Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-m8qmq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T14:07:09.636Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

William Bateson and the chromosome theory of heredity: a reappraisal

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 July 2013

ALAN R. RUSHTON
ALAN R. RUSHTON*
Affiliation:
MD, PhD, Department of Pediatrics, Hunterdon Medical Center, Flemington, New Jersey 08822, USA. Email: arrdoc@aol.com.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

William Bateson vigorously objected to the assumptions within the chromosome theory of heredity proposed by T. H. Morgan because he perceived inadequate experimental data that could substantiate the theory. Those objections were largely resolved by 1921, and Bateson reluctantly accepted the basic assumption that chromosomes carried the genetic factors from one generation to the next. Bateson's own research at that time on developmental genetics seemed out of touch with the general tone of the genetics field, and the chromosome theory did not provide illuminating mechanisms that elucidated phenomena such as plant variegations or chimeras. Bateson imagined a general theory of heredity and development based on vortices and waves, concepts he borrowed from contemporary physics. For decades he sought to devise an intellectually and aesthetically satisfying theory to eventually explain evolution in genetic terms, but his aspirations remained unfulfilled when he died in 1926.

Type
Research Article
Information
The British Journal for the History of Science , Volume 47 , Issue 1 , March 2014 , pp. 147 - 171
Copyright
Copyright © British Society for the History of Science 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Morgan, Thomas H., Sturtevant, Alfred H., Muller, Hermann J. and Bridges, Calvin B., The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, New York: Holt, 1915, pp. viii–ixGoogle Scholar.

2 Morgan et al., op. cit. (1), p. 148.

3 Brush, Stephen G., ‘How theories became knowledge: Morgan's chromosome theory of heredity in America and Britain’, Journal of the History of Biology (2002) 35, pp. 471–474Google Scholar.

4 Bateson's life and work have been considered in several works. His widow, Beatrice Bateson, wrote a memoir shortly after his death titled William Bateson FRS, Naturalist, His Essays and Addresses, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928, p. 107. Bateson's colleague R.C. Punnett collected his published works in Scientific Papers of William Bateson, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1928. A modern summary of his life was prepared by Coleman, William, ‘William Bateson’, in Gillispie, C.C. (ed.), Dictionary of Scientific Biography, 18 vols., New York: Scribners, 1970, vol. 1, pp. 505–506Google Scholar. Alan G. Cock and Donald R. Forsdyke recently published a full-length biography titled Treasure Your Exceptions: The Science and Life of William Bateson, New York: Springer, 2008. Reference materials designated ‘B’ are from the Historical Collection at the John Innes Centre, Norwich, and are quoted with permission.

5 Wilfred W. Agar, letter to E.R. Babcock, 21 December 1947, in Coleman, William, ‘Bateson and chromosomes’, Centaurus (1970) 15, pp. 228–314, 255Google Scholar.

6 Bateson, William, ‘Gametic segregation’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1920) 91B, pp. 362–363Google Scholar.

7 Bateson, William, Materials for the Study of Variation, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1894Google Scholar. See also Peterson, Erik L., ‘William Bateson from Balanoglossus to Materials for the Study of Variation: the transatlantic roots of discontinuity and the (Un)naturalness of selection’, Journal of the History of Biology (2008) 41, pp. 267–305Google Scholar.

8 Bateson, William, ‘Problems of heredity as a subject for horticultural investigation’, Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society (1900–1901) 25, pp. 54–61Google Scholar; Olby, Robert, ‘William Bateson's introduction of Mendelism to England: a reassessment’, BJHS (1987) 30, pp. 399–420Google Scholar.

9 Bateson, William and Saunders, Edith, ‘Experiments in the physiology of heredity’, Report to the Evolution Committee of the Royal Society (1902) 1, pp. 1–160Google Scholar. Bateson, William, ‘Further experiments on inheritance’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1905) 77B, pp. 236–238Google Scholar. Bateson, William and Gregory, Reginald P., ‘On the inheritance of heterostylism in Primula’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1905) 76B, pp. 581–586Google Scholar.

10 Gregory, Reginald P., ‘The abortive development of the pollen in certain sweet peas’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1905) 13, pp. 148–157Google Scholar, 154. See also Richmond, Marsha L., ‘The domestication of heredity: the familial organization of genetics at Cambridge University’, Journal of the History of Biology (2006) 39, pp. 565–605Google Scholar.

11 Wilson, Edmund B., ‘Mendel's principles of heredity and the maturation of germ cells’, Science (1902) 16, pp. 991–993Google Scholar.

12 Edmund B. Wilson to William Bateson, 12 October 1905 (B 835).

13 Dunn, L.C., A Short History of Genetics, Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1965, pp. 62–72Google Scholar.

14 Bateson, William, Mendel's Principles of Heredity, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1909Google Scholar.

15 Cock and Forsdyke, op. cit. (4), p. 337.

16 Bateson, William, ‘Facts limiting the theory of heredity’, Science (1907) 26, pp. 649–660, 660Google Scholar.

17 Falk, Raphael, ‘Linkage: from particulate to interactive genetics’, Journal of the History of Biology (2003) 36, pp. 87–117Google Scholar. See also Allen, Garland E., Thomas Hunt Morgan: The Man and His Science, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1978Google Scholar.

18 Morgan, Thomas H., ‘Chromosomes and heredity’, American Naturalist (1910) 44, pp. 449–496, 465CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Morgan, Thomas H., ‘An attempt to analyze the constitution of the chromosomes on the basis of sex-limited inheritance in Drosophila’, Journal of Experimental Zoology (1911) 11, pp. 403–409, 408Google Scholar.

20 Morgan, Thomas H., Heredity and Sex, New York: Columbia University Press, 1913, pp. 92–93Google Scholar.

21 Bateson, William, ‘Review of The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity’, Science (1916) 44, pp. 536–543, 542Google Scholar.

22 Coleman, op. cit. (5), pp. 228–314.

23 Hull, David L., Science as a Process, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1988, pp. 381–382Google Scholar.

24 Ziman, John, Knowing Everything about Nothing: Specialization and Change in Scientific Careers, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 11–12Google Scholar.

25 Merton, Robert K., ‘The Matthew effect in science’, Science (1968) 159, pp. 56–63Google Scholar.

26 Rappa, M. and Debackere, K., ‘Youth and scientific innovation: the role of young scientists in the development of new fields’, Minerva (1993) 31, pp. 1–20Google Scholar; Mahoney, Michael J., Scientist as Subject, Clinton Corners, NY: Percheron Press, 2004, pp. 21–24Google Scholar.

27 Kuhn, Thomas S., The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1970, pp. 24–39Google Scholar.

28 Bateson, William, Report of the Eighty-Fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, London: John Murray, 1915, p. 21Google Scholar.

29 Barnes, Barry, About Science, Oxford: Blackwell, 1985, pp. 93–94Google Scholar.

30 Feist, Gregory J., The Psychology of Science and the Origins of the Scientific Mind, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006, p. 116Google Scholar; Mahoney, op. cit. (26), pp. 71–73.

31 Cock, Alan G., ‘William Bateson's recognition and eventual acceptance of the chromosome theory’, Annals of Science (1983) 40, pp. 19–59Google Scholar.

32 Bateson, William, ‘The early stages in the development of Balanoglossus’, Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science (1884) 24, pp. 208–236Google Scholar; Bateson, , ‘Continued account of the later stages in the development of Balanoglossus kowalevskii, and of the morphology of the Enteropneurola’, Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical Science (1886) 25, Supplement, pp. 81–122Google Scholar.

33 Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), p. 107.

34 Darlington, Cyril D., ‘Genetics and plant breeding 1910–1980’, Philosophical Transactions (1981) 292B, pp. 401–406Google Scholar; Wilson, op. cit. (12).

35 van Balen, Gerrit, ‘Conceptual tensions between theory and program: the chromosome theory and the Mendelian research program’, Biology and Philosophy (1987) 2, pp. 435–461Google Scholar.

36 Lipset, David, Gregory Bateson: The Legacy of a Scientist, Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1980, p. 27Google Scholar.

37 Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), pp. 464–466, 464, italics in original.

38 Garland E. Allen, ‘E.B. Wilson’, in Gillispie, Dictionary of Scientific Biography, op. cit. (4), vol. 14, pp. 423–436; Baxter, Alice L., ‘Edmund B. Wilson as a preformationist: some reasons for his acceptance of the chromosome theory’, Journal of the History of Biology (1976) 9, pp. 29–57Google Scholar.

39 William Bateson to Anna Bateson, June 1887. Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), pp. 14–15.

40 Coleman op. cit. (5), p. 297.

41 Alan R. Rushton, ‘Reginald Ruggles Gates’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, online, available at www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/33355, accessed 7 October 2004.

42 William Bateson to Caroline Pellew, 21 December 1921 (B 1152).

43 Allen, op. cit. (17), p. 14.

44 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 24 August 1907, in Cock, op. cit. (31), p. 54.

45 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 20 December 1921, in Cock, op. cit. (31), p. 55.

46 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 23 January 1922, in Cock, op. cit. (31), p. 55.

47 The Bateson Archive can be examined at www.jic.ac.uk/corporate/search/BatesonLetters/default.asp.

48 William Bateson to Leonard Doncaster, 27 August 1917 (B 1463).

49 Leonard Doncaster to William Bateson, 22 March 1914 (B 3271).

50 J. Schmidt to William Bateson, 18 December 1917 (B 951).

51 Richard Goldschmidt to William Bateson, 27 January 1913 (B 1774).

52 William Bateson to Richard Goldschmidt, 25 January 1913, in Cock and Forsdyke, op. cit. (4), p. 477.

53 Goldschmidt, op. cit. (51).

54 Erwin Baur to William Bateson, 6 January 1920 (B 1335).

55 Leonard Doncaster to William Bateson, 21 July 1916 (B 3915).

56 Leonard Doncaster to William Bateson, 29 August 1917 (B 1468).

57 Doncaster, Leonard, ‘Genetic studies of Drosophila’, Nature (1920) 105, pp. 405–406, 406Google Scholar.

58 Reginald C. Punnett to William Bateson, 17 March 1919 (B 954).

59 Reginald C. Punnett to William Bateson, 17 February 1917 (B 950); Reginald C. Punnett to William Bateson, 31 October 1918 (B 1530).

60 Gates, Reginald R., ‘Variation and heredity’, American Journal of Botany (1915) 2, pp. 519–528Google Scholar.

61 Gates, Reginald R., ‘A preliminary account of the meiotic phenomena in the pollen mother-cells and tapetum of lettuce’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1920) 91B, pp. 216–223Google Scholar.

62 Reginald R. Gates to William Bateson, 22 April 1920 (B G2M-07).

63 William Bateson to Reginald R. Gates, 24 April 1920 (B G2M-08).

64 Reginald R. Gates to William Bateson, 26 April 1920 (B G2M-09).

65 Bateson, op. cit. (63).

66 William Bateson to Julian S. Huxley, 20 October 1921 (B G2K-12).

67 Cock and Forsdyke, op. cit. (4), pp. 478–479.

68 Bateson, op. cit. (42).

69 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 24 December 1921 (B G8G-01J).

70 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 29 December 1921 (B G8G-01L).

71 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 26 December 1921 (B G8-01K).

72 Bateson, William, ‘Evolutionary faith and modern doubts’, Nature (1922) 109, pp. 553–556, 556Google Scholar.

73 Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), pp. 390–392.

74 Cock, Alan G., ‘Bateson's two Toronto addresses: 1. Chromosomal skepticism’, Journal of Heredity (1989) 80, pp. 91–95Google Scholar; William Bateson, Lecture Notes, ‘The Outlook of Genetics’ 1922 (B 1213).

75 William Bateson, Notes for University of London Lecture, 3 November 1921 (B G8C-08).

76 Van Balen, op. cit. (35).

77 William Bateson, Notes for Leicester Lecture, 20 November 1922 (B G8C-10).

78 Bateson, William, ‘Genetics of Primulus’, Journal of Genetics (1923) 13, pp. 219–253Google Scholar; Bateson, Notes for Birmingham Lecture, 26 November 1923 (B G8C-11); Bateson, Notes on Primula Linkage, February 1924 (B G8C-13).

79 Harman, Oren S., The Man Who Invented the Chromosome: A Life of Cyril Darlington, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004, p. 33Google Scholar.

80 Cyril D. Darlington, Comments by William Bateson 1923–1924, in Coleman, op. cit. (5), pp. 262.

81 William Bateson to Clifford Dobell, 22 May 1924 (B 1046).

82 Bateson, op. cit. (81).

83 William Bateson to John B. Farmer, 3 November 1909 (B 2042); Olby, Robert, ‘Scientists and bureaucrats in the establishment of the John Innes Horticultural Institution under William Bateson’, Annals of Science (1989) 46, pp. 497–510Google Scholar.

84 Darlington, op. cit. (34).

85 Cock and Forsdyke, op. cit. (4), p. 381.

86 Thomas H. Morgan to William Bateson, 2 April 1910 (B H1C-01).

87 Bateson, William, ‘Address on heredity’, The Lancet (1913) 2, pp. 451–454, 452Google Scholar; Punnett, Reginald C., ‘Reduplication series in sweet peas’, Journal of Genetics (1913) 3, pp. 77–103Google Scholar.

88 William Bateson, letter to Erwin Baur, 13 April 1911, Cock and Forsdyke, op. cit. (4), p. 374.

89 Bateson, William, Problems of Genetics, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1913, pp. 110–111Google Scholar.

90 Trow, A.H., ‘Forms of reduplication – primary and secondary’, Journal of Genetics (1913) 2, pp. 313–324Google Scholar.

91 Bateson, William and Punnett, Reginald C., ‘On the inter-relations of genetic factors’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1911) 84B, pp. 3–8Google Scholar, 6; See also Bateson, and Punnett, , ‘A gametic series showing reduplication’, Journal of Genetics (1911) 1, pp. 293–302Google Scholar.

92 Bateson, op. cit. (21), p. 541.

93 Bateson, op. cit. (89), pp. 60–61.

94 Bateson, William, ‘Presidential Address’, Australian Medical Journal (1914) 1, pp. 179, 197Google Scholar.

95 Morgan, op. cit. (20), pp. 99–100.

96 Sturtevant, Alfred H., ‘The reduplication hypothesis as applied to Drosophila’, American Naturalist (1914) 48, pp. 535–549, 548Google Scholar.

97 Morgan et al., op. cit. (1), p. 77.

98 Bateson, op. cit. (6).

99 William Bateson to Thomas H. Morgan, 31 May 1914 (B 1102).

100 Bateson, op. cit. (48).

101 William Bateson to Carl H. Ostenfeld, 16 July 1916, in Coleman, op. cit. (5), pp. 259.

102 William Bateson to Carl H. Ostenfeld, 15 June 1917 (B 1128).

103 Bateson, William and Pellew, Caroline, ‘Note on an orderly dissimilarity in inheritance from different parts of a plant’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1916) 89B, pp. 174–175Google Scholar.

104 Bateson, William and Pellew, Caroline, ‘On the genetics of “rogues” among culinary peas, Pisum sativum’, Journal of Genetics (1915) 5, pp. 13–36Google Scholar.

105 Bateson, William, ‘Root-cuttings, chimaeras and “sports”’, Journal of Genetics (1916) 6, pp. 75–80Google Scholar.

106 Bateson, William, ‘Studies in variegation’, Journal of Genetics (1919) 8, pp. 93–99Google Scholar; Bateson, William and Sutton, L., ‘Double flowers and sex-linkage in Begonia’, Journal of Genetics (1919) 8, pp. 199–207Google Scholar; Bateson, William, ‘Variegation in a fern’, Nature (1921) 107, p. 233Google Scholar.

107 Bateson, William and Pellew, Caroline, ‘The genetics of “rogues” among culinary peas, Pisum sativum’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1920) 91B, pp. 186–195Google Scholar.

108 Bateson, William and Gairdner, A.E., ‘Male sterility in flax, subject to two types of segregation’, Journal of Genetics (1921) 11, pp. 269–275, 272Google Scholar.

109 Gregory, Reginald P., ‘On the genetics of tetraploid plants in Primula’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1914) 87B, pp. 484–492, 491–492Google Scholar.

110 Reginald P. Gregory to William Bateson, 26 January 1915 (B 2585).

111 Falk, Raphael, ‘What is a gene?’, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Science (1986) 17, pp. 133–173Google Scholar; Falk, Raphael and Sarkar, Sahotra, ‘Genetics’, in Sarkar, Sahotra and Pfeifer, J. (eds.), The Philosophy of Science: An Encyclopedia, 2 vols., New York: Routledge, 2006, vol. 1, pp. 337–339Google Scholar.

112 Rogers Hollingsworth, ‘Major discoveries and biomedical research organizations: perspectives on interdisciplinarity, nurturing leadership and integrated structure and cultures’, University of Saskatchewan Research Seminar, 21 January 2000, available at www.usask.ca/research/communications/symposium/hollingsworth.php, accessed 6 February 2010.

113 Lipset, op. cit. (36), p. 54.

114 Olby, op. cit. (83).

115 Simonton, Dean K., ‘Genius, creativity and leadership’, in Richards, Tudor, Mark Runco, A. and Moger, Susan (eds.), The Routledge Companion to Creativity, Oxford: Routledge, 2009, pp. 247–255Google Scholar; Brannigan, Augustine, The Social Basis of Scientific Discoveries, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981, pp. viii–ixGoogle Scholar; Carlson, Elof A., The Gene: A Critical History, Philadelphia: Saunders, 1966, p. 56Google Scholar; Loudan, G., ‘Scientific change: philosophical models and historical research’, Synthèse (1986) 69, pp. 141–223Google Scholar.

116 Allen, Garland E., ‘Heredity under an embryological paradigm: the case of genetics and embryology’, Biological Bulletin (1985) 168, Supplement, pp. 107–121Google Scholar. See also Darden, Lindley, ‘Theory construction in genetics’, in Nickles, Thomas (ed.), Scientific Discovery: Case Studies (Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, 60), Dordrecht: Reidel, 1978 pp. 151–169Google Scholar.

117 Allen, Garland E., ‘Mechanism, vitalism and organicism in late nineteenth- and twentieth-century biology: the importance of historical context’, Studies in the History and Philosophy of Biology and Biomedical Sciences (2005) 36C, pp. 261–283Google Scholar.

118 Roll-Hansen, Nils, ‘Drosophila genetics: a reductionist research program’, Journal of the History of Biology (1978) 11, pp. 159–210Google Scholar.

119 Van Balen, op. cit. (35); Darden, Lindley, ‘William Bateson and the promise of Mendelism’, Journal of the History of Biology (1977) 10, pp. 87–106Google Scholar.

120 Hesse, Mary, ‘Analogy and confirmation theory’, Philosophy of Science (1964) 31, pp. 319–327Google Scholar; Holyoak, Keith J. and Thagard, P., Mental Leaps, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1995Google Scholar; Isenman, Lois D., ‘Toward an understanding of intuition and its importance in scientific endeavor’, Perspectives in Biology and Medicine (1997) 40, pp. 395–403Google Scholar.

121 Coleman, op. cit. (5), p. 267.

122 Mivart, St George Jackson, On the Genesis of Species, London: Macmillan, 1871, pp. 229–230Google Scholar.

123 Lea, Arthur S. and Foster, Michael, The Chemical Basis of Animal Biology, London: Macmillan, 1892, p. 72Google Scholar; Hawgood, Barbara J., ‘Sir Michael Foster MD FRS: the rise of the British school of physiology’, Journal of Medical Biography (2008) 16, pp. 221–226Google Scholar.

124 Huxley, Thomas H., The Advance of Science in the Last Half-Century, New York: Appleton, 1889, pp. 58–63Google Scholar; Thomas, John A., The System of Animate Nature: Clifford Lectures Delivered at St. Andrew's University 1915 and 1916, 2 vols., New York: Holt, 1920, vol. 1, pp. 82–83Google Scholar; Bailer-Jones, Daniela, Scientific Models in Philosophy of Science, Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2009Google Scholar.

125 Lambert, Kevin, ‘The uses of analogy: James Clerk Maxwell's “On Faraday's lines of force” and early Victorian analogical argument’, BJHS (2011) 44, pp. 61–88Google Scholar.

126 Hunt, Bruce J., The Maxwellians, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991Google Scholar; Harman, Peter M., The Natural Philosophy of James Clerk Maxwell, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998Google Scholar.

127 Kelvin, Lord, ‘On vortex atoms’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh (1867) 6, pp. 94–105Google Scholar.

128 Stewart, Balfour and Tait, P.G., The Unseen Universe, or, Physical Speculations on a Future State, 6th edn, London: Macmillan, 1876Google Scholar.

129 ‘Membership’, Proceedings of the Society for Psychical Research (1882–1883) 1, p. 326; Epperson, Gordon, The Mind of Edmund Gurney, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1997, p. 76Google Scholar.

130 ‘Officers’, Cambridge Philosophical Society Journal (1899) 10, p. 183.

131 Larmor, Joseph, ‘A dynamical theory of the electric and lumeniferous medium’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1893) 54, pp. 438–461Google Scholar; Larmor, ‘A dynamical theory of the electric and lumeniferous medium II: theory of electrons’, Philosophical Transactions (1895) 186A, pp. 695–743Google Scholar; Larmor, Aether and Matter: A Development of the Dynamical Relations of the Aether to Material Systems on the Basis of the Atomic Constitution of Matter, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1900Google Scholar.

132 Hunt, op. cit. (126), pp. 214–226; Warwick, Andrew, Masters of Theory: Cambridge and the Rise of Mathematical Physics, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2003, pp. 376–397Google Scholar.

133 Merz, John T., A History of European Thought in the Nineteenth Century, 4 vols., New York: Dover, 1905, vol. 2, p. 90Google Scholar.

134 Larmor, Joseph, ‘On the essence of physical relativity’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (1918) 4, pp. 334–337, 337Google Scholar.

135 Coleman, op. cit. (5), p. 269.

136 William Bateson to Anna Bateson, 14 September 1891, in Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), pp. 42–43.

137 William Bateson to Anna Bateson, 20 September 1891, in Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), pp. 43–44.

138 William Bateson to Anna Bateson, 26 September 1891, in Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), p. 44.

139 Darwin, Francis and Pertz, Dorothea F.M., ‘On the artificial production of rhythm in plants’, Annals of Botany (1892) 6, pp. 245–264, 263Google Scholar. It is not known if Bateson attended the Cardiff meeting. The official report of the organization does not mention him as a speaker or officer of any committee.

140 Darwin, Francis and Pertz, Dorothea F.M., ‘On the artificial production of rhythm in plants’, Annals of Botany (1903) 17, pp. 93–106Google Scholar.

141 Bateson, William and Pertz, Dorothea F.M., ‘Notes on the inheritance of variation in the corolla of Veronica buxbaumii’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1899) 10, pp. 78–92Google Scholar.

142 William Bateson, ‘A vibratory theory for radial and linear segmentation as found in living bodies’, unpublished manuscript (B 82).

143 Bateson, op. cit. (7), p. 70.

144 Bateson, op. cit. (7), p. 480.

145 William Bateson, Variation and Differentiation in Parts and Brethren, published privately, 1903.

146 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 27 March 1910, in Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), p. 45.

147 Larmor, Joseph, ‘The influence of electrification on ripples’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1890) 7, pp. 69–71Google Scholar.

148 William Bateson to Beatrice Bateson, 25 March 1910, in Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), p. 44.

149 Vaughn Cornish to William Bateson, 9 April 1910 (B 4369).

150 Bateson, op. cit. (89), pp. 34–35.

151 Bateson, op. cit. (89), p. 80.

152 Mitchell, W.J.T., ‘Metamorphoses of the vortex: Hogarth, Turner, and Blake’, in Wendorf, R. (ed.), Articulate Images: The Sister Arts from Hogarth to Tennyson, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1983, pp. 125–168Google Scholar.

153 Bateson, op. cit. (89), pp. 40–41.

154 William Bateson, letter to Muriel Wheldale, 28 May 1920, in Cock and Forsdyke, op. cit. (4), pp. 477–478. Staudinger, Hermann, ‘Über Polymerisation’, Berichte der Deutschen chemische Gesellschaft (1920) 53, p. 1073Google Scholar. See also Richmond, Marsha L., ‘Muriel Wheldale Onslow and biochemical genetics’, Journal of the History of Biology (2007) 40, pp. 389–426Google Scholar.

155 Bateson, op. cit. (154).

156 Hardy, William B., ‘On reaction of certain cell granules with methylene blue’, Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (1891) 7, pp. 256–258Google Scholar.

157 Hardy, William B., ‘On the structure of the cell protoplasm’, Journal of Physiology (1899) 24, pp. 158–210Google Scholar; Hardy, ‘On the mechanism of gelation in reversible colloidal systems’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1899) 66, p. 95–109Google Scholar.

158 Hardy, William B., ‘On Globulins: The Croonian Lecture’, Proceedings of the Royal Society London (1907) 79B, pp. 413–422Google Scholar.

159 Moore, Benjamin and Evans, W.G., ‘On forms of growth resembling living organisms and their products slowly deposited from metastable solutions of inorganic colloids’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1915) 89B, pp. 17–27Google Scholar, 18; Moore, Benjamin, ‘The production of growths or deposits in metastable inorganic hydrosols’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (1915) 89B, pp. 27–35Google Scholar.

160 Hans Przibram to William Bateson, 12 October 1910 (B 4030).

161 Leduc, Stéphane, The Mechanism of Life, tr. Butcher, W., New York: Rebman, 1911Google Scholar; Leduc, ‘Diffusion des liquides: Son role biologique’, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences (1905) 139, p. 986Google Scholar; Keller, Evelyn F., Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Developments with Models, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002, p. 24Google Scholar.

162 In Keller, Evelyn F., ‘What does synthetic biology have to do with biology?’, BioSocieties (2009) 4, pp. 291–302, 298Google Scholar.

163 Bateson, op. cit. (89), p. 80.

164 William Bateson to Joseph Larmor, 22 February 1913 (B 1978).

165 William Bateson, Notes for ‘Gamete and Zygote’ Lecture, 1 December 1917 (B 3320).

166 Bateson, William, ‘Progress in biology’, Nature (1924) 113, pp. 644–646, 681–682Google Scholar.

167 William Bateson, letter to V. Issajev, 7 November 1924, in Beatrice Bateson, op. cit. (4), pp. 45–46.

168 Cock, op. cit. (31), p. 22.

169 William Bateson, Manuscript for ‘Genetic Science’ (B G5L-26); Bateson, , ‘Segregation’, Journal of Genetics (1926) 16, pp. 201–235Google Scholar.

170 Ansburg, Pamela and Hill, Katherine, ‘Creative and analytical thinkers differ in their use of attentional resources’, Personality and Individual Differences (2003) 34, pp. 1141–1152Google Scholar.

171 Coleman, op. cit. (4); Cock and Forsdyke, op. cit. (4), p. 10; Darden, Lindley, Theory Change in Science: Strategies from Mendelian Genetics, New York: Oxford University Press, 1991Google Scholar; Darden, op. cit. (116), pp. 151–169.

172 Allen, op. cit. (117), p. 267.

173 Monsay, Evelyn H., ‘Intuition: the development of scientific theory and practice’, in Davis-Floyd, Rebbie (ed.), Intuition: The Inside Story, London: Routledge, 1997, pp. 105–112Google Scholar.

174 William Bateson to Godfrey H. Hardy, 3 July 1923 (B G6Q-04).

175 Coleman, op. cit. (5), pp. 292, 294.

176 Berman, Morris, The Reenactment of the World, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1981, pp. 197–198Google Scholar.

177 Bohm, David, On Creativity, London: Routledge, 1998, pp. 6–31Google Scholar.

178 Thagard, Paul, ‘The passionate scientist: emotion in scientific cognition’, in Carruthers, Peter, Stich, Stephen P. and Siegal, Michael (eds.), The Cognitive Basis of Science, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002, pp. 232–245Google Scholar.

179 Levenson, Thomas, Einstein in Berlin, New York: Bantam, 2003, pp. 352–353Google Scholar.