Epilepsy ranks fourth among neurological diseases, featuring spontaneous seizures and behavioral and cognitive impairments. Although anti-epileptic drugs are currently available clinically, 30% of epilepsy patients are still ineffective in treatment, and 52% of patients experience serious adverse reactions. In this work, the neuroprotective effect of α-linolenic acid (ALA, a nutrient) in mice and its potential molecular mechanisms exposed to pentylenetetrazol was assessed. The mice were injected with pentetrazol 37 mg/kg, and ALA was intra-gastrically administered for 40 days. The treatment with ALA significantly reduced the overall frequency of epileptic seizures and improved the behavior impairment and cognitive disorder caused by pentetrazol toxicity. In addition, ALA can not only reduce the apoptosis rate of brain neurons in epileptic mice, but also significantly reduce the content of brain inflammatory factors (IL-6, IL-1, and TNF-α). Furthermore, we predicted that the possible targets of ALA in the treatment of epilepsy were JAK2 and STAT3 through molecular docking. Finally, through molecular docking and Western Blot studies, we revealed the potential mechanism of ALA ameliorates pentylenetetrazol-induced neuron apoptosis and neurological impairment in mice with seizures by downregulating the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. This study aimed to investigate the antiepileptic and neuroprotective effects of ALA, as well as explore its potential mechanisms, through the construction of a chronic ignition mouse model via intraperitoneal PTZ injection. The findings of this research provide crucial scientific support for subsequent clinical application studies in this field.