1 Curis, E, Nicolis, I, Moinard, C, Osowska, S, Zerrouk, N, Benazeth, S & Cynober, L (2005) Almost all about citrulline in mammals. Amino Acids 29, 177–205.
2 Rabier, D & Kamoun, P (1995) Metabolism of citrulline in man. Amino Acids 9, 299–316.
3 Windmueller, HG & Spaeth, AE (1981) Source and fate of circulating citrulline. Am J Physiol 241, E473–E480.
4 Castillo, L, Sanchez, M, Vogt, J, Chapman, TE, DeRojas-Walker, TC, Tannenbaum, SR, Ajami, AM & Young, VR (1995) Plasma arginine, citrulline, and ornithine kinetics in adults, with observations on nitric oxide synthesis. Am J Physiol 268, E360–E367.
5 Castillo, L, Chapman, TE, Sanchez, M, Yu, YM, Burke, JF, Ajami, AM, Vogt, J & Young, VR (1993) Plasma arginine and citrulline kinetics in adults given adequate and arginine-free diets. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90, 7749–7753.
6 Cynober, L, Le Boucher, J & Vasson, MP (1995) Arginine metabolism in mammals. J Nutr Biochem 6, 402–413.
7 Drotman, RB & Freedland, RA (1972) Citrulline metabolism in the perfused rat liver. Am J Physiol 222, 973–975.
8 Palmer, RM, Ashton, DS & Moncada, S (1988) Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from l-arginine. Nature 333, 664–666.
9 Crenn, P, Vahedi, K, Lavergne-Slove, A, Cynober, L, Matuchansky, C & Messing, B (2003) Plasma citrulline: a marker of enterocyte mass in villous atrophy-associated small bowel disease. Gastroenterology 124, 1210–1219.
10 Crenn, P, Coudray-Lucas, C, Thuillier, F, Cynober, L & Messing, B (2000) Postabsorptive plasma citrulline concentration is a marker of absorptive enterocyte mass and intestinal failure in humans. Gastroenterology 119, 1496–1505.
11 Gondolesi, G, Fishbein, T, Chehade, M, Tschernia, A, Magid, M, Kaufman, S, Raymond, K, Sansaricq, C & LeLeiko, N (2002) Serum citrulline is a potential marker for rejection of intestinal allografts. Transplant Proc 34, 918–920.
12 Jianfeng, G, Weiming, Z, Ning, L, Fangnan, L, Li, T, Nan, L & Jieshou, L (2005) Serum citrulline is a simple quantitative marker for small intestinal enterocytes mass and absorption function in short bowel patients. J Surg Res 127, 177–182.
13 Lutgens, LC, Deutz, NE, Gueulette, J, Cleutjens, JP, Berger, MP, Wouters, BG, von Meyenfeldt, MF & Lambin, P (2003) Citrulline: a physiologic marker enabling quantitation and monitoring of epithelial radiation-induced small bowel damage. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 57, 1067–1074.
14 Wakabayashi, Y (2004) The glutamate crossway. In Metabolic and Therapeutic Aspects of Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, pp. 135–152 [Cynober, L, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
15 Wu, G & Meininger, CJ (2000) Arginine nutrition and cardiovascular function. J Nutr 130, 2626–2629.
16 Bansal, V, Rodriguez, P, Wu, G, Eichler, DC, Zabaleta, J, Taheri, F & Ochoa, JB (2004) Citrulline can preserve proliferation and prevent the loss of CD3 zeta chain under conditions of low arginine. J Parenter Enteral Nutr 28, 423–430.
17 Romero, MJ, Platt, DH, Caldwell, RB & Caldwell, RW (2006) Therapeutic use of citrulline in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Drug Rev 24, 275–290.
18 Waugh, WH, Daeschner, CW III, Files, BA, McConnell, ME & Strandjord, SE (2001) Oral citrulline as arginine precursor may be beneficial in sickle cell disease: early phase two results. J Natl Med Assoc 93, 363–371.
19 Akashi, K, Miyake, C & Yokota, A (2001) Citrulline, a novel compatible solute in drought-tolerant wild watermelon leaves, is an efficient hydroxyl radical scavenger. FEBS Lett 508, 438–442.
20 Osowska, S, Moinard, C, Neveux, N, Loï, C & Cynober, L (2004) Citrulline increases arginine pools and restores nitrogen balance after massive intestinal resection. Gut 53, 1781–1786.
21 Farges, MC, Vasson, MP & Cynober, L (1997) Aging of the small bowel: relationship between morphological and functional changes and protein metabolism. J Nutr Health Aging 1, 17–22.
22 Osowska, S, Duchemann, T, Walrand, S, Paillard, A, Boirie, Y, Cynober, L & Moinard, C (2006) Citrulline modulates muscle protein metabolism in old malnourished rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 291, E582–E586.
23 Rajantie, J, Simell, O & Perheentupa, J (1983) Oral administration of urea cycle intermediates in lysinuric protein intolerance: effect on plasma and urinary arginine and ornithine. Metabolism 32, 49–51.
24 Collins, JK, Wu, G, Perkins-Veazie, P, Spears, K, Claypool, PL, Baker, RA & Clevidence, BA (2007) Watermelon consumption increases plasma arginine concentrations in adults. Nutrition 23, 261–266.
25 Cynober, L (2007) Pharmacokinetics of arginine and related amino acids. J Nutr 137, Suppl. 2, 1646S–1649S.
26 Mandel, H, Levy, N, Izkovitch, S & Korman, SH (2005) Elevated plasma citrulline and arginine due to consumption of Citrullus vulgaris (watermelon). J Inherit Metab Dis 28, 467–472.
27 Rimando, AM & Perkins-Veazie, PM (2005) Determination of citrulline in watermelon rind. J Chromatogr A 1078, 196–200.
28 Wu, G, Knabe, DA & Kim, SW (2004) Arginine nutrition in neonatal pigs. J Nutr 134, Suppl. 10, 2783S–2790S.
29 Urschel, KL, Shoveller, AK, Uwiera, RR, Pencharz, PB & Ball, RO (2006) Citrulline is an effective arginine precursor in enterally fed neonatal piglets. J Nutr 136, 1806–1813.
30 Smith, HA, Canter, JA, Christian, KG, Drinkwater, DC, Scholl, FG, Christman, BW, Rice, GD, Barr, FE & Summar, ML (2006) Nitric oxide precursors and congenital heart surgery: a randomized controlled trial of oral citrulline. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 132, 58–65.
31 Vagdagama, JV & Evered, DF (1992) Characteristics of l-citrulline transport across rat small intestine in vitro. Pediatr Res 32, 472–478.
32 Grimble, GK (2007) Adverse GI effects of arginine and related amino acids. J Nutr 137, 1693S–1701S.
33 Collier, SR, Casey, DP & Kanaley, JA (2005) Growth hormone responses to varying doses of oral arginine. Growth Horm IGF Res 15, 136–139.
34 Cynober, L, Vaubourdolle, M, Dore, A & Giboudeau, J (1984) Kinetics and metabolic effects of orally administered ornithine α-ketoglutarate in healthy subjects fed with a standardized regimen. Am J Clin Nutr 39, 514–519.
35 Cynober, L, Coudray-Lucas, C, De Bandt, JP, Guéchot, J, Aussel, C, Salvucci, M & Giboudeau, J (1990) Action of ornithine α-ketoglutarate, ornithine hydrochloride, and calcium α-ketoglutarate on plasma amino acid and hormonal patterns in healthy subjects. J Am Coll Nutr 9, 2–12.
36 Tangphao, O, Grossmann, M, Chalon, S, Hoffman, BB & Blaschke, TF (1999) Pharmacokinetics of intravenous and oral l-arginine in normal volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 47, 261–266.
37 Daly, JM, Reynolds, J, Thom, A, Kinsley, L, Dietrick-Gallager, M, Shou, J & Ruggieri, B (1988) Immune and metabolic effects of arginine in the surgical patient. Ann Surg 208, 512–523.
38 Vaubourdolle, M, Cynober, L, Lioret, N, Coudray-Lucas, C, Aussel, C, Saizy, R & Giboudeau, J (1987) Influence of enterally administered ornithine α-ketoglutarate on hormonal patterns in burn patients. Burns 13, 349–356.
39 Barbul, A (1995) The use of arginine in clinical practice. In Amino Acid Metabolism and Therapy in Health and Nutritional Disease, pp. 361–375 [Cynober, L, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
40 Neveux, N, David, P & Cynober, L (2004) Measurement of amino acid concentration in biological fluids and tissues using ion-exchange chromatography. In Metabolic and Therapeutic Aspects of Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition, pp. 17–28 [Cynober, L, editor]. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
41 Grimble, G (1991) Measurement of elemental nitrogen by chemiluminescence (letter; comment). J Parenter Enteral Nutr 15, 696.
42 Blanc, MC, Neveux, N, Laromiguiere, M, Berard, MP & Cynober, L (2000) Evaluation of a newly available biochemical analyzer: the Olympus AU 600. Clin Chem Lab Med 38, 465–475.
43 R Development Core Team (2005) A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. Vienna: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
44 Sakamoto, Y, Ishiguro, M & Kitagawa, G (1986) Akaike Information Criterion Statistics. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: D. Reidel Publishing Company.
45 Curis, E, Crenn, P & Cynober, L (2007) Citrulline and the gut. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 10, 620–626.
46 Levillain, O, Parvy, P & Hassler, C (1997) Amino acid handling in uremic rats: citrulline, a reliable marker of renal insufficiency and proximal tubular dysfunction. Metabolism 46, 611–618.
47 Moinard, C & Cynober, L (2007) Citrulline: a new player in the control of nitrogen homeostasis. J Nutr 137, Suppl. 2, 1621S–1625S.
48 Wu, G & Meininger, CJ (1993) Regulation of l-arginine synthesis from l-citrulline by l-glutamine in endothelial cells. Am J Physiol 265, H1965–H1971.
49 Wu, G & Brosnan, JT (1992) Macrophages can convert citrulline into arginine. Biochem J 281, 45–48.
50 Bahri, S, Zerrouk, N, Curis, E, et al. (2005) Characterization of l-citrulline transport in human intestinal caco-2 cells. Clin Nutr 24, 630.
51 Bengoa, JM, Sitrin, MD, Wood, RJ & Rosenberg, IH (1983) Amino acid-induced hypercalciuria in patients on total parenteral nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 38, 264–269.
52 Wu, G (1998) Intestinal mucosal amino acid catabolism. J Nutr 128, 1249–1252.
53 Vaubourdolle, M, Jardel, A, Coudray-Lucas, C, Ekindjian, OG, Agneray, J & Cynober, L (1988) Metabolism and kinetics of parenterally administered ornithine and α-ketoglutarate in healthy and burned animals. Clin Nutr 7, 105–111.
54 Vaubourdolle, M, Jardel, A, Coudray-Lucas, C, Ekindjian, OG, Agneray, J & Cynober, L (1989) Fate of enterally administered ornithine in healthy animals: interactions with α-ketoglutarate. Nutrition 5, 183–187.
55 De Bandt, JP, Cynober, L, Lim, SK, Coudray-Lucas, C, Poupon, R & Giboudeau, J (1995) Metabolism of ornithine, α-ketoglutarate and arginine in isolated perfused rat liver. Br J Nutr 73, 227–239.
56 Morris, SM Jr (2006) Arginine: beyond protein. Am J Clin Nutr 83, 508S–512S.
57 Dhanakoti, SN, Brosnan, JT, Herzberg, GR & Brosnan, ME (1990) Renal arginine synthesis: studies in vitro and in vivo. Am J Physiol 259, E437–E442.
58 Nakata, M & Yada, T (2003) Nitric oxide-mediated insulin secretion in response to citrulline in islet β-cells. Pancreas 27, 209–213.
