Hostname: page-component-5d84bcc8dc-pk5m8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-09-11T19:22:39.904Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Dietary branched-chain amino acid valine, isoleucine and leucine requirements of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  19 February 2008

Imtiaz Ahmed  and
Mukhtar A. Khan
Imtiaz Ahmed*
Affiliation:
Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
Mukhtar A. Khan
Affiliation:
Fish Nutrition Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202 002, India
*
*Corresponding author: Dr Imtiaz Ahmed, fax +91 571 2700258, email imtiazamu1@yahoo.com
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the 'Save PDF' action button.

Three 8-week growth experiments were conducted to quantify the requirements of the fingerling Cirrhinus mrigala for the dietary branched-chain amino acids valine (experiment 1), isoleucine (experiment 2) and leucine (experiment 3). Six isonitrogenous (400/g) and isoenergetic (17·90k/) test diets were formulated with a gradation of 2·5/g for each test amino acid, valine (7·5–20/g), isoleucine (5·0–17·5/g) and leucine (7·5–20/g), and fed to randomly stocked fish in circular troughs. In experiment 1, the maximum weight gain (312%), best feed conversion ratio (FCR; 1·45) and best protein efficiency ratio (PER; 1·72) were obtained in fish fed 15·0g dietary valin/g. In experiment 2, the highest weight gain (317%), best FCR (1·47) and best PER (1·70) were recorded at 12·5g dietary isoleucin/g, and in experiment 3, the highest weight gain (308%), best FCR (1·46) and best PER (1·71) were noted at 15·0g dietary leucin/g. A quadratic regression analysis of weight gain, FCR and PER data showed an optimum requirement at 15·9, 15·0 and 14·8/g for valine, 13·2, 12·3 and 12·1/g for isoleucine and 15·6, 15·4 and 15·1/g for leucine in dry diets. Low body moisture and higher protein were noted in fish fed diets containing 15·5, 12·5 and 15·0g valine, isoleucine and leucine per kg, respectively. Body fat increased with increasing levels of the branched-chain amino acids. On the basis of a regression analysis of growth data, it is recommended that a diet for C. mrigala should contain valine at 15·2, isoleucine at 12·6 and leucine at 15·4/g dry diet, corresponding to 38·0, 31·5 and 38·5/g dietary protein, respectively.

Keywords

Dietary branched-chain amino acidsRequirementBody compositionCirrhinus mrigala

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
British Journal of Nutrition , Volume 96 , Issue 3 , September 2006 , pp. 450 - 460
Copyright
Copyright © The Nutrition Society 2006

References

Ahmed, I & Khan, MA (2004a) Dietary lysine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquaculture 235, 499–511.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, I & Khan, MA (2004b) Dietary arginine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquacult Nutr 10, 25–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, I & Khan, MA (2005a) Dietary tryptophan requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquacult Res 36, 687–695.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, I & Khan, MA (2005b) Dietary histidine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquacult Nutr 11, 359–366.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, I, Khan, MA & Jafri, AK (2003) Dietary methionine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquacult Int 11, 449–462.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmed, I, Khan, MA & Jafri, AK (2004) Dietary threonine requirement of fingerling Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquacult Res 35, 162–170.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Akiyama, T & Arai, S (1993) Amino acid requirements of chum salmon fry and supplementation of amino acids to diet. In Proceedings of the Twentieth U.S – Japan Symposium on Aquaculture Nutrition, pp. 35–48 [Collie, MR and McVey, JP, editors]. Newport, OR: UJNR Department of Commerce.Google Scholar
American Public Health Association (1992) Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association.Google Scholar
Arai, S, Nose, T & Hashimoto, Y (1972) Amino acid essential for the growth of eels Anguilla anguilla and Anguilla japonica. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 38, 753–759.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arai, S & Ogata, H (1993) Quantitative amino acid requirements of fingerling coho salmon. In Proceedings of the Twentieth US Japan Symposium on Aquaculture Nutrition, pp. 19–28 [Collie, MR and McVey, JP, editors]. Newport, OR: UJNR Department of Commerce.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists (1995) Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, 16th ed., [Cunniff, P, editor]. Arlington, VA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists.Google Scholar
Barbour, G & Latshaw, JD (1992) Isoleucine requirement of broiler chicks as affected by the concentrations of leucine and valine in practical diets. Br Poult Sci 33, 561–568.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Block, KP (1989) Interactions among leucine, isoleucine and valine with special reference to the branched-chain amino acid antagonism. In Absorption and Utilization of Amino acids, vol.1, pp.229–244 [Friedman, M, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar
Borlongan, IG & Coloso, RM (1993) Requirements of juvenile milk-fish (Chanos chanos Forsskal) for essential amino acids. J Nutr 123, 125–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chance, RE, Mertz, ET & Halver, JE (1964) Nutrition of salmonid fishes. XII. Isoleucine, leucine, valine and phenylalanine requirements of chinook salmon and interrelations between isoleucine and leucine for growth. J Nutr 83, 177–185.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Choo, P, Smith, TK, Cho, CY & Ferguson, HW (1991) Dietary excesses of leucine influence on growth and body composition of rainbow trout. J Nutr 121, 1932–1939.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coloso, RM, Murillo-Gurrea, DP, Borlongan, IG & Catacutan, MR (1999) Sulphur amino acid requirement of juvenile Asian Sea bass Lates calcarifer. J Appl Ichthyol 15, 54–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Das, I & Ray, AK (1991) Growth response and feed conversion efficiency in Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fingerlings at varying protein levels. J Aqua Trop 6, 179–185.Google Scholar
De Silva, SS & Anderson, TA (1995) Fish Nutrition in Aquaculture. London: Chapman & Hall.Google Scholar
De Silva, SS & Gunasekera, RM (1991) An evaluation of the growth of Indian and Chinese major carps in relation to the dietary protein content. Aquaculture 92, 237–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
D'Mello, JPF & Lewis, D (1970) Amino acid interactions in chick nutrition. 2. Interrelationships between leucine, isoleucine and valine. Br Poult Sci 11, 313–323.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Duncan, DB (1955) Multiple range and multiple ‘F’ tests. Biometrics 11, 1–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernstrom, JD (2005) 4th amino acid assessment workshop: Branched-chain amino acids and brain function. J Nutr 135, 1539S–1546S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferrando, AA, Williams, BD, Stuart, CA, Lane, HE & Wolf, RR (1995) Oral branched chain amino acids decrease whole-body proteolysis. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 19, 47–54.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forster, I & Ogata, HY (1998) Lysine requirement of juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceous and juvenile red sea beam Pagrus major. Aquaculture 161, 131–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halver, JE (2002) The vitamins. In Fish Nutrition, 3rd ed. pp. 61–141 [Halver, JE and Hardy, RW, editors]. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Hambraeus, L, Bilmazes, C, Dippel, C, Scrimshaw, N & Young, VR (1976) Regulatory role of dietary leucine on plasma branched-chain amino acid levels in young men. J Nutr 106, 320–340.Google ScholarPubMed
Harper, AE (1984) Interrelationships among the branched chain amino acids. In Branched Chain Amino and Keto Acids in Health and Disease, pp. 81–89 [Adibi, SA, Fekl, W, Langenbeck, U and Schauder, P, editors]. Basel: Karger.Google Scholar
Harper, AE, Benton, DA, Winje, ME & Elvehjem, CA (1954) Leucine-isoleucine antagonism in the rat. Arch Biochem Biophys 51, 523–524.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harper, AE, Block, KP & Cree, TC (1983) Branched-chain amino acids: Nutritional and metabolic interrelationship. In Proceedings of the IVth Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, vol.1, pp. 159–181 [Pion, R, Arnal, M and Bonin, D, editors].European Association of Animal Production Publication no. 31. Paris: INRA.Google Scholar
Harris, RA, Joshi, M, Jeoung, NH & Obayashi, M (2005) Overview of the molecular and biochemical basis of branched-chain amino acid catabolism. 4th amino acid assessment workshop. J Nutr 135 (6), 1527S–1530S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holecek, M, Sprongl, L & Tilser, I (2001) Metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in starved rats: The role of hepatic tissue. Physiol Res 50, 25–33.Google ScholarPubMed
Hughes, SG, Rumsey, GL & Nesheim, MC (1983) Dietary requirements for essential branched-chain amino acids by lake trout. Trans Am Fish Soc 112, 812–817.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hughes, SG, Rumsey, GL & Nesheim, MC (1984) Effects of dietary excesses of branched-chain amino acids on the metabolism and tissue composition of lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Comp Biochem Physiol 78A, 413–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutson, SM, Sweatt, AJ & LaNouse, KF (2005) Branched-chain amino acid metabolism: implications for establishing safe intake. 4th amino acid assessment workshop. J Nutr 135 (6), 1557S–1564S.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, S & Potter, LM (1984) Influence of basic and branched-chain amino acid interactions on the lysine and valine requirements of young turkeys. Poult Sci 63, 2391–2398.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jauncey, K, Tacon, AGJ & Jackson, AJ (1983) The quantitative essential amino acid requirements of Oreochromis (Sarotherodon) mossambicus. In International Symposium on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Ist Proceedings, pp. 328–337 [Fishelson, L and Yaron, Z, editors]. Nazareth, Israel: Tel Aviv University.Google Scholar
Jhingran, VG & Pullin, RSV (1988) A Hatchery Manual for Common, Chinese and Indian Major carps. ICLARM Studies and Reviews 11. Philippines: Manila: ICLARM.Google Scholar
Kaushik, SJ (1998) Whole body amino acid composition of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax), gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and turbot (Psetta maxima) with an estimation of their IAA requirement profiles. Aquat Liv Res 11, 355–358.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khan, MA (1991) Protein and amino acid requirements and efficacy of dietary formulations in some cultivable finfish species. PhD Thesis, Aligarh Muslim University, India.Google Scholar
Khan, MA, Ahmed, I & Abidi, SF (2004) Effect of ration size on growth, conversion efficiency and body composition of fingerling mrigal, Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Aquacult Nutr 10, 47–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, P & Wang, X (2004) Nutritional value of fisheries by-catch and by-product meals in the diet of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus). Aquaculture 236, 485–496.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mager, DR, Wykes, LJ, Ball, RO & Pencharz, PB (2003) Branched-chain amino acid requirements in school-aged children determined by indicator amino acid oxidation (IAAO). J Nutr 133, 3540–3545.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mohanty, SN, Swamy, DN & Tripathi, SD (1990) Protein utilization in Indian major carp fry, Catla catla (Ham.), Labeo rohita (Ham.) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Ham.) fed four protein diets. J Aqua Trop 5, 173–179.Google Scholar
Murthy, HS & Varghese, TJ (1996) Quantitative dietary isoleucine requirement for growth and survival of Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, (Hamilton) fry. Indian J Exp Biol 34, 1141–1143.Google Scholar
Murthy, HS & Varghese, TJ (1997a) Quantitative dietary requirements of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita for the essential amino acid valine. Indian J Anim Sci 67, 1028–1030.Google Scholar
Murthy, HS & Varghese, TJ (1997b) Dietary requirement of the Indian major carp, Labeo rohita, for the essential amino acid leucine. Mysore J Agricult Sci 31, 348–351.Google Scholar
National Research Council (1993) Nutrient Requirement of Fish. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Ng, WK & Hung, SSO (1995) Estimating the ideal dietary essential amino acid pattern for growth of white sturgeon, Acipenser transmontanus (Richardson). Aquacult Nutr 1, 85–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norton, LE & Layman, DK (2006) Leucine regulates translation initiation of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle after exercise. J Nutr 136, 533S–537S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nose, T (1979) Summary report on the requirements of essential amino acids for carp. In Finfish Nutrition and Fishfeed Technology, pp. 145–156 [Halver, JE and Tiews, K, editors]. Berlin: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Nose, T, Arai, S, Lee, DL & Hashimoto, Y (1974) A note on amino acids essential for growth of young carp. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 40, 903–908.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ogino, C (1980) Requirements of carp and rainbow trout for essential amino acids. Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish 46, 171–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ravi, J & Devaraj, KV (1991) Quantitative essential amino acid requirements for growth of catla, Catla catla (Hamilton). Aquaculture 96, 281–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, EH, Poe, WE & Wilson, RP (1984) Effects of feeding diets containing an imbalance of branched-chain amino acids on fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture 37, 51–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollin, X (1999) Critical study of indispensable amino acids requirements of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) fry. PhD Thesis, Université catholique de Louvain, Belgium.Google Scholar
Santiago, CB & Lovell, RT (1988) Amino acid requirements for growth of Nile tilapia. J Nutr 118, 1540–1546.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shimomura, Y, Yamamoto, Y, Bajotto, G, Sato, J, Murakami, T, Shimomura, N, Kobayashi, H & Mawatari, K (2006) Nutraceutical effects of branched-chain amino acids on skeletal muscle. J Nutr 136, 529S–532S.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singh, BN, Sinha, VRP & Kumar, K (1987) Protein requirements of Indian major carp, Cirrhinus mrigala. Int J Acad Ichthyol 8, 71–75.Google Scholar
Snedecor, GW & Cochran, WG (1967) Statistical methods, 6th ed.Iowa: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar
Sokal, RR & Rohlf, FJ (1981) Biometry. New York: WH Freeman.Google Scholar
Swamy, DN, Mohanty, SN & Tripathi, SD (1988) Growth of mrigala (Cirrhinus mrigala Ham.) fingerlings fed on fish meal based formulated diets. In The First Indian Fisheries Forum, Proceedings of Asian Fisheries Society, pp. 81–83 [Joseph, MM, editor]. Mangalore: Indian Branch, Asian Fisheries Society.Google Scholar
Twibell, RG, Griffin, ME, Martin, B, Price, J & Brown, PB (2003) Predicting dietary essential amino acid requirements for hybrid striped bass. Aquacult Nutr 9, 373–381.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, MJ (1985) Aspects of amino acid metabolism in teleost fish. In Nutrition and Feeding in Fish, pp. 47–68 [Cowey, CB, Mackie, AM and Bell, JG, editors]. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP (2002) Amino acids and protein. In Fish nutrition, 3rd ed. pp. 143–179 [Halver, JE and Hardy, RW, editors]. San Diego: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wilson, RP, Poe, WE & Robinson, EH (1980) Leucine, isoleucine, valine and histidine requirements of fingerling channel catfish. J Nutr 110, 627–633.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yamamoto, T, Shima, T & Furuita, H (2004) Antagonistic effects of branched-chain amino acids induced by excess protein-bound leucine in diets for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 232, 539–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitoun, IH, Ullrey, DE, Magee, WT, Gill, JL & Bergen, WG (1976) Quantifying nutrient requirements of fish. J Fish Res Board Can 33, 167–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar