Hostname: page-component-77f85d65b8-v2srd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-04-21T09:06:56.081Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Representation, Processing and Code-switching*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 August 2016

JOHN TRUSCOTT  and
MIKE SHARWOOD SMITH
JOHN TRUSCOTT*
Affiliation:
National Tsing Hua University, Taiwan
MIKE SHARWOOD SMITH
Affiliation:
Honorary Professorial Fellow, Edinburgh University Professor Emeritus, Heriot-Watt University
*
Address for correspondence: John Truscott, Center for Teacher Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwantruscott@mx.nthu.edu.tw
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

An account of code-switching should be a direct consequence of an understanding of representation and processing in the individual mind, rather than a separate domain of its own. In the absence of such an account, most studies have developed hypotheses strictly within a specific research domain. This paper seeks to apply to code-switching a reasonably well-developed account of the multilingual mind, the MOGUL framework, within which more specific accounts can be developed. After briefly summarizing the framework, we describe representation and processing as realized in MOGUL, focusing on aspects having particular relevance to code-switching, including social factors involved in switching but as seen in terms of their place in a cognitive system. We then show how a promising approach to code-switching can be derived from this general framework. Some specific examples of code-switching are analyzed, though the primary goal is to show the merits of a broader perspective.

Keywords

code-switchingMOGUL frameworkcontextgoalsvalue

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition , Volume 20 , Issue 5 , November 2017 , pp. 903 - 916
Check for updates
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

Footnotes

*

The work presented in this paper benefitted from a grant (103B0085M3) from Taiwan's Ministry of Science and Technology. We also wish to thank Pi-Chuan Lee for help with the Chinese examples and the anonymous reviewers for a number of helpful comments.

References

Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. W. (2008). Control mechanisms in bilingual language production: Neural evidence from language switching studies. Language and Cognitive Processes, 23, 557–582. doi: 10.1080/01690960801920602 Google Scholar
Albert, M., & Obler, L. (1978). The bilingual brain: Neuropsychological and neurolinguistic aspects of bilingualism. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Auer, P. (1984). Bilingual conversation. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Auer, P. (1995). The pragmatics of code-switching: A sequential approach. In Milroy, L. & Muysken, P. (eds.), One speaker two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching, pp. 115–135. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (2007). Working memory, thought, and action. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (2012). Working memory: Theories, models, and controversies. Annual Review of Psychology, 63, 1–29. doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100422 Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974). Working memory. In Bower, G. H. (ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory, pp. 47–89. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Belazi, H. M., Rubin, E. J., & Toribio, A. J. (1994). Code switching and X-Bar Theory: The Functional Head Constraint. Linguistic Inquiry, 25, 221–237.Google Scholar
Bhatt, R. M., & Bolonyai, A. (2011). Code-switching and the optimal grammar of bilingual language use. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 14, 522–546. doi: 10.1017/S1366728910000295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bialystok, E., & Craik, F. I. M. (2010). Cognitive and linguistic processing in the bilingual mind. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 19, 19–23.Google Scholar
Blom, J.-P., & Gumperz, J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Code switching in northern Norway. In Gumperz, J. & Hymes, D. (eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication, pp. 407–434. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar
Brown, R. (1973). A first language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Bullock, B. E., & Toribio, A. J. (2009). The handbook of linguistic code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Costa, A. (2006). Bilingual speech production. In Bhatia, T. K. & Ritchie, W. C. (eds.), The handbook of bilingualism, pp. 201–223. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Ivanova, I. (2006). How do highly proficient bilinguals control their lexicalization process? Inhibitory and language-specific selection mechanisms are both functional. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 3, 1057–1074. doi: 10.1037/0278-7393.32.5.1057 Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (1993). Activation, attention, and short-term memory. Memory and Cognition, 21, 162–167.Google Scholar
Cowan, N. (2005). Working memory capacity. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Di Sciullo, A.-M., Muysken, P., & Singh, R. (1986). Government and code-mixing. Journal of Linguistics, 22, 1–24.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, A. F. J., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architecture of the bilingual word recognition system: From identification to decision. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 5, 175–197. doi: 10.1017/S1366728902003012 Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, P. (2009). Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gass, S. N., & Mackey, A. (2002). Frequency effects in second language acquisition: A complex picture? Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 24, 249–260. doi: 10.1017/S0272263102002097 Google Scholar
Green, D. W. (1986). Control, activation, and resource: A framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals. Brain and Language, 27, 210–223.Google Scholar
Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 67–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Green, D. W., & Wei, L. (2014). A control process model of code-switching. Language, Cognition and Neuroscience. 29, 499–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual: Life and reality. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Hauser, M. D., Chomsky, N., & Fitch, W. T. (2002). The faculty of language: What is it, who has it, and how did it evolve? Science, 298, 1569–1579. doi: 10.1126/science.298.5598.1569 Google Scholar
Heller, M. (1988). Codeswitching: Anthropological and sociolinguistic perspectives. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1987). Consciousness and the computational mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (1997). The architecture of the language faculty. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R. (2002). Foundations of language. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jackendoff, R., & Pinker, S. (2005). The nature of the language faculty and its implications for evolution of language (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, & Chomsky). Cognition, 97, 211–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kroll, J., van Hell, J., Tokowicz, N., & Greed, D. (2011). The Revised Hierarchical Model: A critical review and assessment. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,13, 373–381. doi: 10.1017/S136672891000009X Google Scholar
Landry, R., & Bourhis, R. (1997). Linguistic landscape and ethnolinguistic vitality: An empirical study. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 16, 23–49.Google Scholar
Li, P. (1998). Mental control, language tags, and language nodes in bilingual lexical processing. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 1, 92–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacSwan, J. (1999). A minimalist approach to intrasentential code-switching. New York: Garland.Google Scholar
MacSwan, J. (2000). The architecture of the bilingual language faculty: Evidence from intrasentential code switching. Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 3, 37–74.Google Scholar
MacSwan, J. (2013). Code-switching and grammatical theory. In Bhatia, T. K. & Ritchie, W. C. (eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism 2nd ed., pp. 323–350. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mahootian, S., & Santorini, B. (1996). Code switching and the complement/adjunct distinction. Linguistic Inquiry, 27, 464–479.Google Scholar
Meuter, R., & Allport, A. (1999). Bilingual language switching in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection. Journal of Memory and Language, 40, 25–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Milroy, L., & Muysken, P. (1995). One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Dueling languages: Grammatical structure in codeswitching. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. (2006). Multiple voices: An introduction to bilingualism. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Öhman, A., Flykt, A., & Lundquist, D. (2000). Unconscious emotion: Evolutionary perspectives, psychophysiological data and neuropsychological mechanisms. In Lane, R. D. & Nadel, L. (eds.), Cognitive neuroscience of emotion, 296–327. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Osterhout, L., Poliakov, A., Inoue, K., McLaughlin, J., Valentine, G., Pitkanen, I., Frenck-Mestre, C., & Hirschensohn, J. (2008). Second-language learning and changes in the brain. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 21, 509–521. doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2008.01.001 Google Scholar
Pfaff, C. (1979). Constraints on language-mixing: Intrasentential code-switching and borrowing in Spanish/English. Language, 55, 291–318.Google Scholar
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in English y termino en español: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18, 581–618.Google Scholar
Poplack, S. (1981). Syntactic structure and social function of codeswitching. In Durán, R. P. (ed.), Latino language and communicative behavior, pp. 169–184. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Poulisse, N., & Bongaerts, T. (1994). First language use in second language production. Applied Linguistics, 15, 36–57.Google Scholar
Sankoff, D., & Poplack, S. (1981). A formal grammar for code-switching. Papers in Linguistics, 14, 3–45.Google Scholar
Sharwood Smith, M. (unpublished manuscript). Mapping mind and language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sharwood Smith, M., & Truscott, J. (2014). The multilingual mind: A modular processing perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Toribio, A. J. (2001). On the emergence of bilingual code-switching competence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 4, 203–231. doi: 10.1017/S1366728901000414 Google Scholar
Truscott, J. (2015). Consciousness and second language learning. Bristol: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Truscott, J., & Sharwood Smith, M. (2004). Acquisition by processing: A modular approach to language development. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7, 1–20. doi: 10.1017/S1366728904001178 Google Scholar
Wei, L. (1998). The ‘why’ and ‘how’ questions in the analysis of conversational code-switching. In Auer, P. (ed.), Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity, pp. 156–176. London: Routledge.Google Scholar