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Let D and C denote respectively the open unit disk and the unit circle in the complex plane. Further, γ = z(t), 0 ⩽ t ⩽ 1, will denote a simple continuous arc lying in D except for Ƭ = z(l) ∈ C, and we shall say that γ is a boundary arc at Ƭ.
We use extensively the notions of non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry in D and employ the usual metric
where a and b are elements of D. For a ∈ D and r > 0 let
For details we refer the reader to (4).