Probit analysis of the dosage response of first instar, fruittree leafroller larvae to azinphos-methyl indicated that a strain from a commercial orchard in East Kelowna, B.C. was 7.8 times more tolerant than a susceptible strain. Azinphos-methyl applied to experimental apple blocks in the same area did not provide satisfactory control. Leafroller damage as high as 10.5% was found in several orchards which had received multiple azinphos-methyl and other organophosphorous insecticide treatments. The development of an organophosphorous resistant strain of fruittree leafroller in this orchard area is strongly suggested. Bacillus thuringiensis applied at the pink stage of apple blossom development gave adequate control of fruittree leafroller in East Kelowna field trials and will be suggested as the control material for commercial orchards in this area.

Exploratory data analysis was employed to investigate the regional dynamics of managed budworm populations based upon survey data reporting spruce budworm egg-mass densities and damage to balsam fir. The Maine Forest Service collected these data annually from 1975 to 1980 at approximately 1000 different locations each year throughout Maine's spruce–fir forest regions. Although spraying was often associated with ‘better’ conditions in heavily defoliated or infested areas, it was generally associated with somewhat ‘poorer’ conditions in areas which had experienced only light defoliation or infestation in the previous year. The analysis also indicated that while insecticide application may reduce budworm larval populations immediately after application, the largest relative decrease in defoliation rates appeared the year after insecticide application. Insecticide treatments were not as effective as expected. In the year following application, the maximum reduction observed in average defoliation was 20% and in average egg-mass density the maximum reduction was 50%. In many cases the reduction was substantially less. Spraying was not associated with any substantial decline in hazard rating.

None of five mixtures of protein hydrolysate and azinphosmethyl which were applied as foliar sprays (1.0, 2.0, 5.0% yeast hydrolysate, 2.0% corn hydrolysate, and 2.0% soy hydrolysate) killed significantly more apple maggot flies, Rhagoletis pomonella, or black cherry fruit flies, R. fausta, than a spray of azinphosmethyl alone which was used as a control. This suggests that hydrolysate bait sprays would be no more effective than a toxicant alone in controlling these flies.

Four indigenous parasites of R. buoliana are discussed: Exeristes comstockii (Cress.), Scambus hispae (Harr.), Scambus tecumseh Vier. and Itoplectis conquisitor (Say). The first three are external larval parasites and the fourth an internal pupal parasite. Observations are given on the hosts, life histories, and habits under laboratory conditions. The immature stages are described.

Early in the summer of 1949 reports were received that in various parts of Ontario and Quebec, particularly about dairy barns and stables, DDT residual sprays were not controlling the house fly, Musca domestica L. A preliminary investigation of these areas during that summer confirmed chat, in most instances, DDT applied as a residual spray was not giving satisfactory control. The DDT residual applications had been used at these dairy farms since 1946 and, in general, the insecticide had been properly applied. NevertheIess, a decline in control was noticed during 1948, even though the insecticide was applied more frequently than in previous years. Accordingly, studies were conducted on collections of these flies to ascertain whether shains of flies resistant to DDT had developed in Canada and, if so, to what degree.

Since 1947, when the bramble leafhopper, Ribautiana tenerrima (H.-S.) (rubi Hardy, misella 13011.), was first reported in North America near Victoria, B.C.,it has become a serious pest in cane fruit plantings on southern Vancouver Island and the lower Fraser Valley. Hoth nymphs and adults suck the sap from the leaves, producing a white stippling on the upper surfaces (Fig. 1). In a dry season a severe infestation causes many leaves to become curled and appearburned. The canes lack vigor and the size of the fruit is reduced. This is a report on a study of the life history and behavior of the species conducted at Victoria from 1953 to 1957.

During 1982 and 1984, ground releases of Trichogramma minutum Riley were assessed for control of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), on 12- to 20-year-old, white spruce stands in northern Ontario. Maximum parasitism of susceptible egg masses was 16 and 87% following the release of 480 000 and 12 million female T. minutum per hectare, respectively. Releases at intervals of 1 week maintained parasitism of susceptible egg masses at constant levels throughout the oviposition period of spruce budworm. When parasitism of susceptible egg masses was maintained above 78.2% during the ovipositional period, total egg mass parasitism averaged 58.0% and resulted in an 80.3% reduction of overwintering 2nd-instar larvae. The optimal strategy for reducing spruce budworm was two releases of T. minutum at an interval of 1 week in the ovipositional period. This allowed a second generation of parasitoids to emerge from the spruce budworm eggs that were more efficient in maintaining high levels of parasitism than those emerging from the standard rearing host. Natural parasitism of spruce budworm egg masses was less than 4% and there was no carryover of parasitism in the years following inundative release. The rate of T. minutum release necessary to achieve effective mortality of spruce budworm during outbreak populations is discussed briefly.

Hübner ([1824-25] p. 357) defined the genus Epipagis, citing three species. Hampson (1918: 277) chose fenestralis Hübner as type, and sank Sameodes Snellen to Epipagis. The arrangement of the British Museum Pyralidae shows that Hampson thought fenestralis Hübner was the same as phyllisalis Walker; but so far as I know this synonymy was never published. Actually, Hübner's figure of fenestralis represents a female of the genus usually known as Stenophyes Lederer, wrongly synonymized by Hampson (1899) with Crocidophora Lederer. The size and coloration suggest that the species Hübner figured is the common North American one universally called buronalis Guenée.

The species of Megathopa, Canthon, and Deltochilum included in the Biologia Centrali-Americana are discussed, information on distribution is included, and references affecting the status of some of the species are cited. Lectotypes are designated for Canthon lamprimus Bates, Deltochilum parile Bates, Deltochilum gibbosum sublaeve Bates, Deltochilum lobipes Bates, and Deltochilum scabriusculum Bates. The following new species and subspecies are described: Canthon morsei from Veracruz, Mexico, Canthon coahuilenis from Coahuila, Mexico, Deltochilum gibbosum panamensis from Bocas del Toro, Panama, Deltochilum scabriusculum montanum from Sonora and Sinaloa, Mexico, and Deltochilum tumidum from Mexico, Morelos, and Sinaloa, Mexico.

During 1992 and 1993, we studied the life cycle of Lambdina athasaria (Walker) developing on eastern hemlock, Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière, in Connecticut. The geometrid was univoltine, overwintering as a pupa. Adults emerged during 4 weeks in May and June after hemlock budbreak. Males emerged significantly earlier than females, and both sexes emerged earlier in 1993 than in 1992. Males flew for 4–5 weeks annually. Based on measurements of head capsule width, larvae had five or six instars, which fed from June to October. Early instars ate new growth, and older ones fed on old growth. Until mid-August, larval development was more advanced in 1993 than in 1992. Larvae descended from trees in September and October to pupate in the duff beneath trees. Lambdina athasaria can be distinguished from congeneric species that feed on conifers by its overwintering stage, flight period, larval size, and host.

After the long, steady and severe winter we had in this locality, every one hoped for an early spring; but in that we were disappointed, things generally being no futher advanced at the end of May than they usually are in the middle. June came in warm, but with such continuous rains as to prevent collecting to any extent.

The purpose of this paper is to present what is known at the present time concerning the life histories and habits of the Mesoveliidae, particularly those of three species of the genus Mesovelia Muls. found in North America. Studies on our most common species, Mesovelia mulsanti bisignata Uhler, were carried out in Michigan and Kansas, while biological notes on the other two species were taken in the region of Douglas Lake, Michigan, their only known habitat. Isolated rearings and life history studies of all three species were made at Lawrence, Kansas.

The wheat stem sawfly, Cephus cinctus Norton (Hymenoptera: Cephidae), has been the most economically important insect pest of wheat in the northern Great Plains since cultivation began (Weiss and Morrill 1992). The wheat stem sawfly was first reported from wild grasses where populations were often highly parasitized by a number of parasitoids, including Bracon (= Microbracon) cephi (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) (Criddle 1923; Ainslie 1929). A similar species, Bracon lissogaster Muesebeck, was later reported to also attack C. cinctus larvae (Muesebeck 1953; Somsen and Luginbill 1956). These parasitoids are now prevalent in wheat in some regions of Montana (Morrill et al. 1994, 1998; Morrill 1997). The life histories and phenologies of these sympatric idiobiont ectoparasitoids are similar. The ability to distinguish B. cephi from B. lissogaster is essential in elucidating their effects on populations of C. cinctus. We examined 159 females and 123 males of B. cephi from Chouteau, Hill, Stillwater, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana; Burke, Burleigh, Rolette, and Williams counties in North Dakota; Rock County in Minnesota; and southem Alberta (Rockyford and Consort). The 254 females and 215 males of B. lissogaster examined were from Chouteau, Hill, Teton, and Toole counties in Montana. Holotypes were compared to verify identifications.

An abnormal adult male of Lamachus sp., with a single eye, was reared in the summer of 1939 at Belleville, Ont., from a second-generation cocoon of the spruce sawfly, Diprion polytomum (Htg.), collected at Milicin, Czechoslovakia, in September, 1938. The eye (Figs. 1 and 2) occupies the normal position on either side of the head but is continuous over the vertex and extends anteriorly to the antenna1 sutures. The bases of the antennae are closer together than, and arise from the head in a position slightly ventral to, normal. There are no ocelli present. The head is about three-quarters the length and five-eighths the width of that of an average normal specimen, and gives the appearance of being globular in shape. The other appendages of the head appear normai in shape and position.

Acanthomola pubescens, a new genus and species of Heptageniidae (Ephemeroptera), is described from larvae collected in Saskatchewan and Alberta. Acanthomola superficially resembles Bleptus, Epeorus, and Raptoheptagenia, but differs from these genera, and all other heptageniids, in the structure of the mandibles and maxillae. The molar area of the mandible is greatly reduced and bears only a few stout spines. The crown of the maxillary galea-lacinia is rounded and lacks setae near the apex. The apical segment of the maxillary palpus is long, slender, and bare. Generic and specific descriptions of the larva of A. pubescens, gen. nov., sp. no v., are given, along with biological notes. Acanthomola appears to be a very primitive heptageniid, related to Bleptus, Epeorus, and Ironodes. It is probably most closely related to Spinadis.

The genus Sinierus Distant contains three distinct species. The genus and the type-species S. capensis (Dallas) are redescribed, the latter being reported widely from Africa. Two other species are described as new, S. explanatus from tropical Africa and S. nudus from Madagascar. A key to species is also presented.