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    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Qin, Dongdong Wu, Shihao Chen, Yongchang and Hu, Xintian 2019. Behavioral screening tools for identifying autism in macaques: existing and promising tests. Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 146, Issue. , p. 87.
    Bjørklund, Geir Waly, Mostafa I. Al-Farsi, Yahya Saad, Khaled Dadar, Maryam Rahman, Md. Mostafizur Elhoufey, Amira Chirumbolo, Salvatore Jóźwik-Pruska, Jagoda and Kałużna-Czaplińska, Joanna 2019. The Role of Vitamins in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know?. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience,
    Nguyen, Rachel L. Medvedeva, Yuliya V. Ayyagari, Tejasvi E. Schmunk, Galina and Gargus, John Jay 2018. Intracellular calcium dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder: An analysis of converging organelle signaling pathways. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, Vol. 1865, Issue. 11, p. 1718.
    Mathew, Leny Kauffman, Elizabeth Schmidt, Rebecca Hertz-Picciotto, Irva and Lyall, Kristen 2018. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. p. 1.
    Eyles, Darryl W. Trzaskowski, Maciej Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E. Mattheisen, Manuel Meier, Sandra Gooch, Helen Anggono, Victor Cui, Xiaoying Tan, Men Chee Burne, Thomas H. J. Jang, Se Eun Kvaskoff, David Hougaard, David M. Nørgaard-Pedersen, Bent Cohen, Arieh Agerbo, Esben Pedersen, Carsten B. Børglum, Anders D. Mors, Ole Sah, Pankaj Wray, Naomi R. Mortensen, Preben B. and McGrath, John J. 2018. The association between neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia. Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue. 1,
    Ali, Asad Cui, Xiaoying Alexander, Suzanne and Eyles, Darryl 2018. The placental immune response is dysregulated developmentally vitamin D deficient rats: Relevance to autism. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 180, Issue. , p. 73.
    Hoel, David and de Gruijl, Frank 2018. Sun Exposure Public Health Directives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, Issue. 12, p. 2794.
    Berridge, Michael J. 2018. Vitamin D deficiency: infertility and neurodevelopmental diseases (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and schizophrenia). American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 314, Issue. 2, p. C135.
    Mathew, Leny Kauffman, Elizabeth Schmidt, Rebecca Hertz-Picciotto, Irva and Lyall, Kristen 2018. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. p. 1.
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Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism spectrum disorder

  • Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen (a1), Darryl W. Eyles (a2), Thomas H. J. Burne (a2), Laura M. E. Blanken (a3), Claudia J. Kruithof (a4), Frank Verhulst (a5), Tonya White (a5), Vincent W. Jaddoe (a6), Henning Tiemeier (a7) and John J. McGrath (a2)...
Abstract
Background

There is growing interest in linking vitamin D deficiency with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). The association between vitamin D deficiency during gestation, a critical period in neurodevelopment, and ASD is not well understood.

Aims

To determine the association between gestational vitamin D status and ASD.

Method

Based on a birth cohort (n=4334), we examined the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), assessed from both maternal mid-gestation sera and neonatal sera, and ASD (defined by clinical records; n=68 cases).

Results

Individuals in the 25OHD-deficient group at mid-gestation had more than twofold increased risk of ASD (odds ratio (OR)=2.42, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.09 to 5.07, P=0.03) compared with the sufficient group. The findings persisted in analyses including children of European ethnicity only.

Conclusions

Mid-gestational vitamin D deficiency was associated with an increased risk of ASD. Because gestational vitamin D deficiency is readily preventable with safe, inexpensive and readily available supplementation, this risk factor warrants closer scrutiny.

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Copyright
COPYRIGHT: © The Royal College of Psychiatrists 2017
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Non-Commercial, No Derivatives (CC BY-NC-ND) license.
Corresponding author
Correspondence: John J. McGrath, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia. Email: j.mcgrath@uq.edu.au
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Declaration of interest

None.

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References
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  • Cited by 9
  • Cited by
    Crossref Citations
    Crossref logo
    This article has been cited by the following publications. This list is generated based on data provided by CrossRef.
    Qin, Dongdong Wu, Shihao Chen, Yongchang and Hu, Xintian 2019. Behavioral screening tools for identifying autism in macaques: existing and promising tests. Brain Research Bulletin, Vol. 146, Issue. , p. 87.
    Bjørklund, Geir Waly, Mostafa I. Al-Farsi, Yahya Saad, Khaled Dadar, Maryam Rahman, Md. Mostafizur Elhoufey, Amira Chirumbolo, Salvatore Jóźwik-Pruska, Jagoda and Kałużna-Czaplińska, Joanna 2019. The Role of Vitamins in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know?. Journal of Molecular Neuroscience,
    Nguyen, Rachel L. Medvedeva, Yuliya V. Ayyagari, Tejasvi E. Schmunk, Galina and Gargus, John Jay 2018. Intracellular calcium dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder: An analysis of converging organelle signaling pathways. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research, Vol. 1865, Issue. 11, p. 1718.
    Mathew, Leny Kauffman, Elizabeth Schmidt, Rebecca Hertz-Picciotto, Irva and Lyall, Kristen 2018. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. p. 1.
    Eyles, Darryl W. Trzaskowski, Maciej Vinkhuyzen, Anna A. E. Mattheisen, Manuel Meier, Sandra Gooch, Helen Anggono, Victor Cui, Xiaoying Tan, Men Chee Burne, Thomas H. J. Jang, Se Eun Kvaskoff, David Hougaard, David M. Nørgaard-Pedersen, Bent Cohen, Arieh Agerbo, Esben Pedersen, Carsten B. Børglum, Anders D. Mors, Ole Sah, Pankaj Wray, Naomi R. Mortensen, Preben B. and McGrath, John J. 2018. The association between neonatal vitamin D status and risk of schizophrenia. Scientific Reports, Vol. 8, Issue. 1,
    Ali, Asad Cui, Xiaoying Alexander, Suzanne and Eyles, Darryl 2018. The placental immune response is dysregulated developmentally vitamin D deficient rats: Relevance to autism. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Vol. 180, Issue. , p. 73.
    Hoel, David and de Gruijl, Frank 2018. Sun Exposure Public Health Directives. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 15, Issue. 12, p. 2794.
    Berridge, Michael J. 2018. Vitamin D deficiency: infertility and neurodevelopmental diseases (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, autism, and schizophrenia). American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology, Vol. 314, Issue. 2, p. C135.
    Mathew, Leny Kauffman, Elizabeth Schmidt, Rebecca Hertz-Picciotto, Irva and Lyall, Kristen 2018. Encyclopedia of Autism Spectrum Disorders. p. 1.
    ×
  • Access
  • Open access

Gestational vitamin D deficiency and autism spectrum disorder

  • Anna A. E. Vinkhuyzen (a1), Darryl W. Eyles (a2), Thomas H. J. Burne (a2), Laura M. E. Blanken (a3), Claudia J. Kruithof (a4), Frank Verhulst (a5), Tonya White (a5), Vincent W. Jaddoe (a6), Henning Tiemeier (a7) and John J. McGrath (a2)...
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