the self-paced reading task and examined how these language control measures related to domain-general inhibition and monitoring capacities. The results showed a larger switch cost asymmetry in alternation context compared to dense CS context. In addition, bilinguals’ inhibition skills were associated with second language (L2) switch cost in alternation context, while monitoring tended to predict the language dominance effect in dense code-switching context. These findings suggest that alternation context exerts high requirement to reactive inhibition while dense code-switching context tends to induce proactive monitoring during comprehension. We conclude that intra-sentential code-switching types trigger different aspects of cognitive control during comprehension.

Keywords

bilingualinhibitionmonitoringcode-switching typeslanguage control

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 26 , Issue 1 , January 2023 , pp. 62 - 77
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Abutalebi, J, Annoni, JM, Zimine, I, Pegna, AJ, Seghier, ML, Lee-Jahnke, H, Lazeyras, F, Cappa, SF and Khateb, A (2008) Language control and lexical competition in bilinguals: An event-related fMRI study. Cerebral Cortex 18(7), 1496–1505. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhm182CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Abutalebi, J, Brambati, SM, Annoni, JM, Moro, A, Cappa, SF and Perani, D (2007) The neural cost of the auditory perception of language switches: An event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study in bilinguals. Journal of Neuroscience 27(50), 13762–13769. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3294-07.2007CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, RM, Valdés Kroff, JR and Novick, JM (2020) Does Integrating a Code-Switch During Comprehension Engage Cognitive Control? Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 46(4), 741–759. https://doi.org/10.1037/xlm0000755Google ScholarPubMed
Angele, B, Tran, R and Rayner, K (2013) Parafoveal-foveal overlap can facilitate ongoing word identification during reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 39(2), 526–538. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029492Google ScholarPubMed
Barr, DJ, Levy, R, Scheepers, C and Tily, HJ (2013) Random effects structure for confirmatory hypothesis testing: Keep it maximal. Journal of Memory and Language 68(3), 255–278. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2012.11.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bates, D, Mächler, M, Bolker, BM and Walker, SC (2015) Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical Software 67(1), 1-48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty-Martínez, AL and Dussias, PE (2017) Bilingual experience shapes language processing: Evidence from codeswitching. Journal of Memory and Language 95, 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2017.04.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blanco-Elorrieta, E and Pylkkänen, L (2016) Bilingual language control in perception versus action: Meg reveals comprehension control mechanisms in anterior cingulate cortex and domain-general control of production in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 36(2), 290–301. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2597-15.2016CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blanco-Elorrieta, E and Pylkkänen, L (2017) Bilingual language switching in the laboratory versus in the wild: The spatiotemporal dynamics of adaptive language control. Journal of Neuroscience 37(37), 9022–9036. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0553-17.2017CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobb, SC and Wodniecka, Z (2013) Language switching in picture naming: What asymmetric switch costs (do not) tell us about inhibition in bilingual speech planning. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 25(5), 568–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.792822CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bosma, E and Pablos, L (2020) Switching direction modulates the engagement of cognitive control in bilingual reading comprehension: An ERP study. Journal of Neurolinguistics 55, 100894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2020.100894CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braver, TS (2012) The variable nature of cognitive control: A dual mechanisms framework. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 16(2), 106–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2011.12.010CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bultena, S, Dijkstra, T and van Hell, JG (2015a) Language switch costs in sentence comprehension depend on language dominance: Evidence from self-paced reading. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18(3), 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728914000145CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bultena, S, Dijkstra, T and van Hell, JG (2015b) Switch cost modulations in bilingual sentence processing: evidence from shadowing. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 30(5), 586–605. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.964268CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, J, Zhao, Y, Zhaxi, C and Liu, X (2020) How does parallel language activation affect switch costs during trilingual language comprehension? Journal of Cognitive Psychology 32, 526–542. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2020.1788036CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christensen, RHB (2019) ordinal: Regression Models for Ordinal Data. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=ordinalGoogle Scholar
Christoffels, IK, Firk, C and Schiller, NO (2007) Bilingual language control: An event-related brain potential study. Brain Research 1147(1), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.137CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Christoffels, IK, Ganushchak, L and La Heij, W (2016) When L1 suffers. Sustained, global slowing and the reversed language effect in mixed context. In Schwieter, JW (ed), Cognitive Control and Consequences of Multilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company (pp. 171–192).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A, Hernández, M, Costa-Faidella, J and Sebastián-Gallés, N (2009) On the bilingual advantage in conflict processing: Now you see it, now you don't. Cognition 113(2), 135–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2009.08.001CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Declerck, M (2020) What about proactive language control? Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 27(1), 24–35. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-019-01654-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Declerck, M, Eben, C and Grainger, J (2019) A different perspective on domain-general language control using the flanker task. Acta Psychologica 198, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102884CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Declerck, M, Koch, I, Duñabeitia, JA, Grainger, J and Stephan, DN (2019) What absent switch costs and mixing costs during bilingual language comprehension can tell us about language control. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 45(6), 771–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/xhp0000627Google ScholarPubMed
Declerck, M and Philipp, AM (2015a) A sentence to remember: Instructed language switching in sentence production. Cognition 137, 166–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cognition.2015.01.006CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Declerck, M and Philipp, AM (2015b) A review of control processes and their locus in language switching. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review 22(6), 1630–1645. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-015-0836-1CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dijkstra, T and Van Heuven, WJB (1998) The BIA model and bilingual word recognition. In Grainger, J & Jacobs, AM (eds), Localist connectionist approaches to human cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates (pp. 189-225).Google Scholar
Fernandez, CB, Litcofsky, KA and van Hell, JG (2019) Neural correlates of intra-sentential code-switching in the auditory modality. Journal of Neurolinguistics 51, 17–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2018.10.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goh, HH (2016) Mandarin competence of Chinese–English bilingual preschoolers: A corpus-based analysis of Singaporean children's speech. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2225-8Google Scholar
Gollan, TH and Goldrick, M (2016) Grammatical constraints on language switching: Language control is not just executive control. Journal of Memory and Language 90, 177–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2016.04.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosselin, L and Sabourin, L (2021) Lexical-semantic processing costs are not inherent to intra-sentential code-switching: The role of switching habits. Neuropsychologia 159, 107922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2021.107922CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, DW (1998) Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1(2), 67–81. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728998000133CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, DW and Abutalebi, J (2013) Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis. Journal of Cognitive Psychology 25(5), 515–530. https://doi.org/10.1080/20445911.2013.796377CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Green, DW and Wei, L (2014) A control process model of code-switching. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 29(4), 499–511. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2014.882515CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, F (1998) Studying Bilinguals: Methodological and Conceptual Issues. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 1(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672899800025XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, F (2001) The bilingual's language modes. In Nicol, JL (ed), One Mind, Two Languages: Bilingual Language Processing. Oxford: Blackwell (pp. 1–22).Google Scholar
Grosjean, F (2008) Studying bilinguals. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Gross, MC, Lopez, E, Buac, M and Kaushanskaya, M (2019) Processing of code-switched sentences by bilingual children: Cognitive and linguistic predictors. Cognitive Development 52, 100821. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogdev.2019.100821CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gullifer, JW, Kroll, JF and Dussias, PE (2013) When language switching has no apparent cost: Lexical access in sentence context. Frontiers in Psychology 4, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00278CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hofweber, J, Marinis, T and Treffers-Daller, J (2016) Effects of dense code-switching on executive control. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 6(5), 648–668. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.15052.hofCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofweber, J, Marinis, T and Treffers-Daller, J (2018) Predicting executive functions in bilinguals using ecologically valid measures of code- switching behavior. In Miller, D, Bayram, F, Rothman, J & Serratrice, L (eds.), Bilingual Cognition and Language. The State of the Science Across its Subfields. Studies in Bilingualism. Amsterdam: John Benjamins (pp. 181–205). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.54Google Scholar
Hofweber, J, Marinis, T and Treffers-Daller, J (2020a) How different code-switching types modulate bilinguals’ executive functions: A dual control mode perspective. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23, 909–925. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728919000804CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofweber, J, Marinis, T and Treffers-Daller, J (2020b) Experimentally Induced Language Modes and Regular Code-Switching Habits Boost Bilinguals’ Executive Performance: Evidence From a Within-Subject Paradigm. Frontiers in Psychology 11, 542326. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.542326CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ibáñez, AJ, Macizo, P and Bajo, MT (2010) Language access and language selection in professional translators. Acta Psychologica 135(2), 257–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2010.07.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, GM, Swainson, R, Cunnington, R and Jackson, SR (2001) ERP correlates of executive control during repeated language switching. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 4(2), 169–178. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1366728901000268CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiao, L, Liu, C, de Bruin, A and Chen, B (2020a) Effects of language context on executive control in unbalanced bilinguals: An ERPs study. Psychophysiology 57(11), e13653. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13653CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiao, L, Grundy, JG, Liu, C and Chen, B (2020b) Language context modulates executive control in bilinguals: Evidence from language production. Neuropsychologia 142, 107441. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107441CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiao, L, Liu, C, Liang, L, Plummer, P, Perfetti, CA and Chen, B (2019) The contributions of language control to executive functions: From the perspective of bilingual comprehension. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 72(8), 1984–1997. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747021818821601CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiao, L, Liu, C, Schwieter, JW and Chen, B (2021) The switching between newly learned languages impacts executive control. Psychophysiology 58(10), e13888. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13888CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Just, MA, Carpenter, PA and Woolley, JD (1982) Paradigms and processes in reading comprehension. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 111(2), 228–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0096-3445.111.2.228CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jylkkä, J, Laine, M and Lehtonen, M (2020) Does language switching behavior rely on general executive functions? Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24(3), 583–595. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728920000619CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jylkkä, J, Lehtonen, M, Kuusakoski, A, Lindholm, F, Hut, SCA and Laine, M (2018a) The role of general executive functions in receptive language switching and monitoring. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21(4), 839–855. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000384CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jylkkä, J, Lehtonen, M, Lindholm, F, Kuusakoski, A and Laine, M (2018b) The relationship between general executive functions and bilingual switching and monitoring in language production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 21(3), 505–522. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728917000104CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kang, PSC (2017) Exploration of Code-Switching as a Mechanism Underlying Executive Function Performance in 8-Year-Old English-Chinese Bilinguals. Cornell University. Retrieved from https://www.proquest.com/dissertations-theses/exploration-code-switching-as-mechanism/docview/1925000252/se-2?accountid=13151Google Scholar
Kleiman, E (2021) EMAtools: Data Management Tools for Real-Time Monitoring/Ecological Momentary Assessment Data. Retrieved from https://cran.r-project.org/package=EMAtoolsGoogle Scholar
Kootstra, GJ, van Hell, JG and Dijkstra, T (2010) Syntactic alignment and shared word order in code-switched sentence production: Evidence from bilingual monologue and dialogue. Journal of Memory and Language 63(2), 210–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2010.03.006CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kootstra, GJ, van Hell, JG and Dijkstra, T (2012) Priming of code-switches in sentences: The role of lexical repetition, cognates, and language proficiency. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15(4), 797–819. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100068XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuznetsova, A, Brockhoff, PB and Christensen, RHB (2017) lmerTest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models. Journal of Statistical Software 82(13), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lai, G and O'Brien, BA (2020) Examining Language Switching and Cognitive Control Through the Adaptive Control Hypothesis. Frontiers in Psychology 11, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01171CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Li, S, Botezatu, MR, Zhang, M and Guo, T (2021) Different inhibitory control components predict different levels of language control in bilinguals. Memory and Cognition 49(4), 758–770. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13421-020-01131-4CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liao, CH and Chan, SH (2016) Direction matters: Event-related brain potentials reflect extra processing costs in switching from the dominant to the less dominant language. Journal of Neurolinguistics 40(162), 79–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2016.06.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linck, JA, Schwieter, JW and Sunderman, G (2012) Inhibitory control predicts language switching performance in trilingual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 15(3), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1017/S136672891100054XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Litcofsky, KA and van Hell, JG (2017) Switching direction affects switching costs: Behavioral, ERP and time-frequency analyses of intra-sentential codeswitching. Neuropsychologia 97, 112–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.02.002Google ScholarPubMed
Liu, H (2018) Intra-speaker variation in Chinese–English code-switching: The interaction between cognitive and contextual factors. International Journal of Bilingualism 22(6), 740–762. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367006917698586CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H, Dunlap, S, Wu, MS, Liang, L, Lu, Y and Chen, B (2017) Inhibitory control predicts quasi language switching performance: evidence from face-to-face dialogue. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 32(6), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2016.1262964CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, H, Rossi, S, Zhou, H and Chen, B (2014) Electrophysiological evidence for domain-general inhibitory control during bilingual language switching. PLoS ONE 9(10), e110887. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110887CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, F, Li, S and Guo, T (2016) Reactive and proactive control in bilingual word production: An investigation of influential factors. Journal of Memory and Language 86, 35–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jml.2015.08.004CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macizo, P, Bajo, T and Paolieri, D (2012) Language switching and language competition. Second Language Research 28(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267658311434893CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meuter, RFI and Allport, A (1999) Bilingual switching in naming: asymmetrical cost of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language 40(1), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1006/jmla.1998.2602CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyake, A, Friedman, NP, Emerson, MJ, Witzki, AH, Howerter, A and Wager, TD (2000) The Unity and Diversity of Executive Functions and Their Contributions to Complex “Frontal Lobe” Tasks: A Latent Variable Analysis. Cognitive Psychology 41(1), 49–100. https://doi.org/10.1006/cogp.1999.0734CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moreno, EM, Federmeier, KD and Kutas, M (2002) Switching languages, switching Palabras (words): An electrophysiological study of code switching. Brain and Language 80(2), 188–207. https://doi.org/10.1006/brln.2001.2588CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mosca, M and Clahsen, H (2016) Examining language switching in bilinguals: The role of preparation time. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 19(2), 415–424. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728915000693CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mosca, M and de Bot, K (2017) Bilingual language switching: Production vs. recognition. Frontiers in Psychology 8, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00934Google ScholarPubMed
Muysken, P (2000) Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Olson, DJ (2016) The gradient effect of context on language switching and lexical access in bilingual production. Applied Psycholinguistics 37(3), 725–756. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716415000223CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olson, DJ (2017) Bilingual language switching costs in auditory comprehension. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience 32(4), 494–513. https://doi.org/10.1080/23273798.2016.1250927CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paap, KR and Greenberg, ZI (2013) There is no coherent evidence for a bilingual advantage in executive processing. Cognitive Psychology 66(2), 232–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.12.002CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pérez, A and Duñabeitia, JA (2019) Speech perception in bilingual contexts: Neuropsychological impact of mixing languages at the inter-sentential level. Journal of Neurolinguistics 51, 258–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2019.04.002CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philipp, AM, Gade, M and Koch, I (2007) Inhibitory processes in language switching: Evidence from switching language-defined response sets. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology 19(3), 395–416. https://doi.org/10.1080/09541440600758812CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pivneva, I, Mercier, J and Titone, D (2014) Executive control modulates cross-language lexical activation during L2 reading: Evidence from eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition 40(3), 787–796. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035583Google ScholarPubMed
Proverbio, AM, Leoni, G and Zani, A (2004) Language switching mechanisms in simultaneous interpreters: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 42(12), 1636–1656. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2004.04.013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratiu, I and Azuma, T (2017) Language control in bilingual adults with and without history of mild traumatic brain injury. Brain and Language 166, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2016.12.004CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez-Fornells, A, Krämer, UM, Lorenzo-Seva, U, Festman, J and Münte, TF (2012) Self-assessment of individual differences in language switching. Frontiers in Psychology 3, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00388Google Scholar
Schwieter, JW and Sunderman, G (2008) Language switching in bilingual speech production. The Mental Lexicon 3(2), 214–238. https://doi.org/10.1075/ml.3.2.06schCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Struys, E, Woumans, E, Nour, S, Kepinska, O and Van Den Noort, M (2019) A domain-general monitoring account of language switching in recognition tasks: Evidence for adaptive control. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22(3), 606–623. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000342CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tarlowski, A, Wodniecka, Z and Marzecová, A (2013) Language Switching in the Production of Phrases. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 42(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10936-012-9203-9CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timmer, K, Christoffels, IK and Costa, A (2019) On the flexibility of bilingual language control: The effect of language context. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 22(3), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728918000329CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Treffers-Daller, J (2009) Code-switching and transfer: an exploration of similarities and differences. In Bullock, BE & Toribio, AJ (eds), The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press (pp. 58–74).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdés Kroff, JR, Guzzardo Tamargo, RE and Dussias, PE (2018) Experimental contributions of eye-tracking to the understanding of comprehension processes while hearing and reading code-switches. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 8(1), 98–133. https://doi.org/10.1075/lab.16011.valCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Valdés Kroff, JR, Román, P and Dussias, PE (2020) Are All Code-Switches Processed Alike? Examining Semantic v. Language Unexpectancy. Frontiers in Psychology 11, 2138-2138. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02138CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Der Meij, M, Cuetos, F, Carreiras, M and Barber, HA (2011) Electrophysiological correlates of language switching in second language learners. Psychophysiology 48(1), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8986.2010.01039.xCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wang, X (2015) Language control in bilingual language comprehension: evidence from the maze task. Frontiers in Psychology 6, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01179CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, YJ and Thierry, G (2013) Fast modulation of executive function by language context in bilinguals. Journal of Neuroscience 33(33), 13533–13537. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4760-12.2013CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: PDF

Jiang et al. supplementary material

Jiang et al. supplementary material

Download Jiang et al. supplementary material(PDF)
PDF 191 KB